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    2.1 Learning Theories Materials Development

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    RJEREE
    This document discusses learning theories and their importance in instructional materials development. It covers prominent theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and connectivism. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and reinforcement, while cognitivism emphasizes mental processes like memory and problem-solving. Constructivism sees learning as a social process where learners construct knowledge. Connectivism addresses learning in a digital age through networks. Theories guide creating clear objectives, meaningful content, hands-on learning, social interaction, and lifelong skills. They are crucial for customizing instruction and assessing learning effectively.

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    2.1 Learning Theories Materials Development

    Uploaded by

    RJEREE
    11 views15 pages
    This document discusses learning theories and their importance in instructional materials development. It covers prominent theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and connectivism. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and reinforcement, while cognitivism emphasizes mental processes like memory and problem-solving. Constructivism sees learning as a social process where learners construct knowledge. Connectivism addresses learning in a digital age through networks. Theories guide creating clear objectives, meaningful content, hands-on learning, social interaction, and lifelong skills. They are crucial for customizing instruction and assessing learning effectively.

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    Theories

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    2.1-LEARNING-THEORIES-MATERIALS-DEVELOPMENT

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    This document discusses learning theories and their importance in instructional materials development. It covers prominent theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and connectivism. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and reinforcement, while cognitivism emphasizes mental processes like memory and problem-solving. Constructivism sees learning as a social process where learners construct knowledge. Connectivism addresses learning in a digital age through networks. Theories guide creating clear objectives, meaningful content, hands-on learning, social interaction, and lifelong skills. They are crucial for customizing instruction and assessing learning effectively.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views15 pages

    2.1 Learning Theories Materials Development

    Uploaded by

    RJEREE
    This document discusses learning theories and their importance in instructional materials development. It covers prominent theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and connectivism. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and reinforcement, while cognitivism emphasizes mental processes like memory and problem-solving. Constructivism sees learning as a social process where learners construct knowledge. Connectivism addresses learning in a digital age through networks. Theories guide creating clear objectives, meaningful content, hands-on learning, social interaction, and lifelong skills. They are crucial for customizing instruction and assessing learning effectively.

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    of 15

    LEARNING THEORIES

    &
    MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT
    LEARNING
    THEORIES

     frameworks or models that seek to explain how learning occurs


     provide insights into the processes, mechanisms, and factors that influence the acquisition of
    knowledge, skills, and behaviors
     essential in the fields of psychology, education, and cognitive science as they help educators
    and researchers understand how individuals learn and how to facilitate effective learning
     instructional designers can rely on learning theories and models to design learning solutions
    that meet the needs of their clients
     help instructional designers understand how people retain and recall information and stay
    motivated and engaged in learning
    PROMINENT LEARNING THEORIES
    BEHAVIORISM
     From the work of psychologists from the 20 th century, such as Watson, Thorndike, and
    Skinner.
     Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment
    and suggests that learning is the result of stimuli and responses.
     Motivation plays an important role in behavioral learning. Positive and negative
    reinforcement can be motivators for students.
     Behaviorist theory informs key aspects of the instructional design process such as the task
    analysis. The task analysis involves identifying observable behaviors or steps learners need
    to take to achieve the desired learning outcome.
     Instructional materials designers often observe learners from various expertise levels
    completing the task to create a thorough task analysis to inform the design of instruction.
     Behaviorism has been criticized due to the emphasis on external behaviors only, which led to
    the development of a new learning theory
    Key Considerations in Developing Materials
    for Behavior-Based learning:

    Clear Learning Objectives


    Stimulus-Response Pairing
    Reinforcement Strategies
    Incremental Learning
    Practice and Repetition
    Clear and Consistent Language
    Use of Visual Aids
    Real-Life Applications
    Continuous Evaluation
    Ethical Considerations
     It is important to note that in developing instructional materials and
    resources it should align with the principles and concepts of
    behaviorism that focuses on observable behaviors and the role of
    reinforcement and conditioning in learning.
     When developing instructional materials for behavior learning theory, it
    should focus on creating clear, structured, and interactive materials or
    resources that emphasize observable behaviors, reinforcement, and skills
    development
     By considering and aligning the materials with these principles, there is
    an effective learning experiences for behavior-oriented language learners.
    COGNITIVISM
    • Prominent figures in cognitivism include Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura.
    • Emphasizes the role of mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, and
    information processing in learning.
    • Suggests that learning happens when individuals actively process and organize information
    mentally.
    • Focuses on how the brain internally processes, retains, and recalls information based upon how
    the learner organizes information into existing knowledge schemas (structures of existing
    information in the learner's mind).
    • Focusses on how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind.
    • A common tool used by cognitivist learning theorists are taxonomies of learning outcomes that
    specify what mental processes are relied upon for various types of learning.
    • One of the more well-known and used taxonomies is Bloom's taxonomy (1956), which was later
    revised (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001). The revised taxonomy has six levels: remember,
    understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create.
    • Using this taxonomy to identify the level of desired learning can assist in writing learning objectives,
    selecting appropriate instructional methods, and designing assessments to increase the probability that
    the desired learning outcome is achieved.

    Considerations when developing materials aligned with cognitive learning theory:


    a. Alignment with Cognitive Processes
    b. Clear Organization
    c. Information Processing Load
    d. Relevance and Meaningful Context
    e. Feedback and Assessment
    f. Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking
    g. Scaffolding
    h. Metacognition
    i. Active Engagement
    j. Individual Differences
    k. Technology Integration

    • Materials development in line with the cognitive learning theory should prioritize the cognitive processes of
    learners, provide structured and meaningful content, support problem-solving and critical thinking, and allow
    for individualization and metacognitive reflection. Regular assessment and refinement of materials are
    crucial to ensure they remain effective for learners.
    CONSTRUCTIVISM

     Based upon the work of Dewey (1938), Bruner (1966), and Piaget (1972)
     Revolves around the concept that learners construct their knowledge
    through individual personal experiences.
     Posits that individuals actively construct their own understanding of the
    world by building upon their prior knowledge and experiences.
     Suggests that learning is a social and collaborative process, and learners
    create meaning through interaction with their environment.
     Constructivism is divided into two major schools of thought: cognitive
    constructivism and social constructivism.
    Key considerations for materials development in
    relation to constructivism:

    Prior Knowledge and Schema Building


    Authentic and Real-World Contexts
    Hands-On and Experiential Learning
    Social Interaction
    Scaffolding
    Open-Ended Questions
    Reflection and Metacognition
    Multiple Perspectives:
    Assessment for Learning
    Student-Centered Approach
    Flexibility and Adaptability
    Technology Integration
    Feedback and Reflection
    Ongoing Revision
    CONNECTIVISM
     A new learning theory that emerged from the digital age.
     Based on the work of Siemens (2004) and is the first theory that defines
    learning as more than an internal and individual process.
     Suggests that learning is distributed across networks of people, technology,
    and information. Learners use digital tools and resources to access and
    connect with information, experts, and peers to acquire knowledge and
    skills.
     Connectivist theory posits that learning takes place when learners make
    connections between ideas located throughout personal learning networks
    (e.g., other individuals, databases, social media, Internet, learning
    management systems). The connection of the right individuals to the right
    resources can enhance the learning for all within the network.
    Key considerations for materials
    development in relation to connectivism:
    Digital Resources
    Open Educational Resources
    Networked Learning Environments
    Personal Learning Networks
    Critical Thinking and Evaluation Skills
    Curation Skills
    Problem-Solving and Decision-Making
    Flexibility and Adaptability
    Reflection and Metacognition
    Feedback and Assessment
    Lifelong Learning Skills
    Ethical Considerations
    Accessibility
    Community Building
    Support and Guidance
    Methods Used for Learning Theories Adapted from
    Morrison (2013)
    Importance of learning theories in instructional
    materials development
    Learning theories play a pivotal role in the development of instructional materials. These theories
    provide a foundation for understanding how individuals acquire knowledge and skills, which is
    essential for creating effective and engaging educational content. Here are several reasons why
    learning theories are crucial in instructional materials development:
    1. Customization and Personalization
    2. Effective Communication
    3. Motivation and Engagement
    4. Feedback and Assessment
    5. Technology Integration
    6. Long-Term Retention
    7. Pedagogical Strategies
    8. Accessibility and Inclusivity
    9. Continuous Improvement
    10.Research and Innovation
    THANK
    YOU!

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