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    DNA Translation - Dr. Mohammed Osman

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    معتز محمد
    The document summarizes the process of translation from messenger RNA to protein. It describes how the information in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated by the ribosome to produce proteins. The ribosome decodes the mRNA using transfer RNA molecules that bring amino acids. Through the elongation cycle of tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, and translocation, a polypeptide chain is assembled until a stop codon is reached.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    DNA Translation - Dr. Mohammed Osman

    Uploaded by

    معتز محمد
    10 views43 pages
    The document summarizes the process of translation from messenger RNA to protein. It describes how the information in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated by the ribosome to produce proteins. The ribosome decodes the mRNA using transfer RNA molecules that bring amino acids. Through the elongation cycle of tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, and translocation, a polypeptide chain is assembled until a stop codon is reached.

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    07. DNA Translation - Dr. Mohammed Osman

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    The document summarizes the process of translation from messenger RNA to protein. It describes how the information in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated by the ribosome to produce proteins. The ribosome decodes the mRNA using transfer RNA molecules that bring amino acids. Through the elongation cycle of tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, and translocation, a polypeptide chain is assembled until a stop codon is reached.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    10 views43 pages

    DNA Translation - Dr. Mohammed Osman

    Uploaded by

    معتز محمد
    The document summarizes the process of translation from messenger RNA to protein. It describes how the information in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated by the ribosome to produce proteins. The ribosome decodes the mRNA using transfer RNA molecules that bring amino acids. Through the elongation cycle of tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, and translocation, a polypeptide chain is assembled until a stop codon is reached.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 43

    Translation: From messenger RNA to protein:

    The information encoded in the DNA is transferred to


    messenger RNA and then decoded by the ribosome to
    produce proteins.

    Dr Moh Osman
    5’-ATGCCTAGGTACCTATGA-3’ DNA
    3’-TACGGATCCATGGATACT-5’
    Transcription
    5’-AUGCCUAGGUACCUAUGA-3’ mRNA

    decoded as

    5’-AUG CCU AGG UAC CUA UGA-3’


    Translation

    N-MET-PRO-ARG-TYR-LEU-C Protein
    Generalized tRNA
    Alanine tRNA
    Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes
    The large and small subunits come together to form the ribosome

    Mitochondrial
    or Prokaryotic
    Eukaryotic 60S subunit 80S ribosome 40S subunit
    tRNAs are activated by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases
    Amino-acyl tRNA synthetases:
    One synthetase for each amino acid
    a single synthetase may recognize multiple tRNAs
    for the same amino acid
    Importance:
    Ensures that the correct aa is incorporated
    Formation of high-energy covalent bond
    Two levels of control to ensure that the proper amino acid
    is incorporated into protein: 1) Charging of the proper tRNA
    2) Matching the
    charged tRNA to the
    messenger RNA
    In prokaryotes, specific
    sequences in the mRNA around
    the AUG codon, called
    Shine-Delgarno sequences,
    are recognized by an intiation
    complex consisting of a Met
    amino-acyl tRNA, Initiation
    Factors (IFs) and the small
    ribosomal subunit
    GTP hydrolysis by
    IF2 coincident with
    release of the IFs and
    binding of the large
    ribosomal subunit leads
    to formation of a complete
    ribosome,on the mRNA
    and ready to translate.
    The association of the large and small subunits creates the
    structural features on the ribosome that are essential for
    protein synthesis

    Three tRNA binding


    sites:
    A site = amino-acyl
    tRNA binding site

    P site = peptidyl-tRNA
    binding site

    E site = exit site


    In addition to the APE sites there is an mRNA binding groove
    that holds onto the message being translated
    Elongation cycle involves 3 steps
    • Insertion of aminoacyl tRNA in the A site.

    • Formation of peptide bond.

    • Translocation.
    GTP hydrolysis by
    eIF2 is a signal for
    binding of the large
    subunit and beginning
    of translation
    A second elongation factor
    EF-G or EF-2, drives the
    translocation of the ribosome
    along the mRNA

    Together GTP hydrolysis


    by EF-1 and EF-2 help drive
    protein synthesis forward
    Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by the large
    subunit rRNA
    (Peptidyl transferase)
    • The coo end of the aa bound to tRNA in the P site is
    uncoupled from the tRNA and become joined by PP to the
    amino group of the aa linked to the tRNA in the A site.
    Termination of translation
    is triggered by stop codons

    Release factor enters


    the A site and triggers
    hydrolysis the peptidyl-tRNA
    bond leading to release of
    the protein.
    Release of the protein causes
    the disassociation of the
    ribosome into its constituent
    subunits.
    This is a molecule of messenger RNA.
    It was made in the nucleus by
    transcription from a DNA molecule.

    codon
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU

    mRNA molecule
    A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic
    reticulum attaches to the mRNA
    molecule.

    ribosome

    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    Amino acid

    tRNA molecule

    A transfer RNA molecule arrives.


    It brings an amino acid to the first three
    bases (codon) on the mRNA.
    anticodon The three unpaired bases (anticodon)
    on the tRNA link up with the codon.
    UAC
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    Another tRNA molecule comes into
    place, bringing a second amino acid.

    Its anticodon links up with the second


    codon on the mRNA.
    CC
    UAC G
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    Peptide bond

    A peptide bond forms between the


    two amino acids.

    U A CC C G
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    The first tRNA molecule releases its amino
    acid and moves off into the cytoplasm.

    A C
    U
    CCG
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    The ribosome moves along the mRNA to
    the next codon.

    CCG
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    Another tRNA molecule brings
    the next amino acid into place.

    AA
    CCG U
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    A peptide bond joins the second
    and third amino acids to form a
    polypeptide chain.

    CCGCCG
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    The process continues.

    The polypeptide chain gets longer.


    This continues until a termination
    (stop) codon is reached.

    The polypeptide is then complete. AC


    GUC G
    AUGGGCUUAAAG CAGUGCACGUU
    Variations between eukaryotes and
    prokaryotes
    Variations in initiation step
    • Complexity of ribosomal subunits.
    • At least 9 eukaryotic initiation factors are
    required (eIFs).
    • Initiating amino acid is methionine
    • Monocistronic mRNA.
    • No Shine-Dalgarno sequence: Scanning
    method used.
    Initiation of Translation

    Initiation is controlled differently in prokaryotic and


    eukaryotic ribosomes

    In prokaryotes a single transcript can give rise to multiple proteins


    Eukaryotic mRNAs have a distinct structure at the 5’ end
    Structure of the 7-methyl guanosine cap

    The 7me-G cap is required


    for an mRNA to be
    translated
    Variations in elongation and termination

    • Elongation cycle is similar in pro and eukaryotes. Three


    factors are required with properties similar to prok ones:
    eEf1α, eEf1βγ and eEF2.

    • Single eukaryotic release factor (eRF) recognizes all three


    STOP codons.
    Post-translational modification

    • Functional proteins
    • Cleavage: amino- & carboxypeptidase (insulin)
    • Hydroxylation –Collagen
    • Phosporylation- glycogen phosphorylase
    • Methylation, glycosylation , acetylation, etc..
    Translation Inhibitors are important antibiotics

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