RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Lecture 01
BS. English – Semester- 08
Instructor: Prof. Shahida Kaleem
Govt. Postgraduate College for
Women Muzaffargarh
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

 To familiarize the students with research and its

methods.
 To enable them to conduct their own research.
 To impart them the knowledge of the techniques and
methods used in selecting the Topics of their research.
 To enable the students in developing questions.
 And tell them how to collect data and analyze it.
 QUALITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH PARADIGM

 The Introduction of
 Qualitative
 Quantitative
 Research
 Paradigm
 QUALITATIVE

 The adjective that describes the quality of something in

size, appearance, value, etc.
 To measure the quality of something rather than its
quantity.
 Opposite to quantity and quantitative.
 It is associated with the subjective quality of a thing or
phenomenon such as feel, taste, expertise, image,
leadership, reputation , data etc.
 Qualitative aspects are abstract, cannot be measured
because the reality they represent can only be
approximated.
 QUANTITATIVE

 The adjective which denotes the quantity of something.

 Quantitative is related to measuring, or measured by the
quantity of something rather than its quality.
 Some thing which is measured or counted, e.g.
numbers, data, amount etc.
 There may be quantitative analysis and data.
Quantitative data is the information of any research or
phenomena.
 Countable objects are quantitative.
 To figure out the things for the purpose of collecting
data.
 RESEARCH

 Research means investigation, exploration, analysis of

any case, any subject or topic to draw out the facts.
 The systematic investigation into some problem or
exploring any new field is called research.
 The study of materials and sources in order to establish
facts and reach new conclusions.
 Systematic investigation is research for example, our
doctors are researching to find out the vaccine of corona
virus.
 Our students will conduct research on literacy rate in
Pakistan.
 PARADIGM
 Paradigm and Research Paradigm
 Paradigm means a pattern, model, standard, scheme, perspective,
criterion , frame work and set of ideas.
 A set of theories, assumptions, and ideas that contribute to worldview. A
paradigm is a way of looking at something.
 The word paradigm comes up a lot in the academic, scientific, and
business fields. Darwin’s theory of evolution is the best example of
paradigm.
 Having a concept or belief of something on the basis of facts and
experiments e.g. observing SOPs in pandemic. “Paradigms are general
framework or view points : literally, points from which to view. They
provide ways of looking at life and are grounded in sets of assumptions
about the nature of reality” (Babbie, 1998)
 There are grammatical paradigm, research paradigm both qualitative and
quantitative, including social and scientific fields.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 Research paradigm is defined as an established model
accepted by a substantial number of people in a
research community.
 Research paradigm is used both in qualitative and
quantitative research.
 A research paradigm is “the set of common beliefs and
agreements shared between scientists about how
problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn,
1962)
 Next he says, "universally recognized scientific
achievements that, for a time, provide model problems
and solutions for a community of researchers”. (Kuhn-
1970)
 RESEARCH PARADIGM AND
APPROACHES
 A research paradigm is an approach or a research model to
conduct a research that has been verified by the research
community for long and that has been in practice for hundreds of
years.
 There are three different approaches to educational research:
 1- Positivism: The positivist paradigm of exploring social reality
is based on the idea that one can best gain an understanding of
human behavior through observation and reason.
 According to the positivist paradigm, true knowledge is based on
experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and
experiment.
 Positivists approach is quantitative and consider it more reliable.
 That is why this approach is the study of society that relies
specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and
statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates.
 RESEARCH APPROACH
 2- Interpretivism:
 Interpretivism is a response to the over-dominance of
positivism.
 It is humanist, subjective and relies understanding.
 Interpretivists believe in socially constructed multiple realities.
 Truth and reality are created, not discovered. It is not possible
to know reality as it is because it is always mediated by our
senses.
 Interpretive epistemology is subjective. Their approach is
subjective
 Interpretive researchers employ qualitative data, and
although numerical data could be involved but not relied
upon.
 RESEARCH APPROACH
 3- Critical theory
 critical theory is subjective in that it is assumed that no object
can be researched without being affected by the researcher.
 It is assumed that a reality exists, but it has been shaped by
cultural, political, ethnic, gender and religious factors which
interact with each other to create a social system.
 The aim of critical educational research is not merely to explain
or understand society but to change it (Patton,
 Critical methodology is dialogic and dialectical (Guba & Lincoln,
1994)
 It requires the investigator to engage the subjects in dialogue
with the aim of bringing about a change in their outlook on
social systems that keep them deprived of intellectual and social
needs.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 It explores the philosophical underpinnings of three major
paradigms:
 Positivism
 Interpretivism
 Critical theory
 Three major components of a research paradigm are:
 Ontological : inquires , What is reality?
 Epistemology : Inquires, How do you know something? What
is the nature of relationship between knower and known?
 Methodology: It questions :How do you go about finding it
out?
or how should the inquirer go about finding out knowledge?
Qualitative Research Paradigm

 Qualitative research paradigm is used to solve the

problems.
 It was dominated by the constructivist approaches.
 According to constructivist, there is a strong difference
between qualitative research and quantitative research.
 Both types of research cannot be solved using one
paradigm.
 It was believed that both are different but Pragmatic
approach combined quantitative and qualitative approach
in one methodology.
 This mixed method approach helps to make the research
better otherwise, it would have been purely qualitative or
quantitative research. Example is:
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
PARADIGMS
 Quantitative research is used in both natural and social
sciences.
 Quantitative research involves experiments, surveys,
testing, and structured content analysis, interviews, and
observation.
 The results are derived using statistical, mathematical,
or computational techniques.
 Quantitative methods emphasize objective
measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or
numerical analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-
existing statistical data using computational techniques.
 QUALITATIE VERSUS QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

 Qualitative research is multi-method in focus.

 Involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject
matter.
 Qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings,.
 It make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the
meanings people bring to the phenomena.
 Qualitative research involves collection of a variety of empirical
materials case study, personal experience, introspective, life
story interview, observational, historical, interactional, and
visual texts.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 Qualitative research explores a social or human problem.

 The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture,
analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants,
and conducts the study in a natural setting.
 Cresswel (1994) finds five types of qualitative research.
 Biography
 Phenomenology
 Grounded Theory
 Ethnography
 Case Study
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PARADIGM

In short qualitative research is:

 An exploratory and Descriptive
 Emergent Design
 Data Collection in the natural setting
 Emphasis on ‘human-as-instrument’
 Qualitative methods of data collection
 Early and On-going inductive analysis
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Quantitative research quantifies variables
 and solves problems using numeric assessment.
 The ontology in a quantitative research is a true reality that
exists in only one form.
 The process the investigator uses to know that truth is
quantitative in nature, this is epistemology.
 The methodology adopted by quantitative research is mostly
experimental
 It focus on hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing means finding
the cause and effect relationship between variables.
 Quantitative research paradigm adopts standard ways to conduct
the research.
 Quantitative research is also highly generalizable as compared to
the qualitative research.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 In short
 It is an objective approach to collect data.
 Quantitative research is a systematic investigation.
 Gathers quantifiable data
 Performing statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques.
 Collects information from online surveys, online polls,
questionnaires etc.
 The result can be depicted in the form of numerical.
STAY HOME, STAY SAFE

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ALLAH HAFIZ