Visualizing Technology

Eighth Edition

Chapter 12
Program Development

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Learning Objectives
12.1 Describe the System Development Life Cycle
12.2 Describe the Program Development Cycle
12.3 Compare Various Programming Languages
12.4 Explain the Term Artificial Intelligence

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Learning Objective 12.1
• Describe the System Development Life Cycle

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Describe the System Development
Life Cycle

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (1 of 8)
• Also called waterfall approach
• Each phase must be completed in order for the next phase to begin
• This method is rigid
• Process begins with request for new system or replacement for old one

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (2 of 8)

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (3 of 8)
• Planning phase of the SDLC
– Project team
▪ Stakeholders, software developers, and a project manager (P M)
– Feasibility study
▪ Economic
▪ Technical
▪ Operational
▪ Political

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (4 of 8)
• Analysis phase of the SDLC
– Data flow diagram (D F D)
▪ Shows data flow and highlights
system deficiencies
– Requirements analysis
▪ Results in a system specification
report
– System specification report
▪ A logical model of the new system

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (5 of 8)
• Design phase of the S DLC
– Select solution that meets
the requirements
– Cost-effective options
– Design of system begins
– Application specifications
written, if system will be built
instead of purchased

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (6 of 8)
• Implementation and testing phase of the SDLC
– Programmers use designs and specifications to create the system
– Programs written in modules
– Unit and integration or link testing
– Volume testing
– Acceptance testing
– User training takes place

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (7 of 8)
• Maintenance phase of the SDLC
– System may change or be updated
– Security holes and bugs fixed
– New features added
– Retraining as needed
– Documentation updated

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Getting from Idea to Product—System
Development Life Cycle (8 of 8)
• Maintenance phase of the SDLC
– Day-to-day operational maintenance
▪ Monitoring performance
▪ Installing updates and patches
▪ Creating and restoring backups

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Getting from Idea to Product—Other
Development Models (1 of 2)
• Joint Application Development (J A D)
• Rapid Application Development (R AD)
• Agile Development

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Getting from Idea to Product—Other
Development Models (2 of 2)
• Waterfall SDL —best used when system
requirements are clear and structured
• Spiral Method (SDM—best for high-risk projects
• V model (Verification and Validation)
• Incremental model
• Iterative model

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Learning Objective 12.2
• Describe the Program Development Cycle

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Describe the Program Development
Cycle

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (1 of 9)
• Defining the problem
– What data will be provided (input)?
– What will the program do (processing and output)?
• Designing the solution
– Algorithm
▪ Set of steps to solve problem
▪ Each step performs a single task

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (2 of 9)
• Flowchart
– Graphic view of algorithm
▪ Arrows to show direction
▪ Other symbols to show actions and data
• Control structures
– Show logic and flow of data processing

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (3 of 9)
• Pseudocode
– Steps of an algorithm
▪ More detail
▪ English-like statements
▪ Focuses on logic, not syntax
▪ Contains control structures
▪ Not executable

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (4 of 9)
• Coding
– Converting algorithm into instructions computer can understand
– Considerations
▪ Type of task
▪ Platform
▪ Expertise of the programmer

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (5 of 9)
• Choosing the right language
– Procedural programming
– Object-oriented programming
– Syntax rules – the correct construction of commands in a language

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (6 of 9)
• Debugging – the process of detecting and fixing errors
– Syntax error
▪ Error in way code is written
▪ Typo, missing parameter, incorrect use of symbols
▪ Easy to spot by reviewing line-by-line

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (7 of 9)
– Logic error
▪ Error in programming logic
▪ Results in unexpected outcome
▪ More difficult to detect
▪ Does not prevent a program from running

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (8 of 9)
– Runtime error
▪ Occurs when program is running and something entered causes it to
crash
▪ Memory issues are common cause of runtime errors

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Coding the System Program
Development Cycle (9 of 9)
• Testing and documentation
– Beta testing
▪ Testing done under actual working conditions
– Documentation
▪ Created throughout programming cycle
▪ For users and programmers

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Learning Objective 12.3
• Compare Various Programming Languages

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Compare Various Programming
Languages

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Tools of the Trade—Programming
Languages (1 of 4)
• Low-level
– First-generation (1GL)
 Machine language
 Written in binary
– Second-generation (2GL)
 Assembly language
 Closer to what humans speak

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Tools of the Trade—Programming
Languages (2 of 4)
• High-level
– Third-generation (3GL)
 Procedural and object-oriented languages
 Require considerable amount of programming knowledge
 Compiler converts code into machine language

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Tools of the Trade—Programming
Languages (3 of 4)
– Fourth-generation (4GL)
 Closer to natural language than 3GL
– Fifth-generation (5GL)
 Primarily used in artificial intelligence applications

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Tools of the Trade—Programming
Languages (4 of 4)
• Software development kit (S D K)
– A bundle of libraries and tools for a particular platform
• Integrated development environment (I DE)
I

– Complete system for developing software

• Platform-as-a-Service (P aaS)
– Online programming environment
– Develop, test, and deploy custom applications

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Tools of the Trade—Web
Programming (1 of 3)
• Select right language for task
• Simplest form of a webpage is a static H TML page
• Dynamic elements
– Menus
– Rollovers
– Searches
– Videos and animation

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Tools of the Trade—Web
Programming (2 of 3)
• Server-side
– Processing takes place on server
– Results sent to client as HTML
– Client does not need special software other than a browser

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Tools of the Trade—Web
Programming (3 of 3)
• Client-side
– Coding is within webpage
– Downloaded to client computer
– Compiled and executed by browser or plug-in

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Tools of the Trade—Mobile App
Features
• Work well
• Market appeal
• Generate income
– Pay-per-download
– Subscription
– In-app purchases – charge for
other features
– In-app advertising

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Learning Objective 12.4
• Explain the Term Artificial Intelligence

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Explain the Term Artificial Intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence – Applications
• Branch of science
• Uses 5G languages
– LISP
– Prolog

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Artificial Intelligence—Expert Systems
• Make decisions in real-life situations
• Simulate human judgment
• Use fuzzy logic
– Answer questions that do not have
clear yes-or-no answer
– Recognizes that not everything
can be broken down to a true-or-
false answer

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Artificial Intelligence—Machine
Learning and Neural Networks
• Machine learning ( L)
M

• Deep learning
• Neural networks
– Emulate biological connections or neurons of the human brain
– Three layers – Input, output, and middle

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Questions

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Copyright

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