Role of Hormones Endocrine 1

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Objectives:
1. Locate and describe the
endocrine glands
2. Explain the functions and the
effects of hormones released
by the endocrine glands.
3. Describe common disorder
of the endocrine system
Which of the following are functions of the
Endocrine System?

Secretes hormones that affect cells, organs, and


functions of the body
Essential in regulating growth and development,
metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood

It regulates the body’s responses to internal and external


stimuli
The endocrine
system is...
made up of glands and
the hormones they
secrete. Although the
endocrine glands are the primary hormone
producers, the brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin,
thymus, gastrointestinal mucosa, and placenta
also produce and release hormones.
Hormones…

A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released in


small amounts from glands, and is transported in the
bloodstream to target organs or other cells. Hormones
are chemical messengers, transferring information and
instructions from one set of cells to another.
Hormones… Hormones regulate growth,
development, mood, tissue
function, metabolism, and
Hyposecretion or
sexual function.
hypersecretion of any
hormone can be harmful
to the body. Controlling
the production of
hormones can treat
many hormonal disorders
in the body.
The endocrine system and nervous system work together
to help maintain homeostasis… balance. The
hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells located in
the brain, and is the primary link between the two systems.
It produces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress
hormone secretions of the pituitary gland.
Anterior pituitary gland…
Growth Hormone (GH):
essential for the growth
and development of
bones, muscles, and
other organs. It also
enhances protein
synthesis, decreases the
use of glucose, and
promotes fat destruction.
Anterior pituitary gland…
Adrenocorticotropin (TRŌ
pun) (ACTH): essential
for the growth of the
adrenal cortex.
Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH): essential
for the growth and
development of the thyroid
gland.
Anterior pituitary gland…
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH): is a
gonadotropic hormone.

It stimulates the growth


ovarian follicles in the
female and the production
of sperm in the male.
Anterior pituitary gland…
Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
is a gonadotropic hormone
stimulating the development
of corpus luteum in the
female ovarian follicles and
the production of
testosterone in the male.
The yellow corpus luteum remains after ovulation;
it produces estrogen and progesterone.
Anterior Prolactin (PRL):
pituitary gland… stimulates the
development and
growth of the
mammary glands and
milk production during
pregnancy.

The sucking motion of the


baby stimulates prolactin
secretion.
Anterior pituitary gland…
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH): regulates skin
pigmentation and promotes
the deposit of melanine in the
skin after exposure to sunlight
Posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland…
Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH): stimulates the
reabsorption of water by
the renal tubules.
Hyposecretion of this
hormone can result in
diabetes insipidus.
Posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland…
Oxytocin: stimulates the
uterus to contract during labor,
delivery, and parturition. A
synthetic version of this
hormone, used to induce labor,
is called Pitocin. It also
stimulates the mammary
glands to release milk.
Pineal gland…
The pineal gland is pine-cone-shaped
and only about 1 cm in diameter.
Melatonin: communicates
information about environmental
lighting to various parts of the
body. Has some effect on
sleep/awake cycles and other
biological events connected to
them, such as a lower production
of gastric secretions at night.
pineal gland…
Serotonin: a neurotransmitter
that regulates intestinal
movements and affects
appetite, mood, sleep, anger,
and metabolism.
Thyroid gland…
The thyroid gland plays a
vital role in metabolism and
regulates the body’s
metabolic processes.
Calcitonin: influences
bone and calcium
metabolism; maintains a
homeostasis of calcium in
the blood plasma
Thyroid gland…
Thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine
(T3): essential to BMR – basal
metabolic rate (the rate at which a
person’s body burns calories while
at rest); influences physical/mental
development and growth
Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism, myxedema,
Hashimoto’s disease
Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease, goiter,
Basedow’s disease
Parathyroid gland…
The two pairs of parathyroid
glands are located on the
dorsal or back side of the
thyroid gland. They secrete
parathyroid (PTH) which plays
a role in the metabolism of
phosphorus. Too little results
in cramping; too much results
in osteoporosis or kidney
stones.
The islets of Langerhans…

The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of cells


located in the pancreas.
Secretions from the islets of
Langerhans… Beta cells secrete the hormone
insulin, which is essential for the
Alpha cells facilitate maintenance of normal blood
the breakdown of sugar levels. Inadequate levels
glycogen to glucose. result in diabetes mellitus.
This elevates the
blood sugar.
Delta cells suppress
the release of glucagon
and insulin.
The adrenal glands…

The triangular-shaped
adrenal glands are
located on the top of each
kidney. The inside is
called the medulla and the
outside layer is called the
cortex.
Secretions from the
adrenal cortex…
Cortisol: regulates carbohydrate,
protein, and fat metabolism; has an
anti-inflammatory effect; helps the
body cope during times of stress

Hyposecretion results in Corticosterone: like


Addison’s disease; cortisol, it is a steroid;
hypersecretion results
influences potassium
in Cushing’s disease
and sodium metabolism
Secretions from the adrenal
cortex… Aldosterone: essential in regulating
electrolyte and water balance by
promoting sodium and chloride
retention and potassium excretion.
Androgens: several
hormones including
testosterone; they
promote the development
of secondary sex
characteristics in the male.
Secretions from the adrenal
medulla…

Dopamine is used to
treat shock. It dilates
the arteries, elevates
systolic blood pressure,
increases cardiac
output, and increases
urinary output.
Secretions
from the
adrenal
medulla…
Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates systolic
blood pressure, increases heart rate and cardiac output,
speeds up the release of glucose from the liver… giving a
spurt of energy, dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes
airways, and dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often
used to counteract an allergic reaction.
Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…

Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when the body is


under stress. It creates the underlying influence in the fight or
flight response. As a drug, however, it actually triggers a drop in
heart rate.
Secretions
The of estrogen
ovaries produce the ovaries…
and progesterone. These
hormones prepare the uterus
for pregnancy, promote the
development of mammary
glands, play a role in sex
drive, and develop secondary
sex characteristics in the
female.
Estrogen is essential for the growth, development,
and maintenance of female sex organs.
The testes produce the
male sex hormone called
testosterone. It is
essential for normal
growth and development
of the male sex organs.
Testosterone is
responsible for the
erection of the penis.
During pregnancy, the
placenta serves as an
endocrine gland.

It produces chorionic
gonadotropin
hormone, estrogen,
and progesterone.
THYMUS
The thymus gland
secretes thymosin. This
is necessary for the
Thymus’ normal
production of T cells for
the immune system.
THE END

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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