Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Information Security Concept

Outline
Information Security Overview: Back Ground &
Current Scenario
Types Of Attack
Goals Of Security
E-commerce Security
Computer Forensics
Steganography
Introduction
Information:- Computers, Networks, Internet, Mobile.
Security:-trying to understand how to protect.
The various dangers & pitfalls when we use technology.
The consequences of not setting up the right
 Security Policies
 Security Framework
 Security Technology
Why is Security Required?
Business & different types of transactions r being
conducted to a large extent over Internet.

Inadequate or improper security mechanism can bring
whole business down or play havoc with people’s lives!

Since Electronic Documents & Messages r now
becoming equivalent to proper documents in terms of

their legal validity & binding.
Why Study Information Security
Businesses collect mass amounts of data about their
customers, employees, and competitors.

Most of this data is stored on computers and transmitted
across networks.
If this information should fall into the hands of a
competitor, the result could be loss of business, lawsuits and

bankruptcy.
Protecting corporate data is no longer an option, it is a
requirement.
Information Security
Protecting information and information systems
from unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
disruption, modification, or destruction.
Background
Throughout history, confidentiality of information
has always played a key role in military conflict.
In Past No or little security.
The Need for Security(Current Scenario)
Now a days Importance of data was truly realized.
 Financial & Personal data
Therefore various areas in security began to gain
prominence.
Typical Examples of Basic Security Mechanism:
 Authenticate a User->id, pw
 Encode->DB->Not Visible to user who do not have the
right permission.
Organization employed their own mechanism.
The Need for Security In Modern Life
Internet took the world by storm.
Technology Improved
Communication Infrastructure became extremely
mature.
Newer & newer applications begins to developed for
various user demands & need.
Soon peoples realized that basic security measures
were not quite enough.
Information traveling from a client to a
server over the internet.
Some real time attacks
Russian Attacker Maxim actually manage to intruder
into a merchant Internet site & obtained 300,000
credit card numbers from its DB.
He then attempted extortion by demanding
protection money($100,000) from the merchant.
The merchant refused to oblige.
Following this, the attacker published about
25,000 of the credit card numbers on the internet!
Some banks reissued all the credit cards at a cost
of $20 per card & others forewarned their
customers about unusual entries in their
statements.
Consequences of Attack
Great Losses-both in terms of finance & goodwill.
Cost of attack $20*300000=$6M
Another Example:-
1999 Swedish hacker broke into Microsoft’s Hotmail
Website & created a mirror site.
This allowed anyone to enter any Hotmail user’s email
id & read their emails.
2005 survey about the losses that occur due to
successful attacks on security. $455,848,000
Next year this figure reduced to $201,757340!
Modern Nature Of Attack
1. Automating Attacks:-
 Traditional Attack: Produce Coins using machinery &
Bring them into circulation.
 Modern Attack: Steal half a dollar from million
accounts in a few minutes time digitally.
2. Privacy Concern:-Every Company are collecting &
processing lots of information about us. Without we
realizing when & how it is going to be used.
3. Distance does not matter:- Attack Can be launched
from the distance.
E.g:- In 1995, a Russian hacker broke into Citibank’s
computer remotely, stealing $12M.
Although the attacker was traced, it was very
Principle/Goals Of Security
This will Help us understand the attacks better & also
help us in thinking about the possible solution to
tackle it.
These r the 4 chief principles of security.
1. Confidentiality:- Is msg seen by someone else?
2. Authentication:- Do u trust the sender of msg?
3. Integrity:- Is the meg changed during transmit?
4. Non-repudiation:- Can sender refute the msg?
 Above principles r related to a particular message.
 There r 2 more linked to overall system as a whole.
5. Access Control:- Who can Access what? [ACL]
6. Availability:- Information should be available timely.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality is the process of preventing
disclosure of information to unauthorized
individuals or systems.
Examples: Credit card
Confidentiality is necessary, but not sufficient to

maintain privacy
Interception Causes Loss of Message
Confidentiality
Authenticity
In computing, e-Business and information security it is
necessary to ensure that the data , transactions,
communications or documents (electronic or physical)
are genuine (i.e. they have not been forged or fabricated.)
Examples: Passport, Credit card Accounts, academic

transcripts
Fabrication is possible in absence of proper
authentication
Integrity
Integrity means that data cannot be modified
without Authorization
Examples: Manual deletion or alteration of

important data files, Virus infection, Employee
altering their own salary , website vandalism,
polling fraud.
Modification Causes Loss of Message
integrity
Non-Repudiation
It is a complex term used to describe the lack of deniability
of ownership of a message, piece of data, or Transaction.
Examples: Proof of an ATM transaction, a stock trade, or an

email
It does not allow the sender of
a message to refute the claim
of not sending that message
Access Control
Role Management->User Side->Which user can do
what.
Rule Management->Resource Side->Which resources
r accessible and under what circumstances.
Access Control List is subset of Access Control Matrix.
Availability
For any information system to serve its purpose,
The information must be available when it is
needed.
Computing systems used to store and process the
information, the security controls used to protect
it, and the communication channels used to access
it must be functioning correctly.
Examples: Power outages, Hardware failures,

System upgrades and Preventing denial-of-service
attacks
Interruption puts the availability of
resources in danger.
Types Of Attack
Attacks: A Technical View
1. Theoretical Concepts behind this attack.
 Inception:- Copying of data & program & listening to
N/W Traffic.
 Fabrication:-Attacker may add fake records to a
database. Creation of illegal objects on the computer
system.
 Modification:-Attacker modifies Value of DB
 Interruption:- Resources became unavailable, lost or
unusable. Causing problems to a H/W device,
erasing program, Data or OS components.
Further Grouped in to types:
Passive Attack
Attacker eavesdropping or monitoring of data
transmission.
Aims to obtain information that is in transmit.
No Modification
Detection harder.
Solution prevention
Classification of Passive Attack
Active Attack
Modification
Creation of False Msg
No prevention
Solution Detection & Recovery
Classification of Active Attack
2.Practical Side Of Attack
Program That Attacks
Virus
Worms
Trojan Horse
Applets & ActiveX Controls
Cookies
Java Script VB Script Jscript
Etc.
 Program That Attacks to cause some damage or to
create confusion.
1.virus
Practical Side Of Attack
A piece of program code that attaches itself to another
legitimate program & causes damage to the computer
system or to the N/W.

1.virus
Properties Of Virus
 Self-propagates
 Action /Event Driven
Solution->Good backup, recovery Procedure.
During its life time Virus goes through four phases:-
1. Dormant
2. Propagation
3. Triggering
4. Execution
1.virus
Virus can be classified into following categories:-
1. Parasitic->.EXE
2. Memory-Resident Virus->.EXE
3. Boot Sector->MBR->Disk->OS
4. Stealth->Intelligence Built in->prevent detection AV
5. Polymorphic->changing its signature->difficult detectio
6. Metamorphic->5+rewriting itself everytime->more hard
7. Macro virus->Application S/W->like MS office Docs.

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Chapter 2

Information Security Concept

conducted to a large extent over Internet.

whole business down or play havoc with people’s lives!

becoming equivalent to proper documents in terms of

customers, employees, and competitors.

competitor, the result could be loss of business, lawsuits and

Examples: Credit card

Confidentiality is necessary, but not sufficient to

Examples: Passport, Credit card Accounts, academic

Examples: Manual deletion or alteration of

Examples: Proof of an ATM transaction, a stock trade, or an

Examples: Power outages, Hardware failures,

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