CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

(CCTV)
 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is the use of video
cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set
of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the
signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to
point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links.
 Brief History of CCTV
 1942 – First CCTV security camera surveillance system
installed. German engineer Walter Bruch was responsible for
the design and installation of the CCTV security camera
surveillance system.
 1956 – First VCR(Video Cassette recorder) produced by
Ampex Corporation team led by Charles Ginsburg. 19 year
old engineer Ray Dolby was also part of the team. Built for
commercial business use.
 1960’s – First digital camera signals used in cameras over
analog by NASA.
 Brief History of CCTV
 1972 – First VCR for home used produced by Philips.
 1996 – The first IP camera was released in 1996 by Axis
Communications.
 1998 – First consumer digital video recorders (DVR) released
to public.
 Types of CCTV Systems
 CCTV Systems are broadly divided into two types. These are:
• Wired CCTV System
• Wireless CCTV system
 Wired CCTV System
 Wired CCTV systems connect the camera to the recording
device and monitor with the help of standard coaxial cables or
Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP) cables or fiber optic cables.
The image data is usually transmitted over a coaxial cable.
The signal transmitted over these cables is then fed into a
monitor or set of monitors if the image needs to be visible in
different locations.
 Wireless CCTV System
 Wireless CCTV System. Basically, Wireless CCTV systems
are similar to wired CCTV systems. The difference is that a
radio transmitter is attached to the camera. A radio receiver
then attached to the input on the monitor system or computer.
Wireless systems are useful when the distance between the
camera and the monitor is too far to be practical for a cable
run.
 Components of CCTV System
 ANALOG SYSTEM  IP SYSTEM
Camera Camera
DVR NVR
Hard Disk for Recording Hard Disk for Recording
Wiring for Video – Coaxial or Wiring for Video – CAT 5 / CAT
CAT 5(With Video Balun) 5E / CAT 6
Power Supply Power Supply (not required if
Connector – BNC or RJ45(in case POE switch is used
of video balun) Connector – RJ45
 Components of CCTV System
 Difference between Cat5E and Cat6 cables are that Cat6 cables, also
known as Category 6 or Cat 6, offer lower crosstalk, higher signal-
to-noise ratio, and are compatible for 10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit
Ethernet). Cat5e cables support only up to 1000BASE-T (Gigabit
Ethernet). Cat6 cables are usually a better choice than Cat5e, in that
technologically moving forward they are more suited to handle
faster connection speeds and are worth their slight difference in
price. Both cat5E and Cat6 cables are backwards compatible,
meaning cat6 cables can be used in conjunction with Cat5, Cat5E,
and even older Cat3 cables and equipment.
 Components of CCTV System
 A Video Balun enables the transmission of video using unshielded
twisted pair wire instead of coaxial cable. The word "balun"
comes from combining the terms balanced and unbalanced. The
function of a balun is to transform an unbalanced signal into a
balanced signal. When video signal is transmitted through coaxial
cable, the distance traveled by the signal is limited because the
signal is in the form of an unbalanced signal that is susceptible to
Radio Frequency Interference or noise. Coax cable incorporates
special shielding to minimize noise.
 Different Types of Camera
 Dome Camera
• Dome CCTV Cameras are most commonly
used for indoor security and surveillance
applications. Dome cameras get their name
from the dome-shaped housing in which
they sit. These housings are designed to
make the CCTV cameras unobtrusive…
not covert or hidden. Typical applications
are retail, where the camera is designed to
be unobtrusive, but visible.
 Different Types of Camera
 Bullet CCTV Camera
• Bullet CCTV Cameras have a long, cylindrical, and
tapered shape, similar to that of a "rifle bullet", often
used in applications that require long distance
viewing. The camera is not typically designed to have
pan/tilt/zoom control but instead to capture images
from a fixed location, pointing at a particular area.
• A bullet CCTV camera is a wall-mount or ceiling-
mounted unit that is typically designed for indoor
use, but can also be used for some outdoor
applications. Many bullet cameras can also be
waterproof by being installed inside protective
casings, which protect against dust, dirt, rain, hail and
other harmful elements.
 Different Types of Camera
 C-Mount CCTV Camera
• C-mount CCTV cameras have
detachable lenses to fit different
applications. Standard CCTV
camera lenses can only cover
distances of between 35 and 40ft,
therefore with C-mount CCTV
cameras, it is possible to use
special lenses, which can cover
distances greater than 40ft.
 Different Types of Camera
 Day/Night CCTV Camera
• The day/night CCTV cameras have the distinct
advantage of operating in both normal and poorly-lit
environments. These cameras do not have Infrared
illuminators because they can capture clear video
images in varying light conditions and in the dark.
• The camera is ideal for outdoor surveillance
applications, where Infrared CCTV cameras cannot
function optimally. These CCTV cameras are
primarily used in outdoor applications and they can
have a wide dynamic range to function in glare,
direct sunlight, reflections and strong back light
24/7.
 Different Types of Camera
 Infrared/Night Vision
CCTV Camera
• These night-vision CCTV cameras
have the ability to see images in
pitch black conditions using
Infrared LEDs and are ideal in
outside conditions where lighting
is poor to zero.
 Different Types of Camera
 Network/IP CCTV Camera
• These cameras, both hardwired and
wireless, transmit images over the
Internet, often compressing the
bandwidth so as not to overwhelm
the web. IP cameras are easier to
install than analog cameras because
they do not require a separate cable
run or power boost to send images
over a longer distance.
 Different Types of Camera
 Wireless CCTV Camera
• Not all wireless cameras are IP-
based. Some wireless cameras can
use alternative modes of wireless
transmission. But no matter what
the transmission method, the
primary benefit to these units is
still the same: extreme flexibility
in installation.
 Types of Lens

 2 Types of Lenses:
• Fixed
• Varifocal
 Fixed Lens
 Fixed Lens are those lenses where lens size doesn’t change,
all we can do is focus, we cant zoom in or zoom out.
 Common Sizes are:
• 12mm
• 08mm
• 06mm
• 04mm
• 3.6mm
• 2.8mm
 Varifocal Lens
 Varifocal lens size can be changed during the installation
process & zoom in and zoom out is possible
 Common sizes are
• 2.5mm~8mm
• 3.0mm~12mm
• 5.0mm~50mm
 Focal length can be adjusted by 3 methods:
 Manual (No Cable)
To be used only indoors and where the lighting conditions is always the
same
 Auto Iris (With Cable)
Adjust automatically to allow more or less tight to be received by the
CCD chip in the Camera
 Motor Zoom (With Cable and telemetry receiver is needed)
To be found mostly with pan and tilt systems. The zoom & focus can be
manually controlled.
How Camera Works
Block Diagram of CCTV
 Uses of CCTV
 CCTV is commonly used for a variety of purposes, including:
• Maintaining perimeter security in medium-to-high-secure areas and
installations.
• Observing behavior of incarcerated inmates and potentially dangerous
patients in medical facilities.
• Traffic Monitoring.
• Building and ground security.
• Overseeing locations that would be hazardous to a human. for example,
highly radioactive environment.
• Obtaining a visual record of activities where it is necessary to maintain
proper security. for example, in banks, casinos, or airports.
 Advantages of CCTV Camera System
 Deters Crime: The presence of CCTV camera system for surveillance will reduce
petty thefts and vandalism in shops, malls and other public places.
 Helps Maintain Records: The images and videos captured by a CCTV camera
system are often recorded and stored into a database.
 Protects Employees: This is particularly helpful in customer service centers. The
employees providing customer service may sometimes be subjected to verbal
abuse or physical attacks. CCTV camera system helps to identify such instances
and act immediately. It is also helpful to keep a tab on the activities of the
employees.
 For Evidence in Lawsuits: In legal cases of thefts and other forms of crime, videos
and images provided by the CCTV camera system can serve as a valid proof and
evidence against the defaulter.
 Disadvantages of CCTV Camera System
 Do Not Work Always: CCTV camera system cannot monitor every
area of your office or home at all times. Hence it cannot be considered
as a foolproof method for crime prevention.
 Privacy Concerns: Invasion of privacy is the major issue when it
comes to any security system device like the CCTV camera system. It
lowers the employee morale and hampers productivity at times.
Constant monitoring of every activity might put the workers ill at ease.
 Initial Costs: The initial costs incurred per camera are high. The
installation may also increase the initial expenditure. It depends upon
the complexity of the CCTV camera system as well.
 Acronym
 CCTV – Closed Circuit Television
 DVR – Digital Video Recorder
 HDD – Hard Disk Drive
 LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
 NVR – Network Video Recorder
 BNC – Bayonet Neill-Concelman
 UTP – Unshielded Twisted Pair
 POE – Power Over Ethernet
 VCR – Video Cassette Recorder
 CCD – Charged Coupled Device
 A network video recorder (NVR) is a specialized computer system
that includes a software program that records video in a digital
format to a disk drive, USB flash drive, SD memory card or
other mass storage device. An NVR contains no dedicated video
capture hardware. However, the software is typically run on a
dedicated device, usually with an embedded operating system.
Alternatively, to help support increased functionality and
serviceability, standard operating systems are used with standard
processors and video management software. An NVR is typically
deployed in an IP video surveillance system.
 NVR vs. DVR – The Basics

 At the core, both NVR and DVRs are responsible for video
recording. DVR stands for Digital Video Recorder, whereas
NVR stands for Network Video Recorder. The difference
between NVR and DVR is how they process video data.
 DVR systems process the video data at the recorder, whereas
NVR systems encode and process the video data at the
camera, then stream it to the NVR recorder which is used for
storage and remote viewing.
 As DVRs and NVRs handle the video data differently, they
require different types of cameras. Most NVRs are used with
IP cameras whereas DVRs are used with analog cameras. It’s
important to note that a DVR based system is a wired security
system, whereas NVR systems can be a
wired or wireless system.
 DVR Security System – Pros & Cons

 Camera Type – Analog

The cameras used by a DVR system must be analog security
cameras, better known as CCTV cameras. Most of the cost
savings found by using a DVR system is due to the camera.
While you can mix and match cameras in your home security
system, there is less flexibility in the type of cameras you can
use with DVR systems.
 In a DVR system, the analog cameras stream an analog signal
to the recorder, which then processes the images. The
advantage of this system is the reduced complexity required
of the camera when compared to an NVR system.
 Cable – Coaxial BNC Cable
The camera connects to the DVR recorder via a coaxial BNC
cable. Although the use of coaxial cable may not seem
significant, it does have some limitations:
 As the coaxial cable doesn’t provide power to the
camera, there are actually two cables included within one
covering – a power and video cable. The cables separate each
end to provide the separate functions. As such, you’ll need to
install your DVR recorder near a power outlet.
 The size and rigidity of coaxial cables can make installation
more challenging. The coaxial cable is wider in diameter than
Ethernet cables used with NVR systems which can make it
more difficult to run cables in tight spaces. Coaxial cables also
tend to be more rigid, compounding this problem.
 However, if your property has existing coaxial connections for
a previous security system, you can use the same cable to
connect your new system.
 Standard coax cables do not support audio. A variant that with
an added RCA connection is needed but even with these a
DVR has a limited number of audio input ports so only a
small number of cameras can record audio.
 The image quality on coaxial cable will begin to degrade after
about 300ft/90m, which can limit the ability to which you will
extend your security presence outward. Lower quality cable
will result in a signal loss at shorter distances.
 Recorder
DVR recorders rely on a hardware chipset known as an AD
encoder, which is responsible for processing the raw data
streaming from the camera into legible video recordings. DVR
systems also have different requirements when it comes to the
recorder. Specifically, in a DVR system, the user must connect
every camera directly to the recorder. In comparison, an NVR
system only requires that each camera connects to the same
network. Also, in a DVR system, the recorder doesn’t provide
power to the cameras. Each camera connection will need a
splitter that supplies power to enable cameras to function.
 System Flexibility
DVR security systems are less flexible than their NVR
counterparts in terms of camera type and mounting options.
Whereas NVR based systems can integrate both wired and
wireless security cameras, DVR systems can only use wired
security cameras. DVR systems also have less flexible
mounting solutions, because routing coaxial cable can be
more difficult in tight situations and a power outlet is required
for each camera.
 Image & Audio Quality
As we’ve discussed, in DVR systems the cameras transmit
analog video via the coax cable directly to the recorder and
images are processed at the recorder level. The analog signal
results in a lower quality image compared to NVR systems.
Coaxial cables also don’t natively transmit an audio signal,
and DVR recorders usually have a limited number of audio
input ports.
 NVR Security System – Pros & Cons

 NVR security camera systems incorporate the newest

technology to provide an enhanced, feature-rich security
system. Also known as POE security camera systems, NVR
based systems are more flexible and complex than DVR
systems.
 Camera Type – IP Camera
As NVR systems process the video data at the camera rather than on
the recorder, the cameras in NVR systems are much more robust
than their DVR counterparts. NVR systems use IP cameras which
are standalone image capturing devices. IP cameras each have a
chipset which is capable of processing the video data which is then
transmitted to a recorder. Unlike analog cameras, IP cameras are
typically all capable of recording and sending audio as well as video.
The more powerful hardware on IP cameras also enables improved
smart functionality and video analytics, such as facial recognition.
 Cable – Ethernet
Like DVR systems, NVR systems connect the camera to the
recorder. However, how they connect the camera to the
recorder is entirely different. NVR systems use standard
Ethernet cables, such as cat5e and cat6, to transmit data.
Professional installers prefer ethernet cables due to the
number of advantages compared to coaxial cables:
 Ethernet cable powers the camera using Power over Ethernet
(PoE), which means your camera needs one cable running to
capture video, audio, and power the camera, thus eliminating
the need for messy splitters like a DVR system.
 Ethernet cable tends to be easier to route and terminate
because it is thinner and has a smaller connector allowing for
less drilling.
 Ethernet is cheaper than coaxial cable and much more readily
available, making cable replacement or system expansion
more accessible and affordable. Many modern homes and
businesses are being built wired for Ethernet, making
installation even easier.
 An added advantage of Ethernet cable is that every camera on
the system can transmit audio since Ethernet can send audio
data natively.
 Cables do not need to run between every camera and the
recorder. They need to be on the same wireless network.
Installation is more straightforward and cleaner as multiple
cables aren’t required.
 Despite a shorter max Ethernet cable length, 328ft or 100m,
network switches can be used to extend total distance without
impacting image quality.
 Recorder
Unlike a DVR system, the recorder in an NVR system doesn’t
process video data. That step is completed at the camera
before it is transmitted. NVR recorders are only used for
storing and viewing the footage.
 System Flexibility
NVR systems are inherently more flexible because security
cameras don’t necessarily have to be physically connected
directly to the recorder. Instead, IP cameras only have to be on
the same network. As such, you could feasibly have cameras
all over the world on the same network that connect to your
NVR can then be viewed as a comprehensive system.
 Image & Audio Quality
As NVR recorders receive a pure digital signal from the
cameras, video quality is better than compared to a DVR at
the same resolution. In addition, as Ethernet cables carry
audio, all cameras with microphones could record audio to the
NVR.
Acronym
 A Power over Ethernet (PoE) switch is a dedicated device that
contains multiple Ethernet ports to provide power and network
communications to IP cameras. This allows a PoE switch to
expand the reach of an NVR system because you can connect
IP cameras to the PoE switch rather than the NVR.
 A PoE switch expands a network created by a router.
Therefore, it must be connected directly to a router on the
same network as your NVR.