Introduction To Statistics

INTRODUCTION
LYNN M. REMO
[email protected]
Fb : Lynn Remo
⚫ Lyla is a restaurant owner and she has
two locations picked for a possible new
location. She decides to conduct a
mini-study to decide based on a variety
of factors. Location A is smaller, and
she notices that there is a high school
two blocks away, some business offices
close by, and a computer shop next
door. Location B is larger and next to a
supermarket with some business
offices scattered around the area,
amidst several vacant lots. If you were
Lyla, which would you choose?
STATISTICS brings order to data
and gives meaning to life!
Jackson and Frigon, 1996
Statistics
⚫ The science of collecting, organizing, presenting,

analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making
more effective decisions
⚫ Statistical analysis – used to manipulate summarize,
and investigate data, so that useful decision-making
information results.
Variables
■ A variable are properties or characteristics
measured from the person, object or thing.
Generally takes on many different values.
Definition:
Variable of Interest:
Data – values of a variable
Example
Sales (in millions of pesos) Brand

1.23. X
2.10 Y
9.32 X
7.20 Z
3.65 Y
Data
Types of Variables
⚫ Variables can be classified as QUALITATIVE (categories,
brand, kind) or QUANTITATIVE (numerical data)
⚫ Qualitative - data are measurements that each fail into one
of several categories. (hair color, ethnic groups and other
attributes of the population)
⚫ quantitative - data are observations that are measured on a
numerical scale (distance traveled to school, number of
children in a family, etc.)
⚫ If it is quantitative, it is classified into discrete or

continuous.
8
Data
The value of the variable associated with one element of a
population or sample. This value may be a number, a
word, or a symbol
Statistical data are usually obtained by counting or
measuring items. Most data can be put into the
following categories:
Discrete data (such as number of siblings) is a result of
counting, and continuous data (such as time or
weight) are infinitely divisible into whatever units a
researcher may choose. It is a result of measuring. For
example, time can be measured to the nearest minute,
second, half-second, etc.
Number of children playing
⚫ Height
⚫ Weight
⚫ time
Qualitative data
Qualitative data are generally described by words or
letters. They are not as widely used as quantitative data
because many numerical techniques do not apply to the
qualitative data. For example, it does not make sense to
find an average hair color or blood type.
Qualitative data can be separated into two subgroups:
⚫ dichotomic (if it takes the form of a word with two options
(gender - male or female)
⚫ polynomic (if it takes the form of a word with more than
two options (education - primary school, secondary school
and university).
Quantitative data
Quantitative data are always numbers and are the
result of counting or measuring attributes of a population.
Quantitative data can be separated into two
subgroups:
⚫ discrete (if it is the result of counting (the number of
students of a given ethnic group in a class, the number of
books on a shelf, ...)
⚫ continuous (if it is the result of measuring (distance
traveled, weight of luggage, …)
Variables
• In scientific research, we often want to study the effect of one variable on
another one. For example, you might want to test whether students who
spend more time studying get better exam scores.
• The variables in a study of a cause-and-effect relationship are called
the independent and dependent variables.
• The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other
variables in your study.
• The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in
the independent variable.
14
Examples of independent and dependent variables
Research Question Independent variable(s) Dependent variable(s)
Do tomatoes grow fastest under •The type of light the •The rate of growth of
fluorescent, incandescent, or tomato plant is grown the tomato plant
natural light? under
What is the effect of diet and •The type of soda you •Your blood sugar
regular soda on blood sugar drink (diet or regular) levels
levels?
How does phone use before •The amount of phone •Number of hours of
bedtime affect sleep? use before bed sleep
•Quality of sleep
How well do different plant •The amount of salt •Plant growth

species tolerate salt water? added to the plants’ •Plant wilting
water
Areas of statistics
⚫ Descriptive statistics – Methods of organizing,
summarizing, and presenting data in an informative
way
⚫ Inferential statistics – The methods used to determine
something about a population on the basis of a sample
⚫ Population –The entire set of individuals or objects of
interest or the measurements obtained from all
individuals or objects of interest
⚫ Sample – A portion, or part, of the population of interest
From Data Analysis to Inference
Population
Sample
Collect data from a

representative Sample...
Make an Inference
about the Population.
Perform Data
Analysis, keeping
probability in mind…
Descriptive Statistics
⚫ Present data
⚫ e.g., Tables and graphs
⚫ Summarize data
⚫ e.g., Sample mean =
Inferential Statistics
⚫ Estimation
⚫ e.g., Estimate the population mean
weight using the sample mean
weight
⚫ Hypothesis testing
⚫ e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 70 kg
Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making decisions about a

population based on sample results
Types of variables
Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
Dichotomic Polynomic Discrete Continuous

Sales (in millions of pesos) Brand
1.23. X
2.10 Y
9.32 X
7.20 Z
3.65 Y
Example: Identify each UNDERLINE words whether attribute
(qualitative) or numerical (quantitative) variables. Please click the
desired answer.
1. The marital status of the students in a statistics class.
A. Qualitative B. Quantitative
2. The amount of gasoline pumped by the next 10 customers at the Shell
station.
3. The color of the baseball cap worn by each of 20 students.
4. The length of time to complete a mathematics homework assignment.
5. The programs offered in the graduate school.
⚫YOU’RE
CORRECT
⚫SORRY,
WRONG
ANSWER
Example: A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of
faculty. Identify the basic terms in this situation.
The population all faculty members at the college.

A sample any subset of that population. For example, we might select
10 faculty members and determine their age.
The variable is the “age” of each faculty member.
One data age of a specific faculty member.

Numerical scale of measurement:
⚫ Nominal or categorical – consist of categories in each of which the
number of respective observations is recorded. The categories are in no
logical order and have no particular relationship.
⚫ Example: gender, civil status, etc.
⚫ Ordinal – similar to nominal. It has a clear ordering of the variables.
Values in one category are larger or smaller than values in other categories
(e.g. rating-excellent, good, fair, poor)
⚫ Example: Year level
⚫ Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance
between numbers is of a known, constant size.it has no true zero point.
⚫ Example: temperature
⚫ Ratio – consists of numerical measurements where the distance between
numbers is of a known, constant size, in addition, there is a nonarbitrary
zero point.when the data is zero, there is an absence of the characteristic
being measured.
⚫ Example: monthly allowance
Example: Identify each UNDERLINE words whether attribute
(qualitative) or numerical (quantitative) variables. Please click the
desired answer.
1. The course of the students in a statistics class.
A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio
2. The amount of gasoline pumped by the next 10 customers at the Shell
station.
B. NominalB. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio
3. The color of the baseball cap worn by each of 20 students.
4. The temperature in the classroom.
5. The socioeconomic status (low, middle, high) of the graduate students.

⚫YOU’RE
CORRECT
⚫SORRY,
WRONG
ANSWER
The COVID-19 pandemic: why are some countries coping
more successfully than others?
Hasan Muhammad Baniamin, Mizanur Rahman&Mohammad Tareq Hasan
https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2020.1784769
⚫ Countries have experienced varied success in controlling the

COVID-19 pandemic. To understand these variations, the study used
netnography on news media and websites, and social media. Factors
identified as critical to success in managing the pandemic fall into
two categories: state-centric and socio-demographic. State-centric
factors such as policy learning and implementation structure, and
technological and administrative readiness have influenced success.
Contextual factors such as a country’s demographic profile (e.g.,
age), family structure (multigenerational family), and cultural
attributes (e.g., kissing and hugging to greet) also shape the
effectiveness of policies for controlling the pandemic.

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INTRODUCTION

⚫ The science of collecting, organizing, presenting,

Sales (in millions of pesos) Brand

⚫ If it is quantitative, it is classified into discrete or

How well do different plant •The amount of salt •Plant growth

Collect data from a

Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making decisions about a

Dichotomic Polynomic Discrete Continuous

The population all faculty members at the college.

One data age of a specific faculty member.

A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

⚫ Countries have experienced varied success in controlling the

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