Building Planning

Unit No 02
Principles of Planning
Aspect
 Aspect
• Different rooms of the building are placed
and located according to their functional
utility
• Also they should get maximum benefit of
the natural resources
• Doors and windows should be placed
properly in the external walls
• Aspect provides comfort to the
inhabitants and also creates a hygienic
atmosphere in the room
Prospect
• Local laws framed by the subordinate authority are
known as byelaws
• They are standards and specifications for safety and
comfort of construction workers , users and the general
public
• Practical conditions of every locality are different , hence
these rules are made and checked by the local
authorities
• Some other authorities who set the byelaws are
• District collector
• Town Planning departments like CIDCO , MHADA

Building Byelaws
Building Byelaws
Functions of local Authority
Prerequisite
Terminology
• To protect people from fire , noise etc.
• To provide health safety and comfort to people
• For systematic and disciplined growth of buildings
and towns
Objectives of Byelaws
Necessity of byelaws
Scope of Byelaws
• If byelaws are not framed the sole
intention of people will be profit and
maximum utilization of space.
• This will lead to unhealthy conditions due
to lack of ventilation , free movement and
congestion in gaothan areas

Importance of Byelaws
 Standard Dimensional Requirements Of Building Components

Necessity of norms and specifications :

• These norms and specifications provide adequate
protection for construction workers, users’ health and
comfort, and the general public.
• It provides the amount of construction allowed, the
amount of clear space to be left around a building. This
defines the building dimensions standard in residential
buildings.
• Bye-laws are regulations that ensure the correct
construction of a project while also considering safety
and preventing future harm to the structure.
 Dimensional Standards Of Building Components

• Footing, Column, Beam, Slab, Lintel, Doors, Windows,

Sill, and D.P.C., filling up the earth, constructing a
parapet wall, and so on are the basic components of a
building structure.

Depth of Foundation
• The minimum foundation depth is kept at 1 to 1.5 meter
below ground level to avoid weathering impacts and
improve stability.
• When a large number of footings are necessary, the
depths should be kept as equal as possible.
 Plinth Of Buildings
• The plinth or any other component of a structure must be
positioned in proportion to the surrounding ground level to allow
proper site drainage.

• A minimum of 450 mm must separate the plinth from the

surrounding ground level. The height of the plinth can vary from
300 to 600 mm, but 450 mm is the most usual.

• The minimum plinth height for water-prone and important

buildings is 600 mm. The structure takes on a more majestic
appearance with a higher plinth height.

• The plinth area should be at least 1.2 times the floor area of the
building. The minimum footing width is 100 m wider than the one
above, and the minimum footing depth is the same as the standard
brick depth of 100 mm.
 Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)
• At the plinth level, D.P.C. is a layer of waterproofing
material such as asphalt or waterproof cement.
• The superstructure walls are built above the D.P.C.
layer to prevent moisture from rising from the ground
surface to the walls.

• D.P.C. is often laid to the plinth level in brick masonry

construction.
• As a result, D.P.C. has the same width as a brick wall
and thicknesses ranging from 25 mm to 50 mm.
Height Of Ceiling
The main rooms of the residential building should
have a ceiling height of 3000 mm to 3600 mm
(i.e., headroom).

The ceiling height for the bath and the toilet can
range from 2000 to 2750 mm. (The type of
structure determines the maximum height of the
building.)
Sizes of Doors
• A residential building’s main entrance door should measure
1000 mm by 2100 mm, and other doors must be at least
900 mm wide and 2000 mm tall.
• The garage doors are 2500 mm x 2300 mm, while the
single–leaf shutter doors for the W.C. and bathrooms are
600 mm to 750 mm x 1800 mm.
Chajjas
Weather Shed is another name for Chhajjas. This is a
structure built above a window that is projected outside
from the window face.
Chhajjas Length = Window Width + 0.15m Bearing on Both
Sides
Width of Chhajjas = 0.45 m to 0.60
Sizes of Windows
The Sill level is the level where windows are installed. To
achieve evenness in all window levels, the sill level is
critical.
Any house should have a sill level of roughly 3 feet (900
mm). The size of the windows is determined by the overall
area of the needed window apertures. It’s important to
remember the following guidelines:
i) Window width = 1/8 (room width Plus room height).
ii) For optimal illumination, windows should have a glass
area of 10% to 20% of the room’s floor area.
iii) One square meter of window area should be provided for
every 30 cubic meters of interior room space.
iv) 750 mm x 1000 mm is the standard minimum window
size.
Ventilators
The size of the ventilator must be at least 1000 mm
x 500 mm to ensure enough ventilation for any
comfortable room.
The bath and toilet should be at least 450 mm x 300
mm in size, and their depth must be more than 450
mm
Staircases
• The following are the minimum width, minimum
tread width, and maximum riser of staircases for
buildings:
• In residential construction, the rise =150 to 200
mm.
• In an office building, the rise =130 and 150 mm.
• For public buildings, the tread =275 mm to 350
mm.
• For residential buildings, the tread =250 to 300
mm.
• The width of steps in residential structures is 900
mm, and in public buildings, it is 1000 mm.
• (Total Floor Height / Riser Height) = Number of
Risers
• The number of treads = the number of risers -1
Parapet Wall
• A parapet wall is a low-rise wall that runs along
the edge of a roof, terrace, walkway, balcony, or
other structure.
• The parapet wall height above the finished floor
level should not be less than 0.60 m or more than
1.2 m.

Verandah
In residential buildings, the width of the verandah
varies from 1.8 to 3 meters. In comparison, the
width of the corridor varies from 0.8 to 1.2 meters.
 Sizes of Rooms
Minimum Maximum
Sl no. Name of Room
Dimension Dimension
Drawing Room or Living
1. 4200 mm x 4800 mm 5800 mm x 7200 mm
Room

Bed Room or Master Bed

2. 3000 mm x 3600 mm 4200 mm x 4800 mm
Room

4200 mm to 4800
3. Dining Room 3600 mm x 4200 mm
mm
4. Kitchen 2500 mm x 3900 mm 3000 mm x 3000 mm
5. Bath / WC Combined 1800 mm x 1800 mm 1800 mm x 2500 mm

6. Bath (Separated) 1200 mm x 1800 mm –

7. W. C. (Separated) 1200 mm x 1200 mm –

8. Guest Room 3000 mm x 3600 mm 3000 mm x 3000 mm

 Set back distance

• Set back is a open space kept between road and the

front side of the building
• Set back varies from 1 to 1.5 m for congested areas
and 4.5 to 6m m for undeveloped areas
• Setback also changes depending on type of road on
the front side
• It is more for highways and express ways and
lesser for street roads
 Side margin
• The distance kept on the sides is known as side margins
and that on the back is known as back margin
• To control the built up area of the building as per rules
and byelaws
• To provide sufficient light and ventilation around the
building
• To provide space for drainage line and inspection
chambers on it
• To maintain the external privacy of the building from
adjoining buildings
• To avoid the disturbance due to road traffic front margin
is provided
• It safeguards the building from fire in the neighborhood
Floor Space Index and Floor Area Ratio

• Floor space index is ratio of floor area (entire building

including walls ) to plot area
• The value of FSI is determined by the local authority
and is different for different areas
• It is high in gaothan areas and less in outskirts of city
areas
• It is a tool to avoid over crowding
 Carpet Area
The net useable area is called the carpet area . It is
the area that can be covered with the help of an
carpet.
The carpet area would include the areas of the
bedroom, living room, kitchen, bathrooms,
balconies & staircases within the house/flat.
It does not include the external and internal walls,
terraces, common areas, lifts, corridors, utility
ducts, etc.
Carpet area = Area of Bedroom +living room +
toilets +balcony – thickness of inner walls
 Built up Area
• The built-up area is the sum of the carpet area and
the area of both the exterior and interior walls,
balcony, the exterior staircase, and other liveable
areas if any.
• If there is an exclusive terrace, then that too is
included in it.
• The built-up area comprises around 70-80% of the
super built-up area.
• Usually, the Built-up area is 10% to 15% more than
the Carpet Area
Built-up Area= Carpet Area + Wall Areas +
Terrace and Balcony + Exclusive Corridor
 Super built up area
• It is the sum of the exclusive built-up area, and common
areas including the lift, corridors, staircase, clubhouse, and
other amenities.
• However, it does not include the area of compound walls,
open-to-sky swimming pools, parks, driveways, open
sports facilities, inaccessible garden areas, play areas,
underground sinks, water tanks, and septic tanks.
• Super built-up area is calculated by adding the built-up
area and the proportionate common area.
• The proportionate share of common areas is referred to as
the “Loading Factor” and is assigned a percentage that
usually ranges from 25% to 60% of the carpet area.
Carpet , Built up and super built up area,
 Real Estate(Regulation and
development )act ,2016 (RERA)
• RERA is the real estate regulatory authority for regulation
and promotion of the real estate sector to ensure sale of plot
and apartments of buildings in a efficient and transparent
manner
• To protect the rights of the consumers
• To establish an adjudicating mechanism for speedy
Redressal of disputes
• To establish an appellate tribunal to hear appeals from those
decisions , directions and orders from RERA or the
adjudicating officer
Plan of Residential Building
 Public Buildings : Hostel Building
Sr.no. Description of unit Area or Size Number
1. Entrance 3.0 m wide 1 No.
2. Rooms
a. Single seater room 10 sq.m to 15 sq.m 100 nos
b. Double seater 15 sq.m to 20 sq.m 50 nos
room
b.Three seater room 20 sq.m to 25 sq.m 34 Nos
c.Four Seater room 25 sq.m to 36 sq.m 25 Nos
3. Warden’s Office 20 sq.m to 30sq.m 1 No.
4. Dining hall 1.2 sq.m per diner 1 No.
5. Kitchen and store 8sq.m to 12 sq.m 1No.
6. Recreation hall 2 sq.m to 3 sq.m per head 1No.
7. Circulation 1.0 m to 2.0 m wide Corridor as per
placement of rooms
 Public Buildings : Hostel buildings
8. Sanitary Units Male Female Male Female

a. Water Closets 1 for 10 1 for 8 10 Nos. 13 nos.

b. Baths 1 for 10 1 for 10 10 Nos. 10 nos.
c. Urinals 1 for 25 4 Nos.
d. Wash basins 1 for 10 1 for 10 10 Nos. 10 nos.
 Public health center
Sr.no. Particulars dimensions

1. Entrance and waiting space 2.5 m

2. Doctor’s room 3.0X3.6 m
3. Examination room 3X4m
4. Operation room 4.0X 5.5 m
5. Circulation space 2.5 m
6. Wards : a) maternity 8 X 10 m2 per bed
b) General
7. Medical Store 3.5 m X 4.75 m
8. Office 12 m2
9. Laboratory 15 m2
10. Parking space
11. Family planning unit
12. Residence :
a) Doctor 60 to 90 m2 / head
b) Servants 40 to 60 m2 / head
 Bank building
Units required for a bank building at district place :
1) Manager cabin
2) Safe deposit Vault
3) Lunch / tiffin room
4) Strong room
5) Toilet block
6) Meeting hall
7) Clerk counters
8) Record room
9) Cashier cabin
10) Reception / Enquiry counter
11) Drinking water fountain /place
12) Loan division
13) ATM
14) Security cabin
15) Server room
16) Waiting area
 Bank building
1. Entrance and moving space by the side of the counter
2. Counter height – 1.6 to 1.8 m
3. Width of counter – 0.4 to .08 m
4. Working space behind the counter – 3 m wide
Ground Floor Plan of Bank Building
First Floor Plan of Bank Building
Particulars
School
Size
BuildingNos
Entrance or reception 3m X 4 m
4mX 5m
7mX 8m
8mX 10m
Office and Administration 4mX 5m
block 7mX 8m
8mX 10m
Class room 4.5m X 6 m
5.5mX 6.5m
6mX 7.2m
6mX 7.8m
7mX 10m
staff Room area 14 sq.m
Drawing hall 3 to 4 sq.m per student
Laboratories area 3 to 4 sq.m per student
Assembly hall area 0.5 to 0.6 sq.m per student
Circulation 1-2 m
 School Building
Particulars Size Nos
Library Area 80 sq.m to 95 sq.m For 1500 students
Principal cabin 9 sq.m
Computer room 4.5mX 6.0m
5.5mX 6.5m

Parking
Scooter / Motorcycle 3 sq.m per vehicle
Cycle 1.2sq.m per cycle

Sanitary block Area Male Female

W.C. 0.9m X 1.2 m 1 for 40 1 for 25
Urinals 0.9m X 0.75 m 1 for 20
Wash basin 1 for 40 1 for 40
Water taps 1 for 50 1 for 50
 Load Bearing shallow Foundation

Plinth Level

Ground level
Elevation
Section
Recommended sizes of buildings as per the requirement
Components of School
Primary Health Center
Hospital Building
Bank Building
Post Office
Hostel Building
Canteen / Mess
Library
Planning of staircase
Types of Drawings

Unit no 3
Drawing requirements for Building Elevation Drawings
include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Title and scale

• Roof slope/pitch
• Window types
• Roof venting
• Top of floor elevation(s) ○ Flashings
• Top of finished grade (referenced to site plan)
• Exterior building features (walls, roof, doors,
windows)
• Attachment/Relationship to existing building (as
applicable)
 Typical Elevation

*Note: Projected Line work- 02 marks, Correct Elevation- 04 marks, Neatness – 02

Marks
Plan of a Framed Building
2 BHK plan
3 BHK plan
Elevation
Section
Plan
Elevation
Section
Section for foundation of famed structure
 Data drawing – site plan
A Site Plan Drawing identifies buildings and other
features in relation to property boundaries. It must
identify existing buildings, structures, and features
on the property, and the changes to the property
created by the proposed project.
Alterations, Renovations, or Change of Use to a
building may determine the need for existing site
features to be identified and/or altered (e.g.
parking, loading spaces, & fire access routes).
 Site Plan
If site feature information is required, or if features
are altered, the information must be shown on a
Site Plan Drawing.
Some of the information for a Site Plan Drawing
can be found on the property survey. If a survey is
not available, accurate information must be
obtained for the Site Plan Drawing.
 Minimum information requirements for Site Plan
Drawings include, but are not limited to, the
following:
• Title, Scale, and North Arrow
• Street Name, Address, and Legal Description
• Abutting streets and lanes
• Property lines and dimensions
• Rights- of- way and easements
• All existing buildings and structures (indicating
shape and dimensions)
• Proposed construction (indicating shape and
dimensions)
• Setbacks to all property lines from existing and
proposed building and structures
 Minimum information requirements for Site Plan
Drawings include, but are not limited to, the
following:
• Separation distances between all buildings and
structures
• Any building structures to be removed
• New/existing driveway locations and size
• New/existing vehicle aisles and dimensions
• New/existing parking stalls and loading spaces
• (size, locations, and numbers)
• New/existing sidewalks and curbs
• Fire access routes and hydrant locations
 Minimum information requirements for Site Plan
Drawings include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Barrier-free access (ramps, landings, and curb cuts)

• Well and septic tank/field location (if applicable)
• Site grading elevations (existing and proposed)
 Importance of Site Plan
1. It gives idea of site.
2. It gives details of building site with respect to
road and adjoining plots.
3. It gives idea direction of plot facing ie East-west
or North-south.
4. It gives margins from boundary of plot.
5. It gives size of plot.
6. It gives location of water supply line, drainage
line, manhole and water tank.
 Location Plan
• Location plan is the drawing in which site of work is
shown with respect to city survey
Importance of location Plan
1. Location plan can shown with site plan.
2. With the help of location plan, we can locate
correctly the site of site of construction.
3. In location plan, distance of site from permanent
object is find out.
4. In location plan, boundaries towards all directions
are described.
5. Location plan is drawn by competent authorities,
any disputes can be solved.
Schedule for openings
 General construction notes
1. Concrete bed for foundation masonry PCC (1:4:8)
20cm thick.
2. Good hard foundation is available at depth of
0.90m below ground level.
3. Foundation & Plinth masonry in UCR in CM (1:4)
4. Height of plinth – 60 cm above ground level.
5. Super structure – BB masonry in CM (1:5), 30 cm
thick and front walls and common walls of bath &
WC 10 cm thick.
6. Main roof consist of _________________
 General construction notes
7. The front verandah and rear portion is provided
with RCC(1:2:4) slab 12 cm thick and clear height
above floor level is 3.5 m.
8. Flooring for building consists of __________
fixed in usual mortar.
9. Glazed tiles Dado provided in WC and bath room
up to height of 1.0m
 Purpose of writing Construction notes
1. Type and specifications of material which is to be
used is mentioned in construction note.
2. To know the dimensions of components shown
in drawing.
3. To know the types of doors and windows and
ventilators.
4. To know the depth of foundation, plinth height,
floor height, sill height etc.
5. To know details of chajja projection, slab
projection and plinth projection etc.
6. Any special work or treatment to be given in
mentioned in construction notes.
Area Statement
 Importance of Area Statement
1. Area statement is the first step in designing of
building.
2. It plays important role while taking sanction for
plan.
3. In future, if there will be any expansion in plot,
it will be decided acc. To area of statement.
4. Billing of contractor is calculated with the help
of this statement.
5. The taxes of construction are based on the area
of statement.
 Submission Drawing
I. For the purpose of obtaining sanction from competent
authority.
II. To know the orientation of the building.
III. It gives details of about all floor plans including terrace and
car park plan.
IV. It shows the architectural elevation of the building.
V. It gives clear internal details from foundation to terrace of
the building in section.
VI. Gives details of the doors and windows sizes and types in
schedule of opening.
VII. Schedule giving notes for type of construction.
VIII. Schedule giving notes for foundation work.
IX. It gives idea about total height of building.
 Importance of Working drawing
I. Working drawings are detailed drawings and contains all
instructions and data for actual execution of work on site.
II. It includes location sketch, foundation plan, detailed plans
floor by floor, detailed sections.
III. It also includes structural drawings which contain
reinforcement details of all columns, beams, slabs, chajjas,
cantilever structures etc.
IV. Bar bending schedule is also included.
V. Working drawing also gives information about material
used, types of doors and windows, sanitary fittings along with
required numbers.
 Importance of Working drawing
VI. Construction notes, separate foundation drawing, site
plan, drainage and water supply arrangement,
electrification layout is shown in working drawing.
VII. Details of RCC components like chajja, lintel, and
staircase are included in working drawing.
VIII. Each and every minute details of construction are
available in working drawing for easy execution of work
from start to end.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD DRAWING
Drawing should be clear, simple and clean
Should agree with the actual measurements by the
accurately drawn scaled measurements.
Exact information should be provided in order to carry out
the work at site without scaling for missing
measurements.
Only minimum notes to support the drawings should be
indicated in the drawings.
Sufficient space should be provided between the views so
as to mark the dimensions without crowding
 PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Specific objectives: Use the principles of perspective

drawings, Draw perspective drawing of object
Definition:
Perspective is a Latin word meaning „look through”. It is
a three dimensional view as a person sees or a camera
captures a picture. It is representation of an object as it
appears to the observer. It is illusion which is different
from actual form of object. It is useful to architects,
engineers, designers, public and artists. It is used for
advertisement and printing brochures.
 Types of perspective
a) Based on position of object with respect to
picture plane :-
I) parallel perspective
II) oblique perspective
b) Based on No of Vanishing point :-
I) One point perspective
II) Two point perspective
III)Three point perspective
 Principal used in perspective drawing
1) The lines appear to be shorter than their actual length,
and his effect increase, as the distance of the object
increase.
2) The picture of all points and lines on the picture play
coincides with the points and lines themselves.
3) Perspective of all the parallel lines which are also
parallel to the picture plane .not parallel to the picture
plane, converge to a point
Perspective drawing
Vanishing point
 Terms used in perspective drawing
1) Picture Plane: It is an imaginary, transparent vertical plane
erected between the object and the observer, very near to,
or touching or cutting one corner of the object.
2) Vanishing points: The vanishing points on a line are the
points where the perspective of all straight lines except
those parallel to the picture plan appears to terminate.
OR
2) Vanishing points: The vanishing points on a line are the
points in which a system of parallel line of the object inclined
to picture plane appear to converge.