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    Insertion Merge Sort

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    The document provides information on selection sort, bubble sort, insertion sort, and merge sort algorithms. It explains that selection sort and bubble sort find the minimum value and swap it into the first position, repeating for the remainder of the list. Insertion sort works by inserting elements into their sorted position in the existing sorted portion of the list. Merge sort uses a divide and conquer approach by recursively sorting halves of the array and then merging the sorted halves. The document analyzes the time complexity of insertion sort and merge sort, concluding that insertion sort is O(n^2) in the worst case while merge sort is O(n log n).

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    Insertion Merge Sort

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    The document provides information on selection sort, bubble sort, insertion sort, and merge sort algorithms. It explains that selection sort and bubble sort find the minimum value and swap it into the first position, repeating for the remainder of the list. Insertion sort works by inserting elements into their sorted position in the existing sorted portion of the list. Merge sort uses a divide and conquer approach by recursively sorting halves of the array and then merging the sorted halves. The document analyzes the time complexity of insertion sort and merge sort, concluding that insertion sort is O(n^2) in the worst case while merge sort is O(n log n).

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    The document provides information on selection sort, bubble sort, insertion sort, and merge sort algorithms. It explains that selection sort and bubble sort find the minimum value and swap it into the first position, repeating for the remainder of the list. Insertion sort works by inserting elements into their sorted position in the existing sorted portion of the list. Merge sort uses a divide and conquer approach by recursively sorting halves of the array and then merging the sorted halves. The document analyzes the time complexity of insertion sort and merge sort, concluding that insertion sort is O(n^2) in the worst case while merge sort is O(n log n).

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views25 pages

    Insertion Merge Sort

    Uploaded by

    api-3825915
    The document provides information on selection sort, bubble sort, insertion sort, and merge sort algorithms. It explains that selection sort and bubble sort find the minimum value and swap it into the first position, repeating for the remainder of the list. Insertion sort works by inserting elements into their sorted position in the existing sorted portion of the list. Merge sort uses a divide and conquer approach by recursively sorting halves of the array and then merging the sorted halves. The document analyzes the time complexity of insertion sort and merge sort, concluding that insertion sort is O(n^2) in the worst case while merge sort is O(n log n).

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    of 25

    Merge sort, Insertion sort

    Sorting I / Slide 2

    Sorting
    ☛ Selection sort or bubble sort
    1. Find the minimum value in the list
    2. Swap it with the value in the first position
    3. Repeat the steps above for remainder of the list (starting at the
    second position)

    ☛ Insertion sort
    ☛ Merge sort
    ☛ Quicksort
    ☛ Shellsort
    ☛ Heapsort
    ☛ Topological sort
    ☛ …
    Sorting I / Slide 3

    Bubble sort and analysis


    for (i=0; i<n-1; i++) {
    for (j=0; j<n-1-i; j++) {
    if (a[j+1] < a[j]) { // compare the two neighbors
    tmp = a[j]; // swap a[j] and a[j+1]
    a[j] = a[j+1];
    a[j+1] = tmp;
    }
    }
    }

    ☛ Worst-case analysis: N+N-1+ …+1= N(N+1)/2, so O(N^2)


    Sorting I / Slide 4

    ☛ Mergesort:
    ■ Divide and conquer principle
    ☛ Insertion:
    ■ Incremental algorithm principle
    Sorting I / Slide 5

    Mergesort
    Based on divide-and-conquer strategy

    ☛ Divide the list into two smaller lists of about equal


    sizes
    ☛ Sort each smaller list recursively
    ☛ Merge the two sorted lists to get one sorted list

    How do we divide the list? How much time needed?


    How do we merge the two sorted lists? How much time
    needed?
    Sorting I / Slide 6

    Dividing
    ☛ If an array A[0..N-1]: dividing takes O(1) time
    ■ we can represent a sublist by two integers left
    and right: to divide A[left..Right], we
    compute center=(left+right)/2 and obtain
    A[left..Center] and A[center+1..Right]
    Sorting I / Slide 7

    Mergesort
    ☛ Divide-and-conquer strategy
    ■ recursively mergesort the first half and the second
    half
    ■ merge the two sorted halves together
    Sorting I / Slide 8

    http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/people/mukundan/dsal/MSort.html
    Sorting I / Slide 9

    How to merge?
    ☛ Input: two sorted array A and B
    ☛ Output: an output sorted array C
    ☛ Three counters: Actr, Bctr, and Cctr
    ■ initially set to the beginning of their respective arrays

    (1) The smaller of A[Actr] and B[Bctr] is copied to the next entry in
    C, and the appropriate counters are advanced
    (2) When either input list is exhausted, the remainder of the other
    list is copied to C
    Sorting I / Slide 10

    Example: Merge
    Sorting I / Slide 11

    Example: Merge...

    ☛Running time analysis:


    ■ Clearly, merge takes O(m1 + m2) where m1 and m2 are
    the sizes of the two sublists.
    ☛Space requirement:
    ■merging two sorted lists requires linear extra memory
    ■additional work to copy to the temporary array and back
    Sorting I / Slide 12
    Sorting I / Slide 13

    Analysis of mergesort
    Let T(N) denote the worst-case running time of
    mergesort to sort N numbers.

    Assume that N is a power of 2.

    ☛ Divide step: O(1) time


    ☛ Conquer step: 2 T(N/2) time
    ☛ Combine step: O(N) time

    Recurrence equation:
    T(1) = 1
    T(N) = 2T(N/2) + N
    Sorting I / Slide 14

    Analysis: solving recurrence


    N
    T ( N ) = 2T ( )+ N Since N=2k, we have k=log2 n
    2
    N N
    = 2(2T ( ) + ) + N
    4 2 N
    T ( N ) = 2 T ( k ) + kN
    k

    N 2
    = 4T ( ) + 2 N
    4 = N + N log N
    N N = O ( N log N )
    = 4(2T ( ) + ) + 2 N
    8 4
    N
    = 8T ( ) + 3 N = 
    8
    N
    = 2 T ( k ) + kN
    k

    2
    Sorting I / Slide 15

    Insertion sort
    1) Initially p = 1
    2) Let the first p elements be sorted.
    3) Insert the (p+1)th element properly in the list (go inversely from
    right to left) so that now p+1 elements are sorted.
    4) increment p and go to step (3)
    Sorting I / Slide 16

    Insertion Sort
    Sorting I / Slide 17

    Insertion Sort

    http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~matuszek/cse121-2003/Applets/Chap03/Insertion/InsertSort.html

    ☛ Consists of N - 1 passes
    ☛ For pass p = 1 through N - 1, ensures that the elements in
    positions 0 through p are in sorted order
    ■ elements in positions 0 through p - 1 are already sorted
    ■ move the element in position p left until its correct place is found
    among the first p + 1 elements
    Sorting I / Slide 18

    Extended Example
    To sort the following numbers in increasing order:
    34 8 64 51 32 21

    p = 1; tmp = 8;
    34 > tmp, so second element a[1] is set to 34: {8, 34}…
    We have reached the front of the list. Thus, 1st position a[0] = tmp=8
    After 1st pass: 8 34 64 51 32 21
    (first 2 elements are sorted)
    Sorting I / Slide 19

    P = 2; tmp = 64;
    34 < 64, so stop at 3rd position and set 3rd position = 64
    After 2nd pass: 8 34 64 51 32 21
    (first 3 elements are sorted)
    P = 3; tmp = 51;
    51 < 64, so we have 8 34 64 64 32 21,
    34 < 51, so stop at 2nd position, set 3rd position = tmp,
    After 3rd pass: 8 34 51 64 32 21
    (first 4 elements are sorted)
    P = 4; tmp = 32,
    32 < 64, so 8 34 51 64 64 21,
    32 < 51, so 8 34 51 51 64 21,
    next 32 < 34, so 8 34 34, 51 64 21,
    next 32 > 8, so stop at 1st position and set 2nd position = 32,
    After 4th pass: 8 32 34 51 64 21
    P = 5; tmp = 21, . . .
    After 5th pass: 8 21 32 34 51 64
    Analysis: worst-case running
    Sorting I / Slide 20

    time

    ☛ Inner loop is executed p times, for each p=1..N


    ⇒ Overall: 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + N = O(N2)
    ☛ Space requirement is O(N)
    Sorting I / Slide 21

    The bound is tight


    ☛ The bound is tight Θ(N2)
    ☛ That is, there exists some input which actually uses Ω
    (N2) time
    ☛ Consider input as a reversed sorted list
    ■ When a[p] is inserted into the sorted a[0..p-1], we
    need to compare a[p] with all elements in a[0..p-1]
    and move each element one position to the right
    ⇒ Ω(i) steps

    ■ the total number of steps is Ω(Σ1N-1 i) = Ω(N(N-1)/2)


    = Ω(N2)
    Sorting I / Slide 22

    Analysis: best case


    ☛ The input is already sorted in increasing order
    ■ When inserting A[p] into the sorted A[0..p-1], only
    need to compare A[p] with A[p-1] and there is no
    data movement
    ■ For each iteration of the outer for-loop, the inner
    for-loop terminates after checking the loop
    condition once => O(N) time
    ☛ If input is nearly sorted, insertion sort runs fast
    Sorting I / Slide 23

    Summary on insertion sort


    ☛ Simple to implement
    ☛ Efficient on (quite) small data sets
    ☛ Efficient on data sets which are already substantially sorted
    ☛ More efficient in practice than most other simple O(n2)
    algorithms such as selection sort or bubble sort: it is linear in the
    best case
    ☛ Stable (does not change the relative order of elements with
    equal keys)
    ☛ In-place (only requires a constant amount O(1) of extra memory
    space)
    ☛ It is an online algorithm, in that it can sort a list as it receives it.
    Sorting I / Slide 24

    An experiment
    ☛ Code from textbook (using template)
    ☛ Unix time utility
    Sorting I / Slide 25

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