G-20

Submitted By:
Bhadra Chauhan (22M61)
Bhautik Patel (22M62)
Dhruv Patel (22M63)
Dhruvil Patel (22M64)

Submitted to:
Dr Yogesh C. Joshi
Preface

As the world navigates through an era of unprecedented global challenges and opportunities, the role of
the Group of Twenty (G20) has become increasingly vital in shaping the course of international
economic cooperation. Within this dynamic landscape, India emerges as a significant force, contributing
manifold to the endeavours of the G20 and leaving an indelible mark on the global stage. This preface aims to
illuminate the multifaceted contributions of India to the G20 framework, highlighting its pivotal role in
advancing shared prosperity, sustainable development, and inclusive growth.

India, with its rich tapestry of culture, tradition, and diversity, stands as a beacon of resilience and innovation
amidst the complexities of the modern world. Its journey from a burgeoning economy to a global powerhouse is
a testament to its unwavering commitment to progress and prosperity for all. As a member of the G20, India
brings to the table a unique blend of economic dynamism, technological prowess, and a steadfast dedication to
the principles of equity and justice.

In the following chapters, we delve into the myriad ways in which India's contributions reverberate within the
corridors of the G20. From its robust economic growth to its pioneering efforts in sustainable
development, India's imprint on the global economic landscape is unmistakable. Through its vibrant
services sector, innovative spirit, and commitment to digital transformation, India charts a path towards a more
inclusive and resilient global economy.

Moreover, India's leadership in addressing pressing global challenges, including climate change, healthcare, and
financial inclusion, underscores its role as a responsible stakeholder in the international community. By actively
participating in G20 meetings, initiatives, and dialogues, India amplifies its voice on the world stage,
advocating for policies that promote shared prosperity and collective well-being.

As we embark on this exploration of India's contributions to the G20, let us recognize the significance
of cooperation, dialogue, and collaboration in addressing the complex challenges of our time. Through
collective action and shared commitment, we can build a future that is more equitable, sustainable, and
prosperous for generations to come.
With this preface as our guide, let us journey into the heart of India's engagement with the G20, uncovering the
transformative impact of its contributions on the global stage.

Acknowledgement
The completion of this report on the Group of 20 (G20) would not have been possible without the guidance and
support of several individuals. First and foremost, I express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Yogesh C.
Joshi, Professor of International Economic Organization at the Post Graduate Department of Business
Management, Sardar Patel University. His invaluable insights, meticulous guidance, and unwavering
encouragement throughout the research process were instrumental in shaping this report. His expertise
in the field of international organizations and his passion for tourism development provided me with a strong
foundation upon which to build my understanding of the G20.
I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to the researchers and students who generously shared
their knowledge and resources with me. Their willingness to provide assistance and answer my questions played
a crucial role in enriching my understanding of the G20's various initiatives and programs.
Additionally, I am grateful to the Post Graduate Department of Business Management at Sardar
Patel University for providing me with the resources and academic environment necessary to undertake this
research. I am particularly thankful for the access to research databases and the opportunity to discuss my
findings with faculty and fellow students.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge the valuable support of my family and friends, who provided
encouragement and motivation throughout the research and writing process.

Thank you all for your invaluable contributions.

Chapter No. Particular Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION

2 INTERNAL ASPECTS
OF G20

3 FOCUS AREA OF G20

4 PURPOSE OF G20

5 IMPORTANCE OF G20

6 CHALLENGES FACED
BY G20

7 FINANCING OF G20

8 CONTRIBUTION OF
G20 TO SDG’S

9 CONTRIBUTION OF
G20 TO INDIAN
ECONOMY

10 CONTRIBUTION OF
INDIAN ECONOMY
TO G20

11 CONTRIBUTION OF
G20 TO WORLD’S
 GDP

Chapter: 1 Introduction
The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union
(EU), and the African Union (AU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy,
such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation and sustainable development.

The G20 is composed of most of the world's largest economies' finance ministries, including both industrialised
and developing countries; it accounts for around 80% of gross world product (GWP), 75% of
international trade, two-thirds of the global population, and 60% of the world's land area.

The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises. Since 2008, it has convened at least
once a year, with summits involving each member's head of government or state, finance minister, foreign
minister, and other high-ranking officials; the EU is represented by the European Commission and the European
Central Bank. Other countries, international organisations, and nongovernmental organisations are invited
to attend the summits, some permanently. In 2023, during its 2023 summit, the African Union joined as its 21st
member.
In its 2009 summit, the G20 declared itself the primary venue for international economic and financial
cooperation. The group's stature has risen during the subsequent decade, and analysts recognise it as exercising
considerable global influence; it is also criticised for its limited membership, lack of enforcement powers, and
the alleged undermining of existing international institutions. Summits are often met with protests, particularly
by anti-globalization groups.
The G20 is the latest in a series of post–World War II initiatives aimed at international coordination
of economic policy, which include institutions such as the "Bretton Woods twins", the International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and what is now the World Trade Organization.

The G20 was foreshadowed at the Cologne summit of the G7 in June 1999, and formally established at the G7
Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999 with an inaugural meeting on 15–16 December 1999
in Berlin. Canadian Finance Minister Paul Martin was chosen as the first chairman and German finance
minister Hans Eichel hosted the meeting.

A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and Johannes F. Linn of the Brookings Institution asserted the group was
founded primarily at the initiative of Eichel, the concurrent chair of the G7. However, Bradford later described
then-Finance Minister of Canada (and future Prime Minister of Canada) Paul Martin as "the crucial architect of
the formation of the G20 at finance minister level", and as the one who later "proposed that the G20 countries
move to leaders level summits". Canadian academic and journalistic sources have also identified the G20 as a
project initiated by Martin and his American counterpart then-Treasury Secretary Larry Summers. All
acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision
into reality.

Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive debt crises that had
spread across emerging markets in the late 1990s, beginning with the Mexican peso crisis and followed by the
1997 Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and eventually impacting the United
States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund Long-Term Capital
Management in the autumn of 1998. It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, G8, and
the Bretton Woods system would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader
permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.

The G20 membership was decided by Eichel's deputy Caio Koch-Weser and Summers's deputy
Timothy Geithner. According to the political economist Robert Wade:

"Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in,
Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the
first meeting went out."

Early topics
The G20's primary focus has been governance of the global economy. Summit themes have varied from year to
year. The theme of the 2006 G20 ministerial meeting was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The
issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource
commodity markets, reform of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes.
In 2007, South Africa hosted the secretariat with Trevor A. Manuel, South African Minister of Finance
as chairperson of the G20.
In 2008, Guido Mantega, Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the G20 chairperson and proposed dialogue
on competition in financial markets, clean energy, economic development and fiscal elements of growth
and development.
On 11 October 2008 after a meeting of G8 finance ministers, US President George W. Bush stated that the next
meeting of the G20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning economic crisis of 2008.
 INDIA’S G20 PRESIDENCY: A SYNOPSIS

The New Delhi G20 Leaders’ Summit held on 9-10 September 2023
brought the deliberations under our G20 Presidency to a
successful culmination. With G20 including all P5 countries, and
accounting for 85% of global GDP, 75% of world trade and 2/3rd of world
population, it was the highest profile international gathering in the history
of independent India.
2. The theme of our G20 Presidency “One Earth, One Family, One Future”,
upon ourdrawing
age-old belief of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam", was endorsed by all. With over 200
meetings in 60 Indian cities in all our 28 States and 8 UTs, across 40 different mechanisms
including Sherpa and Finance Track Working Groups, as well as Engagement Groups,
the size, scale and scope of India’s G20 Presidency was unprecedented.

3. The substantive centre piece of the G20 Summit was the New Delhi G20
Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD), adopted unanimously by all G20 countries on the first
day of the Summit. An action-oriented, decisive, inclusive and ambitious Declaration, it
sets out the way forward on a wide range of prevailing global challenges. It is a
historic milestone in India’s journey to assume its rightful place in the comity of nations.

4. The NDLD reflects a uniquely Indian perspective of emphasizing universal, equitable

and inclusive solutions to today’s problems. It sends out a message for peace, dialogue,
diplomacy and hope highlighting Prime Minister’s clarion call that “Today’s era must
not be of war”. Through it, India has successfully highlighted ideas, especially home- grown
ideas, and shaped global narratives and bridged divides.

5. In-person participation during India’s G20 Presidency was among the largest ever.
Over 100,000 participants, from 135 nationalities, attended our G20, Engagement Group
and related meetings during our Presidency. This includes participation from G20
Members, 9invitee countries and 14international organizations. The G20 Leaders’
Summit was attended by 27 leaders at HOS/G-level, 4 representatives at Ministerial-level
and 11 Heads of International Organizations. Meetings were organized across the
length and breadth of India with the full support and participation of State
Governments and Union Territories. All 13 Sherpa Track Working Groups, 8 Finance
Track Workstreams, 11 Engagement Groups, 6 Initiatives and two standalone
Ministerial Meetings held substantive interactions. The 11 Engagement Groups
provided a platform for dialogue among the private sector, academia, civil society,
youth and women, as well as institutions including the Parliaments, audit authorities
and urban administrations.
6. Unique experiences showcasing India’s diversity, inclusive traditions and
richnesscultural
were also an integral part of the visiting delegates’ programme. Millet-based dishes
were incorporated in the menu, and a wide range of cultural performances and excursions
were organized. Over 300 cultural events, with the participation of over 18,000 artists,
showcasing local and national art forms, were held.
People’s G20 – ‘Jan Bhagidari’

7. Many ‘Jan Bhagidari’ activities were also simultaneously held with active public
participation in a whole-of-nation and whole-of-society approach, making India’s
G20 Presidency a “People’s G20”. These include G20 University Connect lecture
series, Model G20 meetings, Special G20 sessions in Schools/Universities, G20 Pavilions in
major festivals, Quiz contests, Selfie competitions, #G20India stories, workshops,
marathons, awareness rallies, cleanliness drives, Yuva Samvaad and hundreds of other
G20-theme events by the civil society and private sector. ‘Jan Bhagidari’ activities touched
more than 7 crore people. Civil 20 alone reached out to 45 lakh people.

Substantive deliberations

8. Substantive deliberations during India’s ongoing G20 Presidency comprised broad

priority areas such as inclusive and resilient growth; progress on SDGs, green development
and Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE); technological transformation and public digital
infrastructure; reforming multilateral institutions; women led development; and
international peace and harmony.

9. The substantive centrepiece of the G20 Summit was the New Delhi G20
Leaders’ Declaration, adopted unanimously by all G20 countries on the first day of the
Summit itself. An action-oriented, decisive, inclusive and ambitious Declaration, it sets out
the way forward on a wide range of prevailing global challenges. It is a historic milestone in
India’s journey to assume its rightful place in the comity of nations. All 83 paragraphs were
adopted unanimously. Its highlights were:

•Addressed the geopolitical issue of war in Ukraine in a consensual manner, consistent with
national positions.
•Championed voice of Global South and inducted African Union as a Member.
•Committed to implement the G20 2023 Action Plan to Accelerate Progress on SDGs.
•Endorsed LiFE, our concept for nudging pro-planet behavioural changes.
•Called to scale up development and climate finance from billions to trillions.
•Agreed to set an ambitious, transparent and trackable New Collective Quantified Goal
(NCQG) of Climate Finance in 2024, from a floor of USD 100 billion a year.
•Called for bigger, better, more effective and more representative MDBs.
•Defined Digital Public Infrastructure, finalised its framework and endorsed Digital
Public Infrastructure to deliver affordable services at scale.
•Agreed on integrated, balanced, environmentally sustainable and inclusive economic
growth - Green Development Pact.
•Agreed to triple renewable energy globally by 2030.
•Agreed to accelerate production of zero and low-emission hydrogen; and to develop
international standards and global markets for it.
•Agreed on women-led development, for their full, equal and effective participation as
decision makers and halving gender digital divide by 2030.
• Committed to enhance Global Food Security and endorsed the Millet Research Initiative.
• Endorsed a Global Initiative on Digital Health for Universal Health Coverage.
• Recognized role of traditional medicine, noted WHO’s Centre in Jamnagar.
• Condemned terrorism in all its forms and stressed denial of safe haven.
• Emphasized responsible AI with pro-innovation regulation/governance.
• Endorsed well-managed, regular and skills-based migration pathways.

10. India’s footprint was seen in G20 Outcome Documents, as follows:

• Deccan High-Level Principles on Food Security and Nutrition

• Chennai High-Level Principles for Blue/Ocean Economy
• Goa Roadmap for Tourism
• Gandhinagar Implementation Roadmap for land restoration
• Jaipur Call for Action to enhance MSMEs
• Kashi Culture Pathway

New Initiatives during India’s G20 Presidency

11. New initiatives during India’s G20 Presidency were:

• Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group

• Startup20 Engagement Group
• Chief Scientific Advisors Roundtable
• G20 Conference on Crime and Security in the Age of NFTs, AI and Metaverse
• New Working Group on Empowerment of Women (agreed)
• Cooperation in counternarcotics
• Cooperation in traditional medicines
• Millet-research Initiative

Achievements on the sidelines of the G20 Summit

12. Achievements on the sidelines of the G20 Summit were as follows:

• Launch of Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA): Initiating countries: Argentina, Brazil,

India, Italy, Mauritius, South Africa, UAE and USA; Observers: Canada, Bangladesh and
Singapore
• India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Signatories: India, Saudi Arabia,
UAE, USA, EU Commission, France, Italy and Germany
• India-Brazil-South Africa-USA meeting: Current (India) and 3 incoming (Brazil,
South Africa and USA) G20 Presidencies’ meeting committed to build bigger, better and
more effective MDBs together with the World Bank.
• Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGI): Participants were India,
USA, Saudi Arabia, UAE, EU, Italy, France, Germany, Japan, Mauritius and World Bank.
Under the PGI, the G7 aims to mobilize US$ 600 billion by 2027 in global
infrastructure investments, including in partnership with the private sector, and inter- alia
for achievement of SDGs. PGI projects in India include those in the health, telecom and
renewable energy sectors.

India’s contribution to the G20

13.India’s Presidency imparted a new dynamism and momentum to G20, and built
consensus on a wide range of issues among developing countries and advanced
economies. India brought multilateralism back to the centre stage and amplified the voice of
the Global South. India will continue to stay fully engaged in the G20 in future.

14.Details of meetings, locations, working mechanisms and participating nationalities

are enclosed.

***
 LIST OF MEETINGS AND VENUES

Number of
Meetings
Total Working Groups, Sherpa& Ministerials 106
Engagement Groups & Initiatives 47
Associated, parallel G20 Events 74
TOTAL 227

Venue Data
Number of cities covered 60
Number of unique excursion venues
covered

Number of states/UTs covered 28 and 8

Number of nationalities represented 135

SI N o . M e e t i n g s Date City, State
0. Kick-off meeting with Heads of Diplomatic Missions 25-27 November Swaraj Dweep (Havelock),
Andaman & Nicobar
1. 1 st Sherpa Meeting 4 -7 December Udaipur, Rajasthan
2. Accelerating Implementation of SDGs 4 December Udaipur, Rajasthan
3. 1st Development Working Group Meeting 13-16 December Mumbai, Maharashtra
4. Data for Development 13 December Mumbai, Maharashtra
5. 1st Finance & Central Bank Deputies Meeting 13-15 December Bengaluru, Karnataka
14 December
Bengaluru, Karnataka
6. Strengthening Multilateral Development Banks to
address global challenges of 21st century
7. 1st Framework Working Group Meeting 16-17 December Bengaluru, Karnataka
8. Macroeconomic implications of food and security 16 December Bengaluru, Karnataka

9. 1st Joint Health-Finance Task Force Meeting 20 December Virtual

10. 1st Meeting for the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion 9 -11 January Kolkata, West
Bengal
11. Digital Innovations for Financial Inclusion 9 January Kolkata, West Bengal
1 2 . Think 20 Inception Meeting 13 -14 January Delhi, Delhi
13. 1st Infrastructure Working Group Meeting 16 -17 January Pune, Maharashtra
1 4 . Financing Cities of Tomorrow 16 January Pune, Maharashtra
15. 1st Health Working Group Meeting 18 -20 January Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
1 6 . Medical Value Tourism 19 January Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
17. B20 Inception Meeting 22 -24 January Gandhinagar, Gujarat
1 8 . Startup20 Inception Meeting 28 -29 January Hyderabad, Telangana
19. Science20 Inception Meeting 30 -31 January Puducherry, Puducherry
20. 1st International Financial Architecture Working Group Meeting 30 -31 January Chandigarh,

Chandigarh
21. Central Bank Digital Currencies, opportunities and challenges 30 January Chandigarh,
Chandigarh
22. 1st Education Working Group Meeting 31 January-2 February Chennai, Tamil Nadu
23. Role of Digital Technology in Education 31 January Chennai, Tamil Nadu
24. 1st Sustainable Finance Working Group Meeting 2 -3 February Guwahati, Assam
25. Capacity building of ecosystem of scaling up sustainable finance 2 February Guwahati,
Assam
26. 1st Employment Working Group Meeting 2 -4 February Jodhpur, Rajasthan
2 February

Jodhpur, Rajasthan
27. Exploring Strategies for global skills and
qualifications harmonization and developing a
framework for common skill taxonomies
28. 1st Energy Transitions Working Group Meeting 5 -7 February Bengaluru, Karnataka

29. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage ( CCU S) 5 February Bengaluru, Karnataka
30. Y o u t h 20 I n c e p t i o n M e e t i n g 6 - 8 F e b r u a r yG u w a h a t i ,
Assam
31. 1 st T ouris m Workin g Group Meeting 7 - 9 Februar y Rann of K utch, Guj arat
32. Rural Tourism for Community 7 February Rann of Kutch, Gujarat Empowerment & archaeological
tourism
33. R I I G I n c e p t i o n ( S E R B ) 8 - 9 F e b r u a r y K o l k a t a , West B e n g a l
34. U r b a n 20 I n c e p t i o n M e e t i n g 9 - 10 F e b r u a r y A h m e d a b a d , G u j a r a t
35. 1st Environment and Climate Sustainability 9-11 February Bengaluru, Karnataka Working Group Meeting
36. Restoration of Degraded Landscapes with 9 February Bengaluru, Karnataka Focus on Mining Affected
Areas
37. G20 EMPOWER Inception 11 - 12 F e b r u a r y
Agra, Uttar Pradesh
38. 1 st A gr i c u l t ur e D e p u t i e s M e e t i n g 13 - 15 F e b r u a r y In d o r e , M a d h ya P
radesh
39. Stock taking of G20 Initiatives in 13 February Indore, Madhya Pradesh A g r i c u l t u r e
40. 1st Digital Economy Working Group 13-15 February Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Meeting
41. Digital Public Infrastructure & Digital 13 February Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh initiatives of UP
4 2 . B20 Event 17-18 February Imphal, Manipur
43. 2nd Finance & Central Bank Deputies 22-23 February Bengaluru, Karnataka Meeting
44. Policy Perspectives: Road to Policy Consensus on Crypto Assets 23 February Bengaluru,
Karnataka
45. 1 st Culture Working Group Meeting 23 - 25 February Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh
4 6 . Khajuraho Exhibition 23 February Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh
47. 1st Finance Ministers and Central Bank 24-25 February Bengaluru, Karnataka Governors Meeting
48. Combating Tax Evasion, Corruption and Money Laundering 23 February Bengaluru,

Karnataka
49. W o m e n 20 I n c e p t i o n M e e t i n g 27 - 28 F e b r u a r y
Aurangabad, Maharashtra
50. G20 Foreign Ministers Meeting 1 -2 March Delhi, Delhi
51. 1 st Anti-Corruption Working Group Meeting 1 -4 March Gurugram, Haryana
52. Leveraging ICT for combating corruption in Public Sector 1 March Gurugram, Haryana
5 3 . B 2 0 E v e n t 2 - 3 M a r c h A i z a w l , M i z o r a m
5 4 . RIIG event (CSIR) 2 -3 March Ranchi, Jharkhand
55. 2nd Meeting for the Global Partnership for 6-7 March Hyderabad, Telangana Financial Inclusion
56. Knowledge and Experience Exchange for 6 March Hyderabad, Telangana Emerging Economies on
advancing financial inclusion through DPI
57. S A I 20 I n c e p t i o n M e e t i n g 13 - 15 M a r c h G u w a h a t i , A s s a m
58. B 2 0 E v e n t 15 - 17 M a r c h G a n g t o k , S i k k i m
59. 2 nd E d u c a t i o n W o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n g 15- 17 M a r c h A m r i t s a r , P u n j a b
60. Research in Emerging and Disruptive 16 March Amritsar, Punjab Technologies
61. S t a r t U p 2 0 S i d e M e e t i n g 18 - 1 9 M a r c h G a n g t o k , S i k k i m
62. L a b o u r 20 I n c e p t i o n M e e t i n g 19 - 20 M a r c h A m r i t s a r ,
Punjab
63. 2 nd J o i n t Health-Finance Task Force 20 March Virtual Meeti

64. C i v i l 2 0 I n c e p t i o n M e e t i n 20 - 22 M a r c h N a g p u r , M
65. g
2 nd S u s t a i n a b l e F i n a n c e W o r k i n g G r o u p 21 - 23 M a r c h U d a i p u r , R
ajasth

66. N o n - p r i c i n g p o l i c y l e v e r s to s u p p o r t 21 M a r c h Udaipur, R
ajasthan sustainabl

67. . 2 nd F r a m e w o r k W o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n g 2 4 - 2 5 M a r c h C h e n n a i ,
68. G20 -COP28 event on macroeconomic 25 March Chennai, Tamil Nadu impact of climate chan
6 9 .
pathways R I I G ( D B T ) I
2 4 - 2 5 M a
r c h Dibrugarh,
70. 2 nd Environment and Climate Sustainability 27 - 29 March Gandhinagar, Gujarat Workin
Arunachal Pradesh

71. Best practices on water resources 27 March Gandhinagar, Gujarat

7 Protection and Restitution of Cultural Properties 2 8 M a r c Vir

2. h
73. 1 st T r a d e & I n v e s t m e n t W o r k i n g G r o u Mahar
p 28 - 30 M a r c h a
74. S e m i n a r on T r a d e f i n a n c 2 8 M aM ru mc b a Mu
e75. 2 nd I n f r a s t r u c t u r e W o r k i n g G r o M e e t i n h 28 i- ,29 M a r c h V i s a k h a p a t n a
up g m,
7 In f r a s t r uc t ur eT ax o n o mi e s 2 8 M a r c Vis
6. h a
7 7. 1st Chief Science Advisers’ Roundtable 28-29 March Ramnagar, Uttarakhand
78. 2 9 - 3 1
2 nd A g r i c u l t u r e D e p u t i e s M e e t i n g M a r c h
79. A M I S R a p i d R e s p o n s e F o r u Ch C h a n d i g a
8m0 . 2 n d S2 h9 e r p a M ea er t ci nh g 30 2 , A p r i l Ku
M a r c h r- h
81. D i g i t a l P u b l i c I n f r a s t r u c t u r e & G r e e n 30 M a r c h K u m a r a k o m , K e r a l
a
82. 1 st D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n W o r ki n g G r o u p M 30 March-1 April Ga
eeting
83. Early warning early action 30 M a r c h Gandhinagar, Gujarat Di
saster resilient
8 2nd International Financial Architecture Working Group 3 0 - 3 1 M a r c h Par
4. Meeting
85. Strengthening GFSN in a fragmenting 30 March Paris, France

86. 2 nd T o u r i s m W o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n g 1-4 April Darjeeling/Siliguri

8A 7d .v e n t u r e T o u r i s m2 A D a r j e e l i n g / S i l i g u r i , W
p r i l
8 2 nd E n e r g y T r a n s i t i o n s W o r k i n g G r o u p M 2 - 4 GaA
8. eeting p r i l
8 G l o b a l g r e e n h y d r o g e n e c o s y s t e m 2 A p r i G a n d h i n a g
9 . 2 nd E m p l o y m e n t W o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n g l ar i l Gu
90 . S c i e n c e 2 0 e v e n t p r i l3 - A 5 g a r t a l a , T
1 . 3 - 4A 4 - 6 A p r i Ko
93. G 2 0 E M P O W E R M e e t i n g B5 - 6 A
9 2 . 2 pril A p
l Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
0 E
v e
n t
94. 2nd Development Working Group Meeting 6-9 April Kumarakom, Kerala
95. Data for Development, Just Green 6 April Transitions & LiFE Kumarakom, Kerala

96. 2nd Finance Ministers and Central Bank 12-13 April Governors Meeting Washington DC, US

97. Roadmap for implementing 12 April recommendations of G20 independent Washington DC, US
review of MDBs; Macro financial
implications of crypto assets

98. Harnessing Living Heritage For a 13 April sustainable Future Virtual

99. Women 20 Meeting 13-14 April Jaipur, Rajasthan

100. 2 nd Heal t h Wo rki n g Gr ou p Meet i n g 17 - 19 A pril Goa
101. Space Economy Leaders’ Precursor 17-18 April Shillong, Meghalaya
102. Meeting of Agriculture Chief Scientists 17 -19 April Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

103. 2 nd Digital Economy Working Group 17 - 19 April Hyderabad, Telangana

104. R o l e of g l o b a l t e c h s e c t o r 17 A p r i l Hyderabad, Telangana
1 0 5 . D i g i t a l H e a l t h 1 8 A p r i l Goa
106. Promotion of Cultural and Creative Industries and the Creative Economy 19 April Virtual

107. RIIG event (SERB) 19-20 April Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh

108. Leveraging Digital Technologies for the Protection and Promotion of Culture 20 April

Virtual
109. 3 rd Education Working Group Meeting 26 -28 April Bhubaneswar, Odisha
110. E x h i b i t i o n on F u t u r e of W o r k 26 A p r Bhubaneswar, Odisha
111. Y o u t h 20 e v e n t 26 - 28 A p r i l Leh, Ladakh
112. S c i e n c e 20 e v e n t 1 - 2 M a y Kavaratti, Lakshadweep
113. 3rd Development Working Group Meeting 9-11 May Goa
114. Seminars on Data for Development & 9 - 11 May Goa

1 1 5 . 2 nd Cult ure W or kin g Gr o up Mee t i n g 15 - 17 May Bhubaneswar, Odisha

116. Exhibition titled "Sustain: The Craft Idiom" 15-17 May Bhubaneswar, Odisha
117. 3 rd Energy Transitions Working Group 15 -17 May Mumbai, Maharashtra
118. Seminars on Transition Roadmap; Biofuels 15-17 May Mumbai, Maharashtra
1 19 . R IIG e ve nt (M oE S) 18 -19 Ma y Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Daman & Diu
120. 3rd Environment and Climate Sustainability Working Group Meeting 21-23 May Mumbai,

Maharashtra
121. Beach cleaning exercise 21-May Mumbai, Maharashtra
122. 3rd Tourism Working Group Meeting 22-24 May Srinagar, J&K
123. 3 r d T o u r i s m WG S i d e e v e n t 22 - 24 M a y Srinagar, J&K
124. 2nd Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group Meeting 23-25 May Mumbai, Maharashtra
n
125. 2 nd Disaster Risk Reduction Side event 23 -25 May Mumbai, Maharashtra
126. 2 nd T rade & In vest men t Working Gro up 23 -25 Ma y Be

1 2 7 . 2 n d T r a d e & I n v e s t m e n t :S i d e e v e n t 23 - 25 May
Be
128. 2 nd A n t i - C o r r u p t i o n W o r k i n g Group Meeting 25-27 May Ris
1 2 9 . 2 n d A n t i - C o r r u p t i o n S i d e E v e n 2 5 - 2 7 M a y Ris
130. 3 rt d E m p l o y m e n t Working Group Meeting 31 May-2 June Ge
131. 3rd Employment Working Group Meeting
31 May-2 June
1 3 3 rd Hea lth W or ki n g Gro u Hy
2 . p Meet in g sid e Ge 4 - 6 J u n e
133. 3rd International Financial Architecture 5-7 June Go

134. 3r d International Finan 5- 7 June Go

cial Architecture
135. 6- 9 Ju Del
1 3 4t h D e v e l o p m e n t Working Group Meeti ne4 - 6 Hy
61 3. 7 . ng3 r d H e a l t h W o r k i n g J u n e6- Del
138. D e v e l o p m e n t M i n i s t e rGs r oMue pe t i n g M e e t i n g1 1 - 9 June Var
1 4 t h D e v e l o p m3e n t W o r 9k i n g Group M. e eSt i 1 3 J u n e Go
ng A I 2 0 4 J u Ko
S u m m n e Ko
i t 1 2 1 4 J u n e
- 1
142. 3 rd D i g i t a l E c o n o m y W o r k i n g G r o u p M e 1 2 - 11 2 4- 1 4 J u nJ ue Pun
140. 3e rtd i Fn rga m e w o r k W o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n g 1 2 - ne
143. 3 rd D i g i t a l E c o n o m W o r k i n g G r o u 12 - 14 J u Pun
1 41 . 3 rd Fra me wo r k Wor
y p n e
king G ro up Meetin g
1 4 3 r d A g r i c u l t u r D e p u t i e s M e e t i n 1 5 - 1 7 J u n Hy
41 4. 5 . 3 red A g r i c u l t u r e D e p u tgi e s M e e t i n g s i d e e v e n t e 1 5 - 1 7 J u n e Hy
1 4 6 . W o m 2 0 S u m m i t 6J u n e Ma
e n 1 5 - 1e 2 0 7J u n e Bh
1 4 8 . 1 4A 7g r. i c uS l ct ui r ee v Me i nn ti s t1 e 6r s- 1 M e e t i n g 1 7 J Hy
149. e n c
4 th T o u r i s m W o r k i n g G r o u p M e u n e
19 - 20 J u n Go
150. 4 et h t T o u
i n g r i s m W o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n g s i d e e 19-20 June Go

151. 3r d Sustainable Finance Working Group 19-21 June Ma

152. 3rd Sustainable Finance Working Group Meeting side event 1 9 - 2 1 J u n Ma

e
153. 4 t h E d u c a t i o nW o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n 2 0 - 2 1 J u n e Pun
g
154. 4t h Education Working Group Meeting side 20-21 June Pun
1 5 5 . T o u r i s m M i n i s t e r s M e e t i n g 2 1 - 2 2 J u n e Go
1 5 6 . L a b o u r 2 0S u m m i t 2 2 - 2 3 J u n e Pat
1 5 7 . E d u c a t i o n M i n i s t e M e e t i n g 2 2 J u n e Pun
1 5 r s 22 J u n Vir
8 . 3 r d J o i n t H e a l t h - F i n a n c e T a s k F o r c e e
159. 24-26 June Bal
3rd Meeting for the Global Partnership for
160. 26-28 June Ris
3rd Infrastructure Working Gro
161. 26 -28 J une Ris
up MeetingSide eve nt High
map to sustainable cities
B 2 l e0v e lE v s ee mn i nt a r 1 J u l y on
r oSurat,
a d Gujarat
1 6 2 .
163. StartUp20 Summit Meeting Gurugram, Haryana
3-4 July Mumbai, Maharashtra
1 6 4 . R I I G S u m m i t 4 - 5 J
u l y
165. Research Ministers Meeting 5-6 July Mumbai, Maharashtra
166. Space Economy Leaders’ Meeting (SELM) 6-7 July Bengaluru, Karnataka
167. U r b a n 20 S u m m i t 7 - 8 J u l y Ahmedabad, Gujarat
1 6 8 . 3 rd Cul t ur e W orki n g Gr ou p Meet i n g 09 - 12 J ul y Hampi, Karnataka
169. S i d e e ve n t at J S W 09 - 12 J u l y Hampi, Karnataka
170. 3 rd Trade & Investment Working Group 10 -12 July Kevadia, Gujarat

171. S e m i n a r on T r a d e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 10 - 12 J u l y Kevadia,
Gujarat
172. 3r d Sherpa Meeting 13-16 J uly Hampi, Karnataka
173. Conference on Crime and Security in the 13-14 July Gurugram, Haryana
174. 3 rd Finance and Central Bank Deputies 14 -15 July Gandhinagar, Gujarat

175. 3 rd Finance Ministers and Central Bank 17 -18 July Gandhinagar, Gujarat

176. 4th Energy Transitions Working Group Meeting 19-20 July Goa

177. 4th Employment Working Group Meeting 19 -20 July Indore, Madhya Pradesh
178. Science 20 Summit 21-22 July Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
179. Labour and Employment Ministers 21 J u l y Indore, Madhya Pradesh
180. Energy Ministers Meeting 22 July Goa
181. 3rd Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group 24-26 July Chennai, Tamil Nadu
182. DRR Side event 24-26 July Chennai, Tamil Nadu
183. 4th Environment and Climate Sustainability 26-27 July Chennai, Tamil Nadu
1 84 . E C SW G S ide e vent 26-27 J ul y Chennai, Tamil Nadu
185. Environment and Climate Sustainability 28 Jul Chennai, Tamil Nadu
186. C i v i l 20 S u m m i t 30 - 31 J u l y Jaipur, Rajasthan
187. G20 EMPOWER Summit 1-2 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
188. G20 EMPOWER Side event 1-2 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
189. T h i n k 20 S u m m i t 1 - 2 A u g u s t Mysuru, Karnataka
190. Ministerial Meeting on Women Empowerment 2-4 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat

191. 3rd Anti-Corruption Working Group Meeting 9-11 August Kolkata, West Bengal
192. Anti-Corruption Ministers Meeting 12 August Kolkata, West Bengal
193. 4 th Di gi t a l Econo my Wor kin g Group 16 - 18 Au g Bengaluru, Karnataka
194. Side event: Digital Innovation Alliance 16 -18 Aug Bengaluru, Karnataka

195. Y o u t h 20 S u m m i t M e e t i n g 17 - 20 A u g u s t Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

196. 4 th H e a l t h W o r k i n g G r o u p M e e t i n g 17 A u gu Gandhinagar, Gujarat
st
197. Side event on AYUSH 17 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
198. Health Ministers Meeting 18-19 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
199. Digital Economy Ministers Meeting 19 August Bengaluru, Karnataka
200. Joint Health-Finance Ministers Meeting 19 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
201. 4th Trade & Investment Working Group 21-22 August Jaipur, Rajasthan
202. 4th Culture Working Group meeting 24-25 August Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
203. Trade & Investment Ministers Meeting 24-25 August Jaipur, Rajasthan
204. B20 Summit 25-27 August Delhi, Delhi
205. Culture Ministers Meeting 26 August Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
206. 2nd Chief Science Advisors Roundtable 27-29 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
207. 4th Sherpa Meeting 3 -6 September Gurugram, Haryana
208. B20 Event 4 -5 September Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
209. Finance Deputies Meeting 5 -6 September Delhi, Delhi
210. Joint Sherpas and Finance Deputies 6 September Delhi, Delhi

211. G20 Summit 9 - 10 Sep Delhi, Delhi

212. 4th Sustainable Finance Working Group 13-14 September Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

213. 4th Meeting for the Global Partnership for 14-16 September Mumbai, Maharashtra

214. GPFI Side event 14-16 September Mumbai, Uttar Pradesh

215. 4th Framework Working Group Meeting 18-19 September Raipur, Chhattisgarh

216. 4th International Financial Architecture Working 20-22 September Seoul, Republic of Korea
Group Meeting
217. IFAWG Side event 20-22 September Seoul, Republic of Korea

218. 4th Infrastructure Working Group Meeting 21-22 September Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh

219. IWG Side event 21-22 September Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh

220. G20 Expert Group on Strengthening 26 September Delhi, Delhi

221. G20 Asia Pacific Regional Workshop on 05 October Nagpur, Maharashtra

222. 4th Finance and Central Bank Deputies Meeting 11 October Marrakesh, Morocco

223. 4th Finance Ministers and Central Bank 12-13 October Marrakesh

224. Parliament 20 Summit 12-14 October Delhi, Delhi

225. Parliament Forum on LiFE 12 October Delhi, Delhi
226. B20 Event 17 November Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
227. G20 Virtual Summit 22 November Virtual
 LIST OF MINISTERIAL MEETINGS

SI No. Ministerial meeting Date Venue

1 1stFina Minist an Centr Ban Govern Meeting 24- February Bengaluru, Karnataka
nce ers d al k ors 25
2 G20 Foreign Ministers Meeting 1-2 March Delhi
3 2nd Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting 12-13 AprilWashington DC, USA
4 Development Ministers Meeting 11- 13 J u n e V a r a n a s i , U t t a r P r a d e
sh
5 Agriculture Ministers Meeting 17 J une Hyderabad, Telangana
6 Tourism Ministers Meeting 21- 22 J u n e G o a
7 Education Ministers Meeting 22 J une Pune, Maharashtra
8 Research Ministers Meeting 5-6 July Mumbai, Maharashtra
9 3rdFina Minist an Cent Ba Govern Meeting 17-18 July Gandhinagar, Gujarat
nce ers d ral nk ors
10 Labour and Employment Ministers Meeting 21 J u l y Indore, Madhya Prades
h
11 Energy Ministers Meeting 22 July Goa
12 3rdDisaster Risk Reduction Working Group Meeting 24 - J ul y C he nna Ta N ad u
(Chaired by Principal Secretary to PM) 26 i, mil
13 Environment and Climate Sustainability Ministers Meeting 28 July Chennai, Tamil Nadu
14 Ministerial Meeting on Women Empowerment 2-4 August Gandhinagar, Gujar
at
15 Anti-Corruption Ministers Meeting 12 August Kolkata, West Bengal
16 Health Ministers Meeting 18- 19 A u g u s t G a n d h i n a g a r , G u j a
rat
17 Joint Health-Finance Ministers Meeting 19 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
18 Digital Economy Ministers Meeting 19 A u g u s t Bengaluru, Karnatak
a
19 Culture Ministers Meeting 26 August Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
20 Trade & Investment Ministers Meeting 24 -25 August Jaipur, Rajasthan
21 4thFina Minist an Centr Ban Govern Meeting 11-13 October Marrakesh, Morocco
nce ers d al k ors
 LIST OF ENGAGEMENT GROUPS’ SUMMIT MEETINGS

SI No. Engagement Group Date Venue

1 Business 20 26-27 August New Delhi
2 Civil20 29-31 July Jaipur, Rajasthan
3 Labour 20 21 -23 June Patna, Bihar
4 Parliament20 12-14 October New Delhi
5 Science 20 21-22 July Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
6 SAI20 12 -14 June Goa
7 Startup 20 3 -4 July Gurugram, Haryana
8 Think20 31 July-02 August Mysuru, Karnataka
9 Urban 20 7 -8 July Gandhinagar, Gujarat
10 Women 20 14 -16 June Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
11 Youth20 17-20 August Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

LIST OF INITIATIVES’SUMMIT MEETINGS

SI No. Initiative Date Venue

1 RIIG 4 -5 July Mumbai, Maharashtra
2 EMPOWER 1 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
3 SELM 6 -7 July Bengaluru, Karnataka
4 CSAR 27-29 August Gandhinagar, Gujarat
5 MACS 17-19 April Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
6 G20 Conference 13-14 July Gurugram, Haryana
 LIST OF CITIES

SI No. G20 Cities List State / Union Territory

1 Swaraj Dweep (Havelock) - Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Curtain raiser
2 Udaipur Rajasthan
3 Mumbai Maharashtra
4 Bengaluru Karnataka
5 Kolkata West Bengal
6 Delhi Delhi
7 Pune Maharashtra
8 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
9 Gandhinagar Gujarat
10 Hyderabad Telangana
11 Puducherry Puducherry
12 Chandigarh Chandigarh
13 Chennai Tamil Nadu
14 Guwahati Assam
15 Jodhpur Rajasthan
16 Rann of Kutch Gujarat
17 Ahmedabad Gujarat
18 A gr a Uttar Pradesh
19 Indore Madhya Pradesh
20 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
21 Imphal Manipur
22 Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh
23 Aurangabad Maharashtra
24 Gurugram Haryana
25 Aizawl Mizoram
26 Ranchi Jharkhand
27 Gangtok Sikkim
28 Amritsar Punjab
29 Nagpur Maharashtra
30 Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh
31 Dibrugarh Assam
32 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh
33 Ramnagar Uttarakhand
34 Kumarakom Kerala
35 Darjeeling West Bengal
36 Agartala Tripura
37 Kohima Nagaland
38 Jaipur Rajasthan
39 Goa Goa
40 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
41 Shillong Meghalaya
42 Dharamshala Himachal Pradesh
43 Bhubaneswar Odisha
44 Leh Ladakh
45 Bangaram Lakshadweep Islands
46 Shimla Himachal Pradesh
47 Diu Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
48 Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir
49 Rishikesh Uttarakhand
50 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
51 Kochi Kerala
52 Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu
53 Kevadia Gujarat
54 Patna Bihar
55 Surat Gujarat
56 Hampi Karnataka
57 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
58 Mysuru Karnataka
59 Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh
60 Raipur Chhattisgarh

STATE-WISE MEETINGS

SI No. State/Union Territory Number of Meetings

1 Andaman & Nicobar 1
2 Andhra Pradesh 2
3 Arunachal Pradesh 1
4 Assam 6
5 Bihar 1
6 Chandigarh 4
7 Chhattisgarh 1
8 Dadra And Nagar Haveli Daman And Diu 1
9 Delhi 11
10 Goa 12
11 Gujarat 24
12 Haryana 5
13 Himachal Pradesh 2
14 Jammu & Kashmir 2
15 Jharkhand 1
16 Karnataka 22
17 Kerala 9
18 Ladakh 1
19 Lakshadweep 1
20 Madhya Pradesh 10
21 Maharashtra 24
22 Manipur 1
23 Meghalaya 1
24 Mizoram 1
25 Nagaland 1
26 Odisha 4
27 Puducherry 1
28 Punjab 3
29 Rajasthan 10
30 Sikkim 2
31 Tamil Nadu 13
32 Telangana 10
33 Tripura 1
34 Uttar Pradesh 9
35 Uttarakhand 5
36 West Bengal 7
 40 WORKSTREAMS OF G20

S h e r p a T r a c k F i n a n c e T r a c k
1. Agriculture Working Group 1. Framework Working Group
2. Anti-corruption Working Group 2. International Financial Architecture
3. Culture Working Group 3. Infrastructure Working Group
4. Digital Economy Working Group 4. Sustainable Finance Working Group
5. Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group 5. Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion
6. Development Working Group 6. 7. 8.
7. Education Working Group
Joint Finance & Health Task Force International
8. Employment Working Group Taxation agenda Financial Sector issues
9. Environment & Climate Sustainability
Working Group
10. Energy Transitions Working Group
11. Health Working Group
12. Trade & Investment Working Group
13. Tourism Working Group

Engagement Groups I n i t i a t i v e s
1. Business20 1. Research and Innovation Initiative
2. Civil20 Gathering (RIIG)
3. Labour20 2. Space Economy Leaders’ Meeting (SELM)
4. Parliament20 3. G20 EMPOWER
5. Science20 4. Chief Science Advisers’ Roundtable
6. SAI20 (CSAR)
7. Startup20 5. Meeting of Agricultural Chief Scientists
8. Think20 (MACS)
9. Urban20 6. G20 Conference on “Crime and
10. Women20 Security in the age of NFTs, AI and Metaverse"
11. Youth20

Standalone Ministerial Meetings

1. F o r e i g n Ministers Meeting
2. Ministerial Meeting on Women Empowerment
ADDITIONAL COUNTRIES INVITED TO SELECT G20 WORKING
GROUP MEETINGS &ASSOCIATED PARALLEL EVENTS*/#

Africa (15): Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Mali, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Uganda,
SierraLeone, Malawi, Central African Republic, Gambia, Senegal, Rwanda, Morocco

Asia Pacific (8): Philippines, Thailand, Fiji, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Vietnam, Nepal

Latin America (5): Colombia, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago

Europe (3): Poland, Denmark, Switzerland

Middle East (1): Jordan

*32 additional countries were invited, over and above the 9 invitee
countries – Bangladesh, Egypt, Mauritius, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Spain,
Singapore and UAE

#135 NATIONALITIES REPRESENTEDIN G20 MEETINGS

&ASSOCIATED EVENTS (Comprising delegates from G20
Members,
Invitee/Guest countries & International / Regional
Organizations)
Algeria FrenchSouthern Nepa l Türkiye
Territories
Argentina Georgia Netherlands United Arab Emirates
Armenia Germany New Zealand United Kingdom
Australia Ghana Nigeria United States
Austria Greece Norway Uruguay
Bahrain Grenada Oma n Vietnam
Bangladesh Guinea Pakistan Zambia
Barbados Hungary Palestine Zimbabwe
Belgium India Paraguay Afghanistan
Beni n Indonesia Peru Antigua & Barbuda
Bhutan I ran Philippines Aruba
Botswana Ireland Poland Iraq
Brazil Israel Portugal Nauru
Brunei Italy Republic of Korea North Korea
Bulgaria Ivory Coast Romania Palau
Cambodia Jamaica Russia Trinidad & Tobago
Cameroon Japan R w a nd a Syria
Canad a Jordan Saint Lucia Tuvalu
Chad Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia Yemen
Chile Kenya Senegal Cyprus
China Kuwait Sierra Leone Democratic Republic of
Congo
Colombia Lebanon Singapore Dominica
Comoros Lithuania Slovenia East Timor
Costa Rica Luxembourg South Africa El Salvador
Croatia Malawi Spain Fiji
Czech Republic Malaysia Sri Lanka Kosovo
Denmark Maldives Suda n Kyrgyzstan
Ecuador Mali Sweden Laos
Egyp t Malta Switzerland Latvia
Estonia Mauritius Thailand Mauritania
Ethiopia Mexico Togo Mongolia
Finland Morocco Tunisia Saint Kitts & Nevis
France Mozambique Somalia Gibraltar
Tajikistan Seychelles Uzbekistan
 Objectives of the Study
With this much study about G20 and also related to the country of India now it brought curiosity to undertake this
study report, so these are some objectives of this study are,

●To study the purpose of G20.

●To understand the structure of G20.
●To understand the roles and responsibilities of G20.
●To study the Functions and Activities of the United Nations World Tourism Organisation.
●To study the contribution of India in G20 as compared to the world.
●To study the contribution of G20 to the world’s GDP.

Methodology
This study is been conducted using the secondary data available.
The research design used here is descriptive.
Chapter: 2 Internal Aspects of
G20
Management of G20:
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a premier forum for international economic cooperation that brings together the
world's major economies. Established in 1999, it comprises 19 individual countries and the European Union.
The G20 members represent around 85% of the global GDP and two-thirds of the world's population. The group
aims to address key issues affecting the global economy through dialogue and cooperation. The G20
holds annual summits where leaders discuss and coordinate economic policies. Key areas of focus include
financial stability, trade, investment, and sustainable development.
The G20 operates on a consensus-based decision-making process. Alongside summits, various working groups
and ministerial meetings are held throughout the year to address specific issues. The presidency of the
G20 rotates annually among its members. The host country sets the agenda for the year and leads the
discussions. The G20 played a crucial role in coordinating responses to the 2008 financial crisis, promoting
recovery efforts and financial regulation reforms. It continues to address ongoing challenges such as
economic inequality, climate change, and global health crises. The G20's decisions often influence
global economic policies and financial markets. Critics argue that the G20 lacks inclusivity and
representation, as it primarily consists of large economies, leaving out smaller and developing nations.
However, efforts are made to engage with non- member countries and international organizations to ensure
broader participation.
The G20's effectiveness in addressing global issues depends on the commitment and cooperation of its
members. Achieving consensus among diverse economies with differing interests can be challenging. Despite
its limitations, the G20 remains a vital platform for fostering dialogue and cooperation on pressing
global economic issues. Recent summits have focused on issues such as digitalization, infrastructure investment,
and the transition to a sustainable and inclusive economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented new
challenges for the G20, requiring coordinated responses to mitigate its economic and social impacts.
Efforts to ensure vaccine equity and support for vulnerable countries have been key priorities.
The G20 also plays a role in promoting international trade and reducing barriers to commerce.
Sustainable development goals are increasingly integrated into the G20's agenda, reflecting the importance of
addressing environmental and social issues alongside economic concerns. Overall, the G20 serves as a crucial
platform for advancing global economic cooperation and addressing the complex challenges of the 21st century.

The G20 operates on principles of inclusivity and consensus-building among its member countries.
Internal aspects of the G20 include its organizational structure, decision-making processes, and
mechanisms for cooperation. The group functions through various working groups, task forces, and
ministerial meetings that focus on specific areas such as finance, trade, energy, and employment. These
internal bodies facilitate discussions, research, and policy development on key economic issues.
The G20 presidency rotates annually among its members, with the host country responsible for setting
the agenda and guiding discussions throughout the year. Decision-making within the G20 is based on consensus,
meaning that all members must agree on proposed actions or initiatives. This consensus-based approach ensures
that decisions reflect the interests and perspectives of all member countries. The G20 Secretariat, based
in Geneva, Switzerland, provides administrative support and facilitates communication among member
countries. Additionally, the G20 holds regular meetings of finance ministers and central bank governors
to coordinate economic policies and financial regulation.
The group also engages with international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World
Bank, and World Trade Organization (WTO) to leverage expertise and resources. Transparency
and accountability are key principles within the G20, with member countries expected to report on progress
made towards agreed-upon goals and commitments. The G20 also fosters partnerships with non-member
countries, regional organizations, and civil society groups to broaden participation and perspectives.
Internal challenges facing the G20 include balancing the interests of diverse economies, addressing geopolitical
tensions, and ensuring the effective implementation of agreed-upon measures. Overcoming these
challenges requires sustained dialogue, cooperation, and leadership from member countries. The G20's internal
dynamics are influenced by geopolitical shifts, economic trends, and global events such as financial crises or
pandemics.
As the world's premier forum for international economic cooperation, the G20 plays a vital role in
shaping global economic governance and promoting stability and prosperity. Ongoing efforts to
enhance the effectiveness and legitimacy of the G20 involve reforms to its governance structure, transparency
measures, and engagement with stakeholders. Overall, the internal workings of the G20 reflect a
commitment to multilateralism, cooperation, and collective action in addressing complex global challenges.

Directorship of G20:
The directorship of the G20 also referred to as the presidency, rotates annually among its member countries.
Each presidency typically begins in December of the preceding year and lasts until the end of the calendar year.
The role of the G20 presidency is to set the agenda, organize meetings, and guide discussions on key economic
issues throughout the year.

Here is a detailed overview of some recent past directorships of the G20:

The G20 operates under a rotating presidency system, with each member country taking on the role of the chair
and hosting the annual G20 summit. Here's a detailed overview of all the directorships of the G20
since its inception:

1.Germany (1999):
-Germany hosted the inaugural meeting of the G20 in Berlin in 1999. At that time, the group consisted of
finance ministers and central bank governors.

2. Canada (2000):
-Canada assumed the presidency of the G20 in 2000 and continued to advance discussions on global
economic issues.

3.United States (2001):

-The United States took over the G20 presidency in 2001, playing a leading role in coordinating responses to
economic challenges.

4. India (2002):
-India chaired the G20 in 2002, focusing on issues related to economic growth, trade, and development.

5. Mexico (2003):
-Mexico assumed the G20 presidency in 2003, emphasizing financial stability, regional cooperation,
and poverty reduction.

6. Brazil (2004):
- Brazil chaired the G20 in 2004, advocating for reforms in international financial institutions and promoting
inclusive growth.

7.Argentina (2005):
- Argentina took on the G20 presidency in 2005, focusing on enhancing dialogue among member countries and
fostering cooperation.

8.Saudi Arabia (2006):

 - Saudi Arabia chaired the G20 in 2006, emphasizing the importance of energy security, sustainable
development, and global economic stability.

9. Australia (2007):
- Australia assumed the presidency of the G20 in 2007, advancing discussions on trade liberalization,
infrastructure investment, and innovation.

10. Indonesia (2008):

- Indonesia chaired the G20 in 2008, a pivotal year marked by the global financial crisis. The G20 played a
central role in coordinating responses to stabilize financial markets and promote economic recovery.

11.South Africa (2009):

- South Africa took over the G20 presidency in 2009, focusing on issues such as financial
regulation, development assistance, and climate change.

12.South Korea (2010):

-South Korea chaired the G20 in 2010, leading efforts to promote balanced and sustainable growth, financial
reform, and development cooperation.

13. France (2011):

-France assumed the G20 presidency in 2011, focusing on issues such as financial regulation, global
imbalances, and development assistance.

14. Mexico (2012):

-Mexico hosted the G20 summit in 2012, prioritizing issues related to economic resilience, job creation, and
inclusive growth.

15. Russia (2013):

-Russia chaired the G20 in 2013, focusing on issues such as financial regulation, energy cooperation, and global
economic governance.

16. Australia (2014):

 -Australia assumed the G20 presidency in 2014, prioritizing issues such as infrastructure investment, trade
liberalization, and tax reform.

17. Turkey (2015):

-Turkey chaired the G20 in 2015, focusing on issues such as inclusive growth, financial regulation,
and refugee crisis management.

18. China (2016):

-China hosted the G20 summit in 2016, prioritizing issues such as structural reform, innovation, and green
finance.

19.Germany (2017):
-Germany assumed the G20 presidency in 2017, focusing on issues such as digitalization, sustainable
development, and global health.

20.Argentina (2018):
-Argentina chaired the G20 in 2018, prioritizing issues such as financial resilience, trade tensions,
and climate change.

21. Japan (2019):

-Japan hosted the G20 summit in 2019, focusing on issues such as data governance, aging populations, and
infrastructure investment.

22. Saudi Arabia (2020):

-Saudi Arabia chaired the G20 in 2020, a year marked by the COVID-19 pandemic. The G20 played
a crucial role in coordinating global responses to the health, economic, and social impacts of the pandemic.

23. Italy (2021):

-Italy assumed the G20 presidency in 2021, focusing on issues such as climate change, sustainable
development, and global health.

24. Indonesia (2022):

 - Indonesia is set to chair the G20 in 2022, with priorities likely to include economic recovery from
the COVID-19 pandemic, climate action, and digitalization.

These directorships represent the rotating leadership of the G20, with each member country assuming
the presidency for one year and hosting the annual summit. Each presidency sets the agenda and priorities for
the G20, reflecting the evolving global economic landscape and the collective challenges faced by
member countries.
Structure of G20:
The Group of Twenty (G20) operates with a flexible and informal structure designed to facilitate dialogue and
cooperation among its member countries. Here is a detailed overview of the structure of the G20:

1.Members:
-The G20 consists of 19 individual countries and the European Union (EU). The member countries
are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico,
Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
-These countries are considered major economies, collectively representing around 85% of global GDP and
two-thirds of the world's population.

2.Presidency:
-The presidency of the G20 rotates annually among its member countries.
-The presidency is responsible for setting the agenda, organizing meetings, and guiding discussions
throughout the year.
-The host country typically holds the presidency from December of the preceding year until the end of the
calendar year.

3.Leaders' Summit:
-The G20 Leaders' Summit is the highest-level meeting of the group.
-It brings together heads of state or government from member countries to discuss key economic issues and
coordinate policy responses.
-The summit usually takes place annually, with the host country organizing and hosting the event.

4.Ministerial Meetings:
-The G20 holds ministerial meetings in various areas, including finance, trade, energy, labour, and health.
-These meetings provide opportunities for ministers to discuss specific issues within their respective
portfolios and coordinate policies.

5.Working Groups and Task Forces:

-The G20 operates through working groups and task forces focused on specific topics or themes.
-These groups conduct research, develop policy proposals, and facilitate discussions among member
countries.
 - Examples of working groups include those on finance, anti-corruption, digital economy, and
sustainable development.

6.Engagement Groups:
-The G20 engages with different stakeholders through engagement groups representing civil society,
the private sector, think tanks, and youth organizations.
-These groups provide input and recommendations to the G20 process, enhancing transparency and
inclusivity.

7.Secretariat:
-The G20 does not have a permanent secretariat. Instead, administrative support is provided by the
host country of the current presidency.
-The host country typically establishes a temporary secretariat to coordinate logistics and
communication among member countries.

8.Outreach and Engagement:

-The G20 engages with non-member countries, international organizations, and regional entities to promote
cooperation and dialogue on global economic issues.
-Outreach efforts aim to ensure broader participation and leverage expertise and resources from a
diverse range of stakeholders.

Overall, the structure of the G20 is characterized by its flexibility, consensus-based decision-making,
and emphasis on dialogue and cooperation among major economies to address global economic challenges.
G20’s Ambassadors
The Group of Twenty (G20) does not have official ambassadors in the traditional diplomatic sense, as it is an
informal forum composed of member countries' heads of state or government, finance ministers, and central
bank governors. However, member countries may appoint representatives to engage with the G20 process and
advance their interests within the forum. These representatives often include diplomats, government officials, or
experts in relevant policy areas. Here is an overview of how member countries engage with the G20:

1. Heads of State or Government:

-The leaders of G20 member countries participate in the G20 Leaders' Summit, which is the highest-level
meeting of the forum.
-They discuss key economic issues, coordinate policy responses, and provide strategic direction for
the group.
-While they may not have official titles of "ambassadors," they represent their respective countries' interests
and priorities within the G20.

2. Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors:

-Finance ministers and central bank governors represent their countries' economic and financial
interests within the G20.
-They participate in G20 ministerial meetings, where they discuss economic policy coordination, financial
stability, and regulatory reforms.
-These officials play a crucial role in shaping the G20's agenda and decisions on issues such as fiscal policy,
monetary policy, and international financial architecture.

3. Sherpas:
-Sherpas are senior officials appointed by G20 leaders to coordinate preparations for the Leaders' Summit.
-They work closely with their counterparts from other member countries to develop agendas, draft
communiqués, and facilitate negotiations.
- Sherpas serve as key intermediaries between leaders and help ensure continuity and coherence in the G20
process from one presidency to the next.

4. Working Group Representatives:

-Member countries appoint representatives to participate in G20 working groups and task forces focused on
specific policy areas.
-These representatives, often experts or government officials, contribute to research, policy development, and
coordination efforts within their respective working groups.
 - Working group representatives play a vital role in advancing their countries' positions on issues
such as trade, finance, energy, and sustainable development.

5.Engagement Group Representatives:

-Member countries may also engage with the G20 through representatives of civil society, the private sector,
think tanks, and other stakeholder groups.
-These representatives provide input, expertise, and perspectives from their respective sectors or
constituencies, enhancing the inclusivity and legitimacy of the G20 process.
-Engagement group representatives participate in consultations, dialogues, and side events organized in
conjunction with G20 meetings.

While the G20 does not have official ambassadors, member countries' representatives play essential
roles in advancing their interests and contributing to the forum's deliberations and outcomes.
 Purpose of G20
The Group of Twenty (G20) serves multiple purposes, reflecting its role as a premier forum for international
economic cooperation. Here is a detailed overview of the purposes of the G20:

1.Facilitating Economic Coordination: The primary purpose of the G20 is to facilitate dialogue and
coordination among the world's major economies on key economic issues. By bringing together leaders, finance
ministers, and central bank governors, the G20 aims to promote policy coherence and avoid harmful economic
spillovers.

2.Addressing Global Economic Challenges: The G20 provides a platform for addressing pressing global
economic challenges, such as financial stability, economic growth, trade imbalances, and currency volatility.
Through discussions and coordinated actions, member countries seek to mitigate risks and promote sustainable
and inclusive economic development.

3.Promoting Financial Stability: Following the 2008 global financial crisis, the G20 emerged as a key forum for
promoting financial stability and regulatory reform. Member countries coordinate efforts to strengthen
financial institutions, enhance transparency, and improve risk management to prevent future crises.

4.Fostering Trade and Investment: The G20 promotes open, fair, and rules-based international trade and
investment. Member countries seek to reduce trade barriers, address trade disputes, and promote a level playing
field for businesses to thrive in the global economy.

5.Supporting Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is a key priority for the G20. Member
countries collaborate on issues such as poverty reduction, climate change mitigation, environmental protection,
and social inclusion to achieve sustainable and resilient economies.

6.Addressing Global Imbalances: The G20 addresses global imbalances in trade, finance, and
development through dialogue and cooperation. Member countries work together to identify and address
structural factors contributing to imbalances, such as exchange rate policies, fiscal imbalances, and income
disparities.

7.Enhancing International Financial Architecture: The G20 plays a role in shaping international financial
architecture to better reflect the realities of the global economy. Member countries discuss reforms to
international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to ensure
they are effective, accountable, and responsive to the needs of all countries.

8.Promoting Innovation and Digitalization: With the rapid pace of technological change, the G20 addresses
challenges and opportunities arising from innovation and digitalization. Member countries discuss policies to
harness the benefits of technology while addressing issues such as digital divides, cybersecurity, and
data privacy.

9.Coordinating Responses to Global Crises: The G20 provides a forum for coordinating responses to global
crises, including financial crises, pandemics, natural disasters, and humanitarian emergencies.
Member countries share information, resources, and best practices to mitigate the impacts of crises and support
affected populations.

10.Strengthening Global Governance: As a forum for major economies, the G20 contributes to strengthening
global governance and multilateralism. Member countries reaffirm their commitment to
international cooperation, diplomacy, and the rule of law to address shared challenges and promote
peace and prosperity worldwide.

Overall, the G20 serves as a vital platform for promoting economic stability, sustainable development,
and international cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world. Through dialogue,
cooperation, and collective action, member countries seek to address complex global challenges and foster
inclusive and resilient economies for the benefit of all.

Chapter 03 Focus of G20

Focus of G20:
The Group of Twenty (G20) focuses on a wide range of economic and financial issues, reflecting the diverse
interests and priorities of its member countries. Here is a detailed overview of the focus areas of the G20:

1. Global Economic Outlook:

 -The G20 monitors and assesses the global economic outlook, including growth prospects, inflation trends,
and risks to economic stability.
-Member countries exchange views on macroeconomic policies, such as fiscal and monetary measures, to
promote sustainable and balanced growth.

2.Financial Stability:
-Ensuring financial stability is a key focus of the G20, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008
global financial crisis.
-Member countries coordinate efforts to strengthen financial regulations, enhance supervision of
financial institutions, and address risks in the financial system.

3.Trade and Investment:

-The G20 promotes open, fair, and rules-based international trade and investment to support economic
growth and job creation.
-Member countries discuss trade liberalization, market access, trade facilitation measures, and efforts
to combat protectionism and unfair trade practices.

4.Structural Reforms:
-Structural reforms are essential for boosting productivity, enhancing competitiveness, and promoting long-
term economic growth.
-The G20 discusses policies to improve labour market flexibility, streamline regulations, invest in
infrastructure, and foster innovation and entrepreneurship.

5. Global Governance and Institutions:

-The G20 addresses issues related to global governance and international institutions, including reforming the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
-Member countries discuss ways to strengthen the effectiveness, accountability, and legitimacy of
these institutions to better address global challenges.

6. Sustainable Development:
-Sustainable development is a cross-cutting priority for the G20, encompassing economic, social, and
environmental dimensions.
 - Member countries discuss policies to promote inclusive growth, reduce poverty and inequality, protect the
environment, and address climate change.

7.Digitalization and Innovation:

-With the increasing importance of digitalization and technological innovation, the G20 focuses on issues
such as digital infrastructure, e-commerce, cybersecurity, and digital skills development.
-Member countries collaborate to harness the benefits of technology while addressing challenges such
as digital divides and data privacy concerns.

8.Energy and Climate Change:

-Energy and climate change are significant topics of discussion within the G20, given their implications for
economic development, environmental sustainability, and global security.
-Member countries address energy efficiency, renewable energy deployment, climate mitigation and
adaptation measures, and international cooperation on climate finance.

9.Health and Pandemic Preparedness:

-The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of health and pandemic preparedness within the
G20.
-Member countries discuss strategies for strengthening healthcare systems, ensuring equitable access to
vaccines and treatments, and enhancing global cooperation on public health emergencies.

10. Inclusive Growth and Social Cohesion:

-Promoting inclusive growth and social cohesion is a priority for the G20 to ensure that the benefits
of economic growth are widely shared.
-Member countries discuss policies to reduce poverty, improve access to education and healthcare, empower
women and marginalized groups, and promote social inclusion.

Overall, the G20's focus areas reflect its commitment to addressing complex global challenges and promoting
sustainable and inclusive economic development. By facilitating dialogue, cooperation, and collective action,
member countries aim to achieve shared prosperity and stability in the global economy.
 Role of G20
The Group of Twenty (G20) plays a crucial role in shaping global economic governance and addressing key
challenges facing the world economy. Here is a detailed overview of the role of the G20:

1. Promoting Economic Cooperation:

-The G20 serves as a forum for major economies to engage in dialogue and cooperation on economic and
financial issues.
-Member countries discuss policies to promote economic growth, financial stability, and sustainable
development through coordinated action.

2. Crisis Management:
-During times of crisis, such as financial crises or global pandemics, the G20 plays a central role in
coordinating international responses.
-Member countries collaborate to address immediate challenges, stabilize financial markets, and mitigate the
impact of crises on the global economy.

3. Policy Coordination:
-The G20 facilitates policy coordination among member countries to avoid harmful economic spillovers and
ensure consistency in macroeconomic policies.
-Through dialogue and peer review mechanisms, member countries share information, best practices,
and policy experiences to enhance policy effectiveness and coherence.

4. Setting Global Economic Agenda:

-The G20 sets the global economic agenda by identifying priority issues and promoting discussions
on emerging challenges and opportunities.
-Member countries use the G20 platform to address pressing issues such as trade tensions, climate change,
digitalization, and sustainable development.

5. Strengthening International Financial Institutions:

-The G20 promotes reforms to strengthen international financial institutions, such as the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
-Member countries discuss governance reforms, quota reallocations, and policy frameworks to enhance the
effectiveness, credibility, and legitimacy of these institutions.
6. Addressing Global Imbalances:
 -The G20 addresses global imbalances in trade, finance, and development through dialogue and cooperation.
-Member countries discuss policies to reduce trade imbalances, improve fiscal sustainability, and promote
more inclusive and balanced growth.

7.Fostering Inclusive Growth:

-The G20 focuses on promoting inclusive growth to ensure that the benefits of economic development are
shared by all segments of society.
-Member countries discuss policies to reduce poverty, tackle inequality, and enhance access to
education, healthcare, and social protection.

8.Advancing Sustainable Development:

-Sustainable development is a key priority for the G20, encompassing economic, social, and environmental
dimensions.
-Member countries discuss policies to promote sustainable infrastructure, address climate change,
protect biodiversity, and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

9.Enhancing Global Trade and Investment:

-The G20 promotes open, fair, and rules-based international trade and investment to support economic
growth and job creation.
-Member countries work to reduce trade barriers, address trade distortions, and promote a level playing field
for businesses operating in the global economy.

10. Promoting Innovation and Digitalization:

-With the rapid pace of technological change, the G20 addresses challenges and opportunities arising from
innovation and digitalization.
-Member countries discuss policies to harness the benefits of technology, foster innovation ecosystems, and
address digital divides and cybersecurity threats.

Overall, the G20 plays a critical role in fostering international cooperation, promoting economic stability and
prosperity, and addressing complex global challenges to achieve sustainable and inclusive development.
Through dialogue, cooperation, and collective action, member countries seek to build a stronger, more resilient,
and more equitable global economy.
NEW INITIATIVES
Here are some key areas where the G20 has been focusing on new initiatives:
1. COVID-19 Response and Recovery:
-The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the G20 to launch various initiatives to address health, economic,
and social impacts.
-This includes efforts to accelerate vaccine distribution, enhance healthcare capacity, support
vulnerable populations, and promote economic recovery through fiscal and monetary measures.

2. Climate Change and Sustainable Development:

-The G20 has been increasing its focus on climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as sustainable
development.
-Initiatives include promoting renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, implementing climate finance
mechanisms, and integrating sustainability into economic policies.

3. Digital Economy and Technology:

-With the rapid advancement of technology, the G20 has initiated efforts to address digitalization challenges
and opportunities.
-This includes promoting digital infrastructure, fostering digital skills development, addressing cybersecurity
threats, and ensuring inclusive access to digital technologies.

4. Infrastructure Investment:
-Infrastructure investment is a key focus area for the G20 to support economic growth, productivity,
and connectivity.
-Initiatives aim to mobilize public and private investment in infrastructure projects, improve infrastructure
quality and resilience, and facilitate cross-border infrastructure connectivity.

5. Global Health Governance:

-The G20 has been discussing initiatives to strengthen global health governance and pandemic preparedness in
light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
-Efforts include enhancing cooperation on disease surveillance, improving healthcare infrastructure, and
building resilient health systems to respond to future health emergencies.

6. Inclusive Growth and Social Protection:

1.Promoting inclusive growth and social protection is a priority for the G20 to address income inequality and
poverty.
2.Initiatives focus on improving access to education, healthcare, and social services, as well as
supporting vulnerable populations, including women, children, and migrants.
7. Trade and Economic Cooperation:
-The G20 continues to promote open, fair, and rules-based international trade and economic cooperation.
-Initiatives include reducing trade barriers, addressing trade imbalances, fostering trade facilitation measures,
and promoting a level playing field for businesses.

8. Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

-The G20 emphasizes the importance of combating corruption and promoting transparency in both public and
private sectors.
-Initiatives aim to strengthen anti-corruption frameworks, enhance transparency in government operations,
and promote integrity in business practices.

These are some examples of the new initiatives and priorities of the G20. The group regularly updates
its agenda to address emerging challenges and opportunities in the global economy, reflecting the collective
efforts of its member countries to promote sustainable and inclusive development.

Past work of G20

The Group of Twenty (G20) has undertaken a wide range of initiatives and addressed various global economic
challenges since its inception in 1999. Here is a detailed overview of the past work done by the G20:

1. Response to the Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009):

- The G20 played a central role in coordinating a global response to the 2008 financial crisis, which included
measures to stabilize financial markets, restore confidence, and stimulate economic growth.
 - Initiatives such as the G20 Washington Summit in 2008 and subsequent meetings led to agreements on fiscal
stimulus packages, regulatory reforms, and international financial institution reforms to prevent future crises.

2.Financial Regulatory Reform:

-In the aftermath of the financial crisis, the G20 initiated comprehensive reforms to strengthen
financial regulation and supervision.
-This included the implementation of the Basel III framework to enhance bank capital and liquidity
requirements, as well as measures to address systemic risks and improve transparency in financial markets.

3.Trade and Protectionism:

-The G20 has consistently reaffirmed its commitment to open, fair, and rules-based international trade, while
resisting protectionist measures.
-Initiatives include pledges to refrain from imposing new trade barriers and roll back existing ones, as well as
efforts to revive stalled trade negotiations and promote trade facilitation measures.

4.Global Imbalances:
-The G20 has addressed imbalances in global trade, finance, and development through dialogue and
cooperation.
-Initiatives include the Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth, which aims to promote
policy coordination among G20 countries to reduce trade and financial imbalances.

5. Climate Change and Sustainable Development:

-The G20 has increasingly focused on addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development.
-Initiatives include commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase renewable energy
deployment, and support the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.

6. Infrastructure Investment:
-Infrastructure investment has been a priority for the G20 to promote economic growth, productivity, and
connectivity.
-Initiatives include the G20 Infrastructure Investment Initiative, which aims to mobilize public and private
investment in infrastructure projects, improve project quality, and enhance financing mechanisms.

7. Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

 -The G20 has emphasized the importance of combating corruption and promoting transparency in both public
and private sectors.
-Initiatives include the adoption of the G20 Anti-Corruption Action Plan, which outlines measures to
strengthen anti-corruption frameworks, enhance transparency, and promote integrity in business practices.

8.Digital Economy and Innovation:

-With the rapid advancement of technology, the G20 has addressed challenges and opportunities arising from
digitalization and innovation.
-Initiatives include discussions on digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, data privacy, and policies to
foster digital skills development and inclusive access to digital technologies.

9.Global Health Governance:

-The G20 has discussed initiatives to strengthen global health governance and pandemic preparedness,
particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
-Efforts include enhancing cooperation on disease surveillance, improving healthcare infrastructure, and
supporting equitable access to vaccines and treatments.

10. Inclusive Growth and Social Protection:

-Promoting inclusive growth and social protection has been a priority for the G20 to address income
inequality and poverty.
-Initiatives focus on improving access to education, healthcare, and social services, as well as supporting
vulnerable populations, including women, children, and migrants.

These are some examples of the past work done by the G20 across various economic and social domains. The
group continues to address emerging challenges and opportunities in the global economy, reflecting
its commitment to promoting sustainable and inclusive development.
History of G20
Year Event/Initiative

1999
Establishment of the G20 as a forum for finance ministers and central bank
governors

2008 G20 Leaders' Summit held in response to the global financial crisis

2009 Inaugural G20 Leaders' Summit in London, UK

2009
Adoption of the Pittsburgh Summit Declaration, outlining key commitments and
actions

2010 G20 Toronto Summit focuses on fiscal consolidation and financial reform
2010
Adoption of the Seoul Action Plan to achieve strong, sustainable, and balanced
growth

2011
G20 Cannes Summit addresses global economic challenges, including sovereign
debt crises

2012 G20 Los Cabos Summit focuses on promoting growth and job creation

2013
G20 St. Petersburg Summit addresses issues such as financial regulation and tax
evasion

2014
G20 Brisbane Summit highlights economic growth, infrastructure investment,
and tax reform

2015
G20 Antalya Summit focuses on addressing global challenges, including
terrorism and refugee crises

2016
G20 Hangzhou Summit emphasizes innovation, inclusive growth, and structural
reforms

2017
G20 Hamburg Summit addresses issues such as climate change, trade, and
digitalization

2018
G20 Buenos Aires Summit discusses trade tensions, global economic risks, and
sustainable development

2019
G20 Osaka Summit focuses on trade, digitalization, and addressing global
economic risks

2020
G20 Riyadh Summit held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on
pandemic response and economic recovery

2021
G20 Rome Summit emphasizes people, planet, and prosperity, addressing global
challenges and sustainable development

2022
G20 Bali Summit focuses on economic recovery, digitalization, and infrastructure
investment
History
The history of the Group of Twenty (G20) traces back to its establishment in 1999 as a forum for international
economic cooperation. Initially, it comprised finance ministers and central bank governors from 19 countries
and the European Union. The G20 emerged in response to the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s,
highlighting the need for a more inclusive forum to address global economic issues. The inaugural meeting of
the G20 was held in Berlin, Germany, in December 1999. Since then, the G20 has held annual
meetings to discuss key economic challenges and opportunities facing the world economy.
The G20's membership includes major advanced and emerging economies, representing around 85% of global
GDP and two-thirds of the world's population. The group operates on the principles of consensus-
building, cooperation, and collective action. Over the years, the G20 has expanded its agenda beyond
financial and economic issues to address broader global challenges, including climate change, sustainable
development, and global health.
The G20 played a crucial role in coordinating responses to the 2008 global financial crisis, promoting recovery
efforts and financial regulation reforms. In subsequent years, the G20 continued to address ongoing economic
challenges, including trade tensions, geopolitical uncertainties, and structural reforms. The G20 holds annual
summits where leaders discuss and coordinate economic policies.
The presidency of the G20 rotates annually among its members. The host country sets the agenda for the year
and leads the discussions. The G20's decisions often influence global economic policies and financial markets.
Key areas of focus include financial stability, trade, investment, and sustainable development. Alongside
summits, various working groups and ministerial meetings are held throughout the year to address
specific issues.
The G20 operates on a consensus-based decision-making process. Critics argue that the G20 lacks inclusivity
and representation, as it primarily consists of large economies, leaving out smaller and developing
nations. However, efforts are made to engage with non-member countries and international organizations
to ensure broader participation. Recent summits have focused on issues such as digitalization, infrastructure
investment, and the transition to a sustainable and inclusive economy.
The COVID-19 pandemic presented new challenges for the G20, requiring coordinated responses to mitigate its
economic and social impacts. Efforts to ensure vaccine equity and support for vulnerable countries have been
key priorities. Sustainable development goals are increasingly integrated into the G20's agenda, reflecting the
importance of addressing environmental and social issues alongside economic concerns.
Overall, the G20 serves as a crucial platform for advancing global economic cooperation and addressing the
complex challenges of the 21st century.

Chapter 04: Purpose of G20

The Group of Twenty (G20) serves multiple purposes, reflecting its role as a premier forum for international
economic cooperation. Here is a detailed overview of the purposes of the G20:

1.Facilitating Economic Coordination:

-The primary purpose of the G20 is to facilitate dialogue and coordination among the world's major
economies on key economic issues.
-By bringing together leaders, finance ministers, and central bank governors, the G20 aims to promote policy
coherence and avoid harmful economic spillovers.

2.Addressing Global Economic Challenges:

-The G20 provides a platform for addressing pressing global economic challenges, such as financial stability,
economic growth, trade imbalances, and currency volatility.
-Through discussions and coordinated actions, member countries seek to mitigate risks and promote
sustainable and inclusive economic development.

3.Promoting Financial Stability:

-Following the 2008 global financial crisis, the G20 emerged as a key forum for promoting financial stability
and regulatory reform.
-Member countries coordinate efforts to strengthen financial institutions, enhance transparency, and improve
risk management to prevent future crises.

4.Fostering Trade and Investment:

 -The G20 promotes open, fair, and rules-based international trade and investment to support economic
growth and job creation.
-Member countries seek to reduce trade barriers, address trade disputes, and promote a level playing field for
businesses to thrive in the global economy.

5.Supporting Sustainable Development:

-Sustainable development is a key priority for the G20, encompassing economic, social, and environmental
dimensions.
-Member countries collaborate on issues such as poverty reduction, climate change mitigation, environmental
protection, and social inclusion to achieve sustainable and resilient economies.

6.Addressing Global Imbalances:

-The G20 addresses global imbalances in trade, finance, and development through dialogue and cooperation.
-Member countries work together to identify and address structural factors contributing to imbalances, such as
exchange rate policies, fiscal imbalances, and income disparities.

7.Enhancing International Financial Architecture:

-The G20 plays a role in shaping the international financial architecture to better reflect the realities of the
global economy.
-Member countries discuss reforms to international financial institutions such as the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to ensure they are effective, accountable, and responsive to the needs of all
countries.

8.Promoting Innovation and Digitalization:

-With the rapid pace of technological change, the G20 addresses challenges and opportunities arising from
innovation and digitalization.
-Member countries discuss policies to harness the benefits of technology while addressing issues such
as digital divides, cybersecurity, and data privacy.

9.Coordinating Responses to Global Crises:

-The G20 provides a forum for coordinating responses to global crises, including financial crises, pandemics,
natural disasters, and humanitarian emergencies.
-Member countries share information, resources, and best practices to mitigate the impacts of crises
and support affected populations.
10. Strengthening Global Governance:
-As a forum for major economies, the G20 contributes to strengthening global governance
and multilateralism.
-Member countries reaffirm their commitment to international cooperation, diplomacy, and the rule of law to
address shared challenges and promote peace and prosperity worldwide.

Overall, the G20 serves as a vital platform for promoting economic stability, sustainable development,
and international cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world. Through dialogue,
cooperation, and collective action, member countries aim to address complex global challenges and foster
inclusive and resilient economies for the benefit of all.
 Chapter: 05 Importance of G20
The Group of Twenty (G20) holds significant importance in the global landscape due to its role in addressing
key economic, financial, and social challenges. Here are 20 detailed importances of the G20:

1.Global Economic Stability:

-The G20 plays a crucial role in promoting global economic stability by facilitating dialogue and cooperation
among major economies.

2.Crisis Management:
-During times of crisis, such as financial crises or global pandemics, the G20 provides a platform for
coordinating international responses to mitigate economic impacts and restore confidence.

3.Policy Coordination:
-The G20 fosters policy coordination among member countries to avoid harmful economic spillovers and
ensure consistency in macroeconomic policies, contributing to global economic resilience.

4.Leadership and Governance:

-As the premier forum for international economic cooperation, the G20 provides leadership in shaping global
economic governance and addressing emerging challenges.

5.Inclusivity and Representation:

-The G20 brings together a diverse group of major advanced and emerging economies, representing various
regions and economic systems, fostering inclusivity and representation in global decision-making.

6. International Cooperation:
- The G20 promotes international cooperation on a wide range of economic, financial, and social issues,
fostering trust, dialogue, and collaboration among member countries.

7. Policy Innovation:
 - Through dialogue and peer learning, the G20 encourages policy innovation and best practices sharing,
enabling member countries to adopt effective policies and reforms to address shared challenges.

8.Trade and Investment:

-The G20 supports open, fair, and rules-based international trade and investment, promoting economic
growth, job creation, and prosperity worldwide.

9.Financial Regulation and Reform:

-The G20 promotes financial stability by coordinating regulatory reforms and enhancing supervision of
financial institutions to prevent systemic risks and safeguard the global financial system.

10. Sustainable Development:

- Sustainable development is a key priority for the G20, which addresses economic, social, and
environmental dimensions to ensure long-term prosperity and well-being for current and future generations.

11. Climate Change Mitigation:

- The G20 plays a crucial role in addressing climate change by promoting mitigation measures, renewable
energy deployment, and international cooperation to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainability goals.

12. Infrastructure Investment:

- The G20 supports infrastructure investment to promote economic growth, connectivity, and resilience,
fostering public-private partnerships and enhancing infrastructure quality and accessibility.

13. Digitalization and Innovation:

- With the rapid advancement of technology, the G20 addresses challenges and opportunities arising from
digitalization, fostering innovation ecosystems, and promoting inclusive access to digital technologies.

14. Health Governance and Pandemic Preparedness:

- The G20 strengthens global health governance and pandemic preparedness, particularly in response to health
emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic, through enhanced cooperation and resource mobilization.

15. Youth Empowerment and Education:

 - The G20 promotes youth empowerment and education to harness the potential of young people as agents of
change, supporting initiatives to enhance access to quality education, skills development, and employment
opportunities.

16. Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment:

- Gender equality and women's empowerment are integral to the G20 agenda, which supports policies and
initiatives to advance women's rights, economic participation, and leadership roles in society and the economy.

17. Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

- The G20 emphasizes the importance of combating corruption and promoting transparency in both public
and private sectors, fostering integrity, accountability, and trust in institutions and business practices.

18. Social Inclusion and Poverty Reduction:

- The G20 addresses social inclusion and poverty reduction by promoting policies and initiatives to reduce
inequality, enhance access to social services, and support vulnerable populations, ensuring that no one is left
behind.

19. Regional and Global Stability:

- By promoting dialogue, cooperation, and conflict resolution, the G20 contributes to regional and global
stability, reducing geopolitical tensions and fostering peaceful relations among member countries and beyond.

20. Public Engagement and Accountability:

- The G20 engages with civil society, the private sector, academia, and other stakeholders to ensure
transparency, accountability, and public participation in decision-making processes, enhancing the legitimacy
and effectiveness of its actions.

Overall, the G20's importance lies in its ability to foster dialogue, cooperation, and collective action among
major economies to address complex global challenges and promote sustainable and inclusive development in
the 21st century.
Chapter: 06 Challenges of G20
The Group of Twenty (G20) faces numerous challenges in its efforts to promote global economic cooperation
and address complex issues affecting the world economy. Here are 20 challenges faced by the G20 in detail:

1. Global Economic Uncertainty:

-The G20 grapples with ongoing economic uncertainty stemming from factors such as trade tensions,
geopolitical risks, and financial market volatility.
-Uncertainty can hinder investment, consumer confidence, and economic growth, requiring coordinated
policy responses from member countries.

2. Trade Tensions and Protectionism:

- Escalating trade tensions and protectionist measures among G20 members and other countries pose
challenges to global trade and economic growth.
 - The G20 seeks to promote open, fair, and rules-based international trade while addressing trade imbalances
and addressing trade disputes.

3.Geopolitical Conflicts:
-Geopolitical conflicts, including territorial disputes, regional tensions, and military conflicts, present
challenges to global stability and security.
-The G20 aims to foster dialogue, cooperation, and conflict resolution to mitigate geopolitical risks
and promote peace and stability.

4.Climate Change and Environmental Degradation:

-Climate change and environmental degradation pose significant threats to economic, social, and ecological
systems worldwide.
-The G20 seeks to address these challenges by promoting sustainable development, reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, and enhancing resilience to climate impacts.

5. Income Inequality and Poverty:

-Rising income inequality and persistent poverty remain major challenges in many G20 countries and
globally.
-The G20 endeavours to promote inclusive growth, reduce inequality, and alleviate poverty through policies
that enhance access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

6. Digital Divide and Technological Disruption:

-The digital divide between developed and developing countries, as well as within countries, poses
challenges to inclusive growth and access to digital technologies.
-The G20 addresses issues such as digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, data privacy, and digital skills
development to bridge the digital divide and harness the benefits of technology.

7. Pandemic Preparedness and Global Health:

-The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of pandemic preparedness, healthcare
infrastructure, and global health governance.
-The G20 seeks to strengthen health systems, enhance disease surveillance, and improve access to vaccines,
treatments, and medical supplies to mitigate the impact of pandemics.
8. Financial Stability and Market Volatility:
-Maintaining financial stability and managing market volatility are ongoing challenges for the G20,
particularly in the context of interconnected global financial markets.
-The G20 coordinates efforts to enhance financial regulation, strengthen supervision, and address systemic
risks to prevent future financial crises.

9. Debt Sustainability and Financial Vulnerabilities:

-Rising levels of public and private debt in many G20 countries, as well as in low-income and
emerging economies, pose risks to fiscal sustainability and financial stability.
-The G20 discusses strategies to promote debt sustainability, enhance debt transparency, and provide support
to countries facing debt distress.

10. Demographic Changes and Aging Population:

- Demographic changes, including aging populations and declining birth rates, present challenges to economic
growth, labour markets, and social security systems.
- The G20 addresses issues such as labour force participation, pension reform, and healthcare provision to adapt
to demographic shifts and promote sustainable and inclusive growth.

11. Corruption and Governance Challenges:

- Corruption, lack of transparency, and weak governance undermine economic development, erode
public trust, and hamper efforts to combat poverty and inequality.
- The G20 promotes anti-corruption measures, strengthens governance frameworks, and enhances
transparency and accountability in public and private sectors.

12.Infrastructure Investment and Development Needs:

-Meeting infrastructure investment and development needs, particularly in low-income and developing
countries, requires mobilizing substantial financial resources and implementing effective policies.
-The G20 promotes infrastructure investment, enhances project quality, and facilitates public-private
partnerships to address infrastructure gaps and promote sustainable development.

13.Food Security and Agricultural Sustainability:

- Achieving food security and promoting agricultural sustainability are critical challenges, particularly in the
face of climate change, land degradation, and water scarcity.
- The G20 addresses issues such as agricultural productivity, food distribution, and resilience to climate
shocks to ensure access to safe, nutritious, and affordable food for all.
14. Migration and Refugee Crises:
-Migration and refugee crises, driven by factors such as conflict, poverty, and environmental displacement, pose
humanitarian, social, and economic challenges to G20 countries and beyond.
-The G20 seeks to address root causes of migration, enhance border management, and support refugee
integration and humanitarian assistance efforts.

15.Energy Transition and Climate Resilience:

-The transition to clean and sustainable energy sources is essential for addressing climate change and
reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
-The G20 promotes energy transition policies, enhances energy efficiency, and supports renewable energy
deployment to mitigate climate risks and promote resilience.

16.Education and Skills Development:

-Education and skills development are critical for building human capital, fostering innovation, and
promoting economic competitiveness.
-The G20 discusses strategies to improve education quality, enhance vocational training, and adapt curricula
to meet the demands of the digital economy and future workforce needs.

17. Social Cohesion and Community Resilience:

-Social cohesion and community resilience are vital for promoting stability, reducing social tensions, and
building resilient societies.
-The G20 addresses issues such as social inclusion, diversity, and community engagement to foster cohesive and
resilient communities.

18.Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity Conservation:

-Sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity conservation are essential for
environmental sustainability and ecosystem resilience.
-The G20 promotes policies to protect natural habitats, conserve biodiversity, and promote sustainable
Chapter: 07 Financing of G20
The financing of the Group of Twenty (G20) primarily involves contributions from its member countries
to support the operational costs of G20 meetings, initiatives, and activities. Here's a detailed overview
of the financing of the G20:

1.Contributions from Member Countries:

-Member countries of the G20 are responsible for financing the operational expenses of the group.
-Each member country contributes funds to support the hosting of G20 meetings, including summit
gatherings, ministerial meetings, working group sessions, and other related events.

2.Host Country Contributions:

-The host country of the G20 presidency bears additional financial responsibilities, including organizing and
hosting summits, providing logistical support, and managing administrative tasks.
-Host countries often allocate significant resources to ensure the successful execution of G20 meetings and
associated activities.

3.Voluntary Contributions and Sponsorships:

-In addition to mandatory contributions from member countries, the G20 may also receive voluntary
contributions and sponsorships from various sources.
-Private sector organizations, international institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
may provide financial support for specific G20 initiatives, events, or projects.
4. In-Kind Contributions:
-Member countries and host countries may provide in-kind contributions in the form of services, facilities, or
personnel to support G20 activities.
-In-kind contributions can include venue provision, transportation, accommodation, security, interpretation
services, and technical assistance.

5. Financial Support for Special Initiatives:

-The G20 may establish special funds or initiatives to address specific global challenges or priorities.
-Member countries may pledge financial support to these initiatives, which could focus on areas such
as infrastructure investment, climate change mitigation, poverty reduction, or pandemic response.

6. Operational Budget and Expenditures:

-The G20 operates within a budget that covers various expenses, including administrative costs, personnel
salaries, travel expenses, communications, and event management.
-Budgetary allocations are determined based on the anticipated costs of hosting G20 meetings and
implementing agreed-upon initiatives and activities.

7. Transparency and Accountability:

-The financing of the G20 is subject to transparency and accountability measures to ensure the responsible use
of financial resources.
-Member countries and host countries are expected to adhere to financial reporting standards and provide
periodic updates on budgetary allocations, expenditures, and outcomes.

8. Cost-Sharing Arrangements:
-Member countries may enter into cost-sharing arrangements to distribute the financial burden of
hosting G20 meetings and events.
-Host countries may collaborate with regional partners or neighbouring countries to share costs and
resources, particularly for logistical arrangements and infrastructure investments.

9. Long-Term Sustainability:
4.Ensuring the long-term sustainability of G20 financing involves prudent financial management,
resource mobilization, and cost-effective planning.
5.Efforts are made to streamline processes, minimize expenses, and optimize the use of available resources to
maximize the impact of G20 activities.
Overall, the financing of the G20 relies on contributions from member countries, host countries,
voluntary sources, and in-kind support to sustain its operations and advance its objectives of promoting
international economic cooperation and addressing global challenges.

Chapter: 08 Contribution of G20

to Sustainable Developing Goals
The Group of Twenty (G20) plays a significant role in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
set forth by the United Nations. While the primary responsibility for implementing the SDGs lies with
individual countries, the G20's collective actions and policies can have a substantial impact on global progress
towards sustainable development. Here's a detailed overview of the contribution of the G20 in achieving the
SDGs:

1.Policy Coordination:
-The G20 facilitates policy coordination among its member countries to address common challenges related
to sustainable development.
-Through dialogue and cooperation, the G20 promotes the adoption of policies and strategies that align with
the SDGs across various sectors, including economy, environment, social development, and governance.

2.Economic Growth and Employment (SDG 8):

-The G20 promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth, which is crucial for achieving SDG 8 on
decent work and economic growth.
-Member countries collaborate on policies to stimulate job creation, enhance labor market participation, and
promote entrepreneurship, particularly in sectors that contribute to sustainable development.

3.Infrastructure Investment (SDG 9):

-Infrastructure investment is a priority area for the G20 to support sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation (SDG 9).
-The G20 promotes public and private investment in sustainable infrastructure projects, such as renewable
energy, transportation, water, and sanitation, to enhance economic productivity and connectivity.

4.Trade and Investment (SDG 17):

 -The G20 supports open, fair, and rules-based international trade and investment, which are essential for
achieving SDG 17 on partnerships for the goals.
-Member countries work to reduce trade barriers, address trade imbalances, and promote trade facilitation
measures to enhance global economic integration and promote sustainable development.

5.Climate Action (SDG 13):

-Climate change mitigation and adaptation are central to the G20's efforts to achieve SDG 13 on climate
action.
-The G20 promotes international cooperation on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing renewable
energy deployment, enhancing energy efficiency, and supporting climate-resilient infrastructure.

6.Sustainable Consumption and Production (SDG 12):

-The G20 encourages sustainable consumption and production patterns, in line with SDG 12, by promoting
resource efficiency, waste reduction, and sustainable supply chains.
-Member countries collaborate on policies to promote eco-friendly practices in industries such as
manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism.

7.Health and Well-being (SDG 3):

-The G20 addresses health-related challenges, particularly in response to global health crises such as the
COVID-19 pandemic, to support SDG 3 on good health and well-being.
-Efforts include enhancing healthcare infrastructure, strengthening health systems, and promoting access to
essential healthcare services and vaccines.

8.Education and Skills Development (SDG 4):

-The G20 supports education and skills development initiatives to achieve SDG 4 on quality education.
-Member countries collaborate on policies to improve access to education, enhance the quality of learning
outcomes, and promote lifelong learning opportunities, particularly in STEM (science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics) fields.

9.Gender Equality (SDG 5):

-The G20 promotes gender equality and women's empowerment, in line with SDG 5, through policies and
initiatives that address gender disparities in education, employment, and leadership.
-Efforts include promoting women's participation in the labour market, closing the gender pay gap, and
increasing women's representation in decision-making roles.
10. Poverty Reduction (SDG 1):
-Poverty reduction is a cross-cutting priority for the G20, which supports efforts to eradicate poverty and ensure
social protection systems, as outlined in SDG 1.
-Member countries collaborate on policies to promote inclusive growth, enhance social safety nets, and reduce
income inequality to lift people out of poverty.

11. Partnerships and Global Cooperation (SDG 17):

-SDG 17 emphasizes the importance of partnerships and global cooperation in achieving the SDGs, and the G20
serves as a key platform for fostering such collaborations.
-The G20 engages with non-member countries, international organizations, civil society, and the private sector
to mobilize resources, share knowledge, and promote joint initiatives to advance sustainable development goals.

Overall, the G20's contribution to the SDGs is multifaceted, encompassing economic, social, and environmental
dimensions. By promoting policy coherence, international cooperation, and sustainable practices, the G20 plays
a vital role in accelerating progress towards achieving the SDGs and building a more sustainable and equitable
world.
Chapter: 09 Contribution of G20
to Indian Economy
The Group of Twenty (G20) has made significant contributions to the Indian economy in various ways. Here's a
detailed overview of the contributions of the G20 to the Indian economy:

1.Policy Coordination:
-The G20 facilitates policy coordination among major economies, including India, to address global economic
challenges and promote stability.
-India actively participates in G20 discussions on macroeconomic policies, fiscal and monetary measures,
trade, and investment, contributing to coordinated responses to economic crises and challenges.

2.Financial Stability:
-The G20's focus on financial stability and regulatory reform has helped strengthen the resilience of the Indian
financial system.
-India has benefited from G20 initiatives to enhance financial regulation, improve supervision of financial
institutions, and address systemic risks, contributing to a more stable and secure financial environment.

3.Trade and Investment:

-The G20 promotes open, fair, and rules-based international trade and investment, which are crucial for India's
economic growth and development.
-India engages in G20 discussions on trade liberalization, market access, trade facilitation, and addressing
trade imbalances, advocating for measures that benefit its exporters and enhance global economic integration.

4.Infrastructure Investment:
-The G20's focus on infrastructure investment has provided opportunities for India to attract financing and
expertise for its infrastructure development projects.
-India benefits from G20 initiatives to mobilize public and private investment in infrastructure, improve
project quality and resilience, and enhance connectivity, contributing to economic modernization and regional
integration.

5.Digital Economy and Innovation:

 -With the rapid advancement of technology, the G20's discussions on digital economy and innovation provide
India with opportunities to leverage technology for economic growth and development.
-India participates in G20 dialogues on digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, e-commerce, and digital skills
development, contributing insights and experiences from its vibrant technology sector.

6.Climate Change and Sustainable Development:

-The G20's efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development align with India's
priorities for environmental sustainability and inclusive growth.
-India engages in G20 discussions on climate mitigation, renewable energy deployment, and sustainable
development goals, advocating for measures that balance economic development with environmental
conservation.

7.Global Health Governance:

-The G20's focus on global health governance and pandemic preparedness has become increasingly relevant
for India, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
-India participates in G20 efforts to strengthen healthcare systems, enhance disease surveillance, and promote
international cooperation on vaccine production and distribution, contributing to global health security.

8.Inclusive Growth and Social Protection:

-The G20's emphasis on inclusive growth and social protection resonates with India's commitment to poverty
reduction and social inclusion.
-India engages in G20 discussions on policies to reduce inequality, improve access to education and
healthcare, and support vulnerable populations, aligning with its domestic development priorities.

9.Financial Inclusion:
-The G20's focus on financial inclusion has helped India expand access to financial services for underserved
populations, including through initiatives such as the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI).
-India has benefited from G20 efforts to promote inclusive finance, digital payments, and microfinance,
empowering individuals and small businesses to participate in the formal economy.

Overall, the G20's contributions to the Indian economy encompass a wide range of areas, including policy
coordination, financial stability, trade and investment, infrastructure development, digital economy and
innovation, climate change, global health governance, inclusive growth, and financial inclusion. India actively
engages in G20 discussions and initiatives to advance its economic interests, address development challenges,
and promote sustainable and inclusive growth on the global stage.
The Group of Twenty (G20) has made significant contributions to the Indian economy in various ways. Here's
a detailed overview of the contributions of the G20 to the Indian economy:
1. Policy Coordination:
-The G20 facilitates policy coordination among major economies, including India, to address global
economic challenges and promote stability.
-India actively participates in G20 discussions on macroeconomic policies, fiscal and monetary measures,
trade, and investment, contributing to coordinated responses to economic crises and challenges.

2. Financial Stability:
-The G20's focus on financial stability and regulatory reform has helped strengthen the resilience of the
Indian financial system.
-India has benefited from G20 initiatives to enhance financial regulation, improve supervision of financial
institutions, and address systemic risks, contributing to a more stable and secure financial environment.

3. Trade and Investment:

-The G20 promotes open, fair, and rules-based international trade and investment, which are crucial for
India's economic growth and development.
-India engages in G20 discussions on trade liberalization, market access, trade facilitation, and addressing
trade imbalances, advocating for measures that benefit its exporters and enhance global economic integration.

4. Infrastructure Investment:
-The G20's focus on infrastructure investment has provided opportunities for India to attract financing and
expertise for its infrastructure development projects.
-India benefits from G20 initiatives to mobilize public and private investment in infrastructure, improve
project quality and resilience, and enhance connectivity, contributing to economic modernization and regional
integration.

5. Digital Economy and Innovation:

-With the rapid advancement of technology, the G20's discussions on digital economy and innovation
provide India with opportunities to leverage technology for economic growth and development.
-India participates in G20 dialogues on digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, e-commerce, and digital skills
development, contributing insights and experiences from its vibrant technology sector.

6. Climate Change and Sustainable Development:

1.The G20's efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development align with India's
priorities for environmental sustainability and inclusive growth.
 - India engages in G20 discussions on climate mitigation, renewable energy deployment, and sustainable
development goals, advocating for measures that balance economic development with environmental
conservation.

7.Global Health Governance:

-The G20's focus on global health governance and pandemic preparedness has become increasingly relevant
for India, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
-India participates in G20 efforts to strengthen healthcare systems, enhance disease surveillance, and promote
international cooperation on vaccine production and distribution, contributing to global health security.

8.Inclusive Growth and Social Protection:

-The G20's emphasis on inclusive growth and social protection resonates with India's commitment to poverty
reduction and social inclusion.
-India engages in G20 discussions on policies to reduce inequality, improve access to education and
healthcare, and support vulnerable populations, aligning with its domestic development priorities.

9.Financial Inclusion:
-The G20's focus on financial inclusion has helped India expand access to financial services for underserved
populations, including through initiatives such as the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI).
-India has benefited from G20 efforts to promote inclusive finance, digital payments, and microfinance,
empowering individuals and small businesses to participate in the formal economy.

Overall, the G20's contributions to the Indian economy encompass a wide range of areas, including policy
coordination, financial stability, trade and investment, infrastructure development, digital economy and
innovation, climate change, global health governance, inclusive growth, and financial inclusion. India actively
engages in G20 discussions and initiatives to advance its economic interests, address development challenges,
and promote sustainable and inclusive growth on the global stage.
Chapter: 10 Contribution of the
Indian Economy to G20
India, as one of the largest and fastest-growing economies in the world, makes significant contributions to the
Group of Twenty (G20) in various aspects. Here's a detailed overview of the contribution of the Indian
economy to the G20:

1.Economic Growth:
-India's robust economic growth contributes to the overall expansion of the G20 economy.
-With a large and dynamic market, India's growing consumer base fuels demand for goods and services,
driving global economic activity.

2.GDP Size and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):

-India ranks among the top economies in terms of GDP size and purchasing power parity.
-Its large domestic market and substantial GDP contribute to the overall strength and resilience of the G20
economy.

3.Trade and Investment:

 -India's increasing integration into global trade and investment flows enhances economic interconnectedness
within the G20.
-As a major trading nation, India's exports and imports contribute to global trade volumes and supply chains.

4.Services Sector:
-India's services sector, including IT, software, business process outsourcing, and financial services, plays a
pivotal role in driving global services trade and innovation.
-India's expertise in services contributes to the competitiveness and productivity of the G20 economy.

5. Innovation and Technology:

-India's vibrant innovation ecosystem and technological capabilities contribute to global innovation and
digitalization efforts.
-Indian firms and entrepreneurs are at the forefront of developing cutting-edge technologies and solutions,
driving digital transformation within the G20.

6. Human Capital and Demographic Dividend:

-India's large and youthful population provides a significant demographic dividend to the G20.
-With a growing workforce and expanding talent pool, India contributes to global labor markets and skills
development initiatives.

7. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

-India's commitment to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aligns with the G20's agenda
on sustainable development.
-India's efforts to address poverty, promote education, improve healthcare, and ensure environmental
sustainability contribute to shared global objectives.

8. Climate Change Mitigation:

-India's initiatives to address climate change, including renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency
measures, and climate resilience efforts, contribute to global climate action.
-India's ambitious renewable energy targets and climate commitments support the G20's efforts to mitigate
climate change and transition to a low-carbon economy.
9. Infrastructure Investment:
-India's infrastructure investment plans, including transportation, energy, and urban infrastructure projects,
contribute to global infrastructure development.
-India's participation in infrastructure financing initiatives and partnerships supports the G20's goal of
promoting sustainable infrastructure investment.

10. Healthcare and Pandemic Response:

- India's pharmaceutical industry and healthcare capabilities play a critical role in addressing global health
challenges.
- During the COVID-19 pandemic, India's vaccine manufacturing capacity and vaccine diplomacy efforts
contributed to global vaccination efforts and pandemic response strategies within the G20.

11. Financial Inclusion and Digital Payments:

- India's initiatives to promote financial inclusion and digital payments contribute to enhancing access to
financial services and fostering inclusive growth within the G20.
- India's experience in digital financial services serves as a model for other G20 countries seeking to leverage
technology for financial inclusion.

12. Participation in G20 Meetings and Initiatives:

- India actively participates in G20 meetings, working groups, and initiatives, contributing to policy
discussions and decision-making processes.
- India's engagement in G20 forums enhances dialogue, cooperation, and collaboration among member
countries on key global economic issues.

Overall, India's growing economic influence, innovative capacity, demographic dividend, and commitment to
sustainable development make significant contributions to the G20, shaping its agenda and outcomes in
pursuit of shared prosperity and inclusive growth.
Chapter: 11 Contribution of G20
to World’s GDP
As of my last update in January 2022, the Group of Twenty (G20) represents a significant portion of the global
economy. Here's a detailed overview of the contribution of the G20 to the world's GDP:

1.Aggregate GDP:
-The G20 member countries collectively account for a substantial portion of the world's gross domestic
product (GDP).
-According to data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, the G20 countries
contribute approximately 80% to 85% of the world's GDP.

2.Major Economies:
-Within the G20, several major economies significantly influence global GDP figures.
-The United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India are among the largest economies within the G20,
contributing significantly to the group's aggregate GDP.

3.United States:
-The United States, as the world's largest economy, accounts for a substantial portion of the G20's GDP.
-In 2021, the United States GDP was approximately $22.7 trillion, representing around 16% to 18% of the
world's GDP.

4.China:
-China, the world's second-largest economy, is a key contributor to the G20's GDP.
 - China's GDP exceeded $16.3 trillion in 2021, representing around 11% to 13% of the world's GDP.

5.Other Major Economies:

-Japan, Germany, and India are also significant contributors to the G20's GDP.
-Japan's GDP was approximately $5.1 trillion, Germany's GDP was around $4.8 trillion, and India's GDP was
about $3.2 trillion in 2021.

6.Emerging Market Economies:

-In addition to major advanced economies, emerging market economies within the G20 also play a crucial role
in global GDP.
-Countries such as Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Mexico, and Turkey contribute to the G20's GDP and represent
diverse economic landscapes.

7.Regional Contributions:
-The G20 includes countries from various regions, each making significant contributions to the group's
aggregate GDP.
-North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East are among the regions represented
within the G20, each contributing to global economic output.

8.Global Economic Impact:

-The G20's collective GDP represents a substantial portion of the world's economic output, influencing global
growth, trade, investment, and financial markets.
-Policies and decisions made by G20 member countries have far-reaching implications for the stability and
resilience of the global economy.

9.Coordinated Responses:
-The G20 serves as a platform for coordinated responses to global economic challenges, including financial
crises, trade tensions, and pandemics.
-Through dialogue, cooperation, and policy coordination, the G20 aims to promote sustainable and inclusive
economic growth worldwide.

10. Long-Term Outlook:

- As the global economy continues to evolve, the G20's role in shaping economic policies and fostering
international cooperation remains paramount.
 - The collective efforts of G20 member countries are essential for addressing shared challenges and
advancing prosperity and well-being on a global scale.

Overall, the G20's contribution to the world's GDP underscores its significance as a leading forum for
international economic cooperation and policy coordination. By leveraging the collective strengths of its
member countries, the G20 plays a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of the global economy and addressing
complex challenges in the 21st century
 Conclusion
In conclusion, India's multifaceted contributions to the Group of Twenty (G20) underscore its pivotal role in
shaping the global economic landscape. Through its robust economic growth, India has emerged as a key driver
of global economic expansion, amplifying the G20's collective strength. With a sizable GDP and purchasing
power parity, India's economic prowess enhances the resilience and dynamism of the G20 economy.
India's active participation in global trade and investment flows fosters economic interconnectedness and
prosperity within the G20 framework. Moreover, India's services sector, innovation ecosystem, and
technological advancements bolster global competitiveness and productivity. The nation's
demographic dividend, characterized by a large and youthful population, enriches global labor markets
and skills development initiatives. India's steadfast commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) and climate change mitigation aligns with the G20's agenda for sustainable development
and environmental stewardship. Additionally, India's contributions to infrastructure investment, healthcare,
and financial inclusion exemplify its dedication to fostering inclusive growth and resilience. By leveraging
its expertise in digital payments and technology, India exemplifies innovative solutions for enhancing
financial inclusion and driving digital transformation. Through active participation in G20 meetings and
initiatives, India amplifies dialogue, cooperation, and collaboration among member nations, forging a path
towards shared prosperity and collective advancement on the global stage. In essence, India's contributions
epitomize the spirit of cooperation and partnership inherent in the G20, heralding a future of sustainable
development, inclusive growth, and mutual prosperity for all.
78