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    Embryology Obg

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    samrusangali
    The document summarizes key stages of human embryological development from fertilization through the embryonic period (first 8 weeks). It describes the formation of the germ layers and how they give rise to organ systems. It outlines development from a zygote and blastocyst, to the appearance of structures like the notochord and somites. Key events in each week of development are noted, such as neural tube closure and the emergence of limb buds.

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    Embryology Obg

    Uploaded by

    samrusangali
    21 views36 pages
    The document summarizes key stages of human embryological development from fertilization through the embryonic period (first 8 weeks). It describes the formation of the germ layers and how they give rise to organ systems. It outlines development from a zygote and blastocyst, to the appearance of structures like the notochord and somites. Key events in each week of development are noted, such as neural tube closure and the emergence of limb buds.

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    The document summarizes key stages of human embryological development from fertilization through the embryonic period (first 8 weeks). It describes the formation of the germ layers and how they give rise to organ systems. It outlines development from a zygote and blastocyst, to the appearance of structures like the notochord and somites. Key events in each week of development are noted, such as neural tube closure and the emergence of limb buds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views36 pages

    Embryology Obg

    Uploaded by

    samrusangali
    The document summarizes key stages of human embryological development from fertilization through the embryonic period (first 8 weeks). It describes the formation of the germ layers and how they give rise to organ systems. It outlines development from a zygote and blastocyst, to the appearance of structures like the notochord and somites. Key events in each week of development are noted, such as neural tube closure and the emergence of limb buds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    Embryology

    Formation of 3 germ layers


    Phases of conceptus development
    Timing of appearance of different organ system
    Embryonic period:first 8 weeks
    Development of 3 primary germ layers give rise to all structures and basic body
    plan takes shape
    Fetal period:remaining 30 weeks .structures and organ system continue to grow
    and develop
    Stages of development:

     Fertilization
     Cleavage
     Gastrulation
     Organogenesis
    Embryogenesis
     Maturation
    Fertilization

     Fertilisation is the process of fusion of the spermatozoon with the mature


    ovum , which produced the single mononucleated cell called the zygote.
     Almost always fertilization occurs in the ampullary part of uterine tube.
    Embryogenesis:

     The formation and development of an embryo.


     Cleavage : is a series of rapid mitotic division without cell growth
     Gastrulation:is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals
    or human being,during with the single layered blastula is reorganized into a
    tri laminar structure known as gastrula.
     These three germ layers or known as the ectoderm ,mesoderm and endoderm
    Organogenesis: production and development of the organs of an animal.
    Formation of blastocyst:

     Zygote is formed within 12-24 hours of ovulation


     Zygote  cleavage  2 cell division(24hours post fertilization)4 cell
    stage  8 cell stage 16 cell stage(morula)  32 cell stage(advanced
    morula) enters uterine cavity  cavitation  blastocyst
    Blastocyst:

     Formed 4th or 5th day after fertilization


     Parts:
    1. Blastocele cavity
    2. Outer cell mass(trophoblast)
    3. Zona pellucida
    4. Inner cell mass(embryoblast)
     The outer cell mass of the blastocyst form the trophoblast layer
     Inner cell mass on the 8th day differentiate into bilaminar germ disc consisting
    of a dorsal ectodermal layer of tall columnar cells and a ventral endodermal
    layer of flat polyhedral cells
     The bilaminar germ disc is connected to the trophoblast by a mesenchymal
    connecting stalk called the body stalk which later forms the umbilical cord
    Formation of amniotic cavity and yolk
    sac
     Two cavities appear on either side of bilaminar embryonic disc
     The dorsal cavity between the ectoderm and trophoblast layers lined by
    mesenchyme (connective tissue ) is called the amniotic cavity
     The cavity on the ventral aspect lined by the primitive mesenchyme on the
    outside and the endodermal layer of the germ cell disc on the inside is called
    yolk sac
    2nd week

    inner cell mass divides into epiblast


    And hypoblast
    2 fluid filled sacs:
    1. Amniotic sac
    2. Yolk sac
    Bilaminar embryonic disc:area of
    contact
    3rd week

     Bilaminar to trilaminar disc


     Trilaminar disc: forms the 3 primary germ layers (all body tissues are derived
    from these)
     Ectoderm
     Endoderm
     Mesoderm
    Notochord

     Day 16-18
     Primitive node epiblast cell invaginate and migrate anteriorly with some
    endodermal cells
     Forms rod defining the body axis – forms the future vertebral column
    Neurulation

     Notochord signals overlying ectoderm


     The neural tube is developed from the closure of neural plate and neural fold
    – a process called neurulation at 21-26 days
     Closure of neural tube begins at end of week 3 complete by end of week 4
     Extends cranially(eventually brain ) and caudally(spinal cord)
     Neural crest , lateral ectodermal cells , pulled along and form sensory nerve
    cells and other structures
    Division into somites:

     About day 20 mesoderm divides into paired bodies called somites


     Located on either side of the developing neural tube ,these paired bodies give
    rise to skeletal and muscle tissue
     These somites are divided into :
     Sclerotome
     Dermatome
     Myotome
     Sclerotome: surrounds neural tube and notochord
     forms axial skeleton
     Divided into 3 types:
     Ventral- body of vertebra
     Doral- spine of vertebra
     Lateral-vertebral arch
     Dermatome:dermal layer of skin
     Myotome : skeletal muscles of the body
     There are 42 to 44 pairs: 4 (occipital),8(cervical),12(thoracic),5 (lumbar),5
    (sacral) and 8 to 10 (coccygeal)
     First occipital and 5 to7 coccygeal disappears
    Fourth week

     The embryo grows dramatically during the 4th week


     Elongation of embryo has occurred ,and it has become curved pon itself with
    formation of head and tail fold
     Lateral body folds develop making the embryo tubular rather than flat and
    disc shaped
     Closure of the neural tube begins in the area of the occiput and proceeds
    upward and downwards from that point.
     Somites formed in a craniocaudal sequences as the neural tube closes , can
    be observed through the ectoderm.
     The pericardial sac around the heart enlarges ,causing the head region to
    elevate .
     The laryngotracheal groove and lung buds ,which will become the respiratory
    system are present .
     The mandible and maxilla of the jaw become distinct ,and rudimentary forms
    of the eyes ,ears and nose are present.
     The intestinal system is formed from the yolk sac , and differentiation of the
    buds ,which will become the oesophagus , stomach , liver and pancreas , is
    progressing .
     The thyroid and thymus glands are also developing .
     The primitive circulatory system is established , and the heart is beating.
     The budlike projections on the surface of the embryo are the beginning of the
    limbs .
    5th week

     As the embryo and then the fetus grow during the first half of pregnancy , it
    is measured by its crown-rump length (CRL).
     The fetus is measured during the last half of pregnancy by its crown heel
    length (CHL), or standing height. The CRL grows from 4 to 8 mm in this week ,
    and exceeds the growth.
     The growth of the head is rapid and exceeds the growth of the body during
    this week . The embryo lengthens and bends into a C shape, while an
    additional 42 to 44 pairs of somites are added to its caudal end.
     The umbilical cord is formed from the union of amnion ,the yolk , and the
    connecting stalk. It now contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical
    vein.
     The doubling of the size of the heart makes it prominent , and its atria and
    ventricles are visible through the ectoderm. The embryos four limb buds are
    most vulnerable to teratogens at this time .
    6th week

     The head has become larger than the trunk and is bent over the heart
    prominence .
     Elevations in the facial ectoderm are evident and the position of the eyes,
    nose , mouth and the groove that is to become the external acoustic meatus
    is established .
     In the upper limbs , the elbows and wrists are identifiable , and the hand
    plate develop ridges called finger rays .
     The lower limbs are not developed to the same degree.
     Changes are beginning to occur in the genital region.(the CRL is 8 to 14 mm ,
    the weight 50 to 400mg ).
    7th week

     Cerebral hemispheres appear as the head enlarges rapidly .


     The eyes move from a lateral to a more frontal positions as the face elongates
    .
     Prominences appear over the ventral body wall from early because their
    function is vital to the maintenance and survival of the embryo.
     As the embryo continues to grow , the umbilical cord shrinks.
     The arm and hand of the upper limbs and the thigh , leg and foot segments of
    the lower limbs become apparent.
     The fingers develop , their growth is critical at this point (40 to 50days)
     The CRL is 14 to 20 mm ; the weight is 400 to 1000 mg .
    8 th week

     During this final week of the embryonic period , the embryo exhibits definite
    human characteristics.
     The cerebral hemispheres have grown so rapidly that the head now makes up
    50% of the mass of the embryo.
     The face occupies the lower half of the head , and the eyes continue to move
    to a more frontal plane .
     Eyelids fold develop . These will become fused during the ninth week and
    remain so until the seventh month .
     The fingers lengthen, and the toes are distinct by the eighth week.
     The external ears are set low and are taking on their final shape .
     Sexual differences in the external genitalia can now be seen by the trained
    eye .
     The CRL is 21 to 30mm; the weight 1000 to 3000 mg
    Thank you

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