SUBJECT NAME: Social Network Analysis

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 SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS SOFTWARE, TOOLS AND
LIBRARIES 9 Hrs.

• Modelling and aggregating social network

data: Ontological representation of social
individuals – Ontological representation of
social relationships - Aggregating and
reasoning with social network data –
Advanced representations. Social network
analysis software - Tools - Libraries .

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 WHAT IS
• Ontology is the study or concern about what
kinds of things exist - what entities or `things'
there are in the universe [3]. ... The
conceptualisation is the couching of
knowledge about the world in terms of
entities (things, the relationships they hold
and the constraints between them).

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 EXAMPLE
• An example of ontology is when a physicist
establishes different categories to divide
existing things into in order to better
understand those things and how they fit
together in the broader world. ... Whereas the
World Wide Web links Web pages together,
the Semantic Web links the data on the Web
that are related.

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 ROLE
• Some of the major characteristics
of ontologies are that they ensure a common
understanding of information and that they
make explicit domain assumptions. ... Also, by
improving metadata and provenance, and
thus allowing organizations to make better
sense of their data, ontologies enhance data
quality.

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 ontology vs taxonomy?
• According to Bob Bater,
“an ontology identifies and distinguishes
concepts and their relationships; it describes
content and relationships.
A taxonomy formalizes the hierarchical
relationships among concepts and specifies
the term to be used to refer to each; it
prescribes structure and terminology.”

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 CREATE ONTO-HOW TO
• Determine the domain and scope of
the ontology.
• Consider reusing existing ontologies.
• Enumerate important terms.
• Define the classes & class hierarchy.
• Define the properties of classes.
• Define the facets of the slots.
• Create instances.

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 WHY ONTOLOGIES?
• Ontologies are content theories about the
sorts of objects, properties of objects, and
relations between objects that are possible in
a specified domain of knowledge. They
provide potential terms for describing our
knowledge about the domain.

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 FRAMES

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 Frames are more similar to web pages

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 Know what to do and how to do

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• OWL is built on RDFS which helps us to define
ontologies.
Ontologies are formal definitions of
vocabularies that allow us to define difficult or
complex structures and new relationships
between vocabulary terms and members of
classes that we define.

• Ontologies generally describe specific domains

such as scientific research areas.

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 Example:

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 Components:

• Individuals –
Individuals are also known as instances of
objects or concepts.
• It may or may not be present in an ontology.
• It represents the atomic level of an ontology.

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 Components:

• For example, in the above ontology of movie,

• individuals can be a film (Titanic), a director (James
Cameron), an actor (Leonardo DiCaprio).

• Classes –
Sets of collections of various objects are termed as
classes.
• For example, in the above ontology representing
movie,
• movie genre (e.g. Thriller, Drama), types of person
(Actor or Director) are classes.

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• Attributes –
Properties that objects may possess.
• For example, a movie is described by the set
of ‘parts’ it contains like Script, Director,
Actors.
• Relations –
Ways in which concepts are related to one
another.
• For example, as shown above in the diagram a
movie has to have a script and actors in it.
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 Different Ontology Languages:

• CycL – It was developed for the Cyc project and is

based on First Order Predicate Calculus.
• Rule Interchange Format (RIF) – It is the language
used for combining ontologies and rules.
• Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) – It is used for
various biological and biomedical ontologies.
• Web Ontology Language (OWL) – It is developed for
using ontologies over the World Wide Web (WWW).

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 Semantic Web and RDF
• Semantic Web is an extension to the World
Wide Web.
• The purpose of the semantic web is to
provide structure to the web and data in
general.
• It emphasizes on representing a web of data
instead of web of documents.

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• It allows computers to intelligently search,
combine and process the web content based
on the meaning that the content has.
• Three main models of the semantic web are:
• Building models
• Computing with Knowledge
• Exchanging Information

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• Building Models:
Model is a simplified version or description of
certain aspects of the real-time entities.

• Model gathers information which is useful for

the understanding of the particular domain.

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• Computing Knowledge:
Conclusions can be obtained from the knowledge present.
Example:
• If two sentences are given as ‘John is the son of Harry’ and
• another sentence given is- ‘Hary’s father is Joey’,
• then the knowledge that can be computed from it is – ‘John is
the grandson of Joey’
•
Similarly,
• another example useful in the understanding of computing
knowledge is-
‘All A is B’ and ‘All B is C’, then the conclusion that can be
drawn from it is – ‘All A are C’ respectively.

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• Exchanging Information:
It is an important aspect.
• Various communication protocols have been
implemented for the exchange of information
like the TCP/IP, HTML, WWW.
• Web Services have also been used for the
exchange of the data.

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• The technologies associated with the semantic web
are:
• RDF (Resource Description Framework)
• OWL (Web Ontology Language)
• DL (Description Language)
• The query language used is:
• SPARQL ( SPARQL Protocol and RDF query language).
• SHACL (Shape Constraint Language). SHACL is used
for validating the RDF graphs against a set of
conditions.
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• Resource
RDF: Description Framework
It is the formal language for describing
structured information.
• The primary goal of RDF is to exchange data
on the web while preserving the original
meaning of the data.
• It is a data model that is used to describe
resources.
For Example
• Physical Things, Abstract Concepts, Numbers
and Strings.
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• RDF allows the processing of information. RDF
representation can be in the form of triples
and graphs.

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• RDF graph is a directed graph which is used to
serve as a description language for data on the
world wide web and other electronic
networks.
Resources are described using triples.
•
Triples capture the relationship between the
subject and the object.
• Triples have a subject, predicate and an
object.
• Triples are enclosed within angular brackets.
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• Example: Delhi is capital of India
The triple generated from this sentence is:
• <Delhi> <capital of> <India>.
• , where Delhi is the subject, capital of is the predicate
and India is the object.
The triples can also be represented in the form of
URIs (Uniform Resource Identifier).
Example of URI triple:
• <http://www.abc.org/subject/Delhi>
• <http://www.abc.org/predicate/capitalOf>
• <http://www.abc.org/object/India>.
• Every statement is terminated by a full-stop in RDF
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• Humans are best at understanding, reasoning,
and interpreting knowledge.
• Human knows things, which is knowledge and
as per their knowledge they perform various
actions in the real world.

• But how machines do all these things comes

under knowledge representation and
reasoning.
• Hence we can describe Knowledge
representation as following:
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• Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR,
KRR) is the part of Artificial intelligence which
• concerned with AI agents thinking and how
thinking contributes to intelligent behavior of
agents.

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• It is responsible for representing information
about the real world so that a computer can
understand and
• can utilize this knowledge to solve the
complex real world problems such as
diagnosis a medical condition or
communicating with humans in natural
language.

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• It is also a way which describes how we can
represent knowledge in artificial intelligence.
• Knowledge representation is not just storing
data into some database,
• but it also enables an intelligent machine to
learn from that knowledge and experiences so
that it can behave intelligently like a human.

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 What to Represent:

• Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI

systems:
• Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars
contains strings, trumpets are brass instruments.
• Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
• Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how
to do things.
• Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
• Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
• Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents
is the knowledge base. It is represented as KB.

• The Knowledgebase is a group of the Sentences (Here, sentences are used

as a technical term and not identical with the English language).
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• Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or
familiarity gained by experiences of facts,
data, and situations.

• Following are the types of knowledge in

artificial intelligence:

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• Declarative Knowledge:
• Declarative knowledge is to know about
something.
• It includes concepts, facts, and objects.
• It is also called descriptive knowledge and
expressed in declarative sentences.
• It is simpler than procedural language.

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• Procedural Knowledge
• It is also known as imperative knowledge.
• Procedural knowledge is a type of knowledge which is
responsible for knowing how to do something.
• It can be directly applied to any task.
• It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc.
• Procedural knowledge depends on the task on which it can be
applied.

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• Meta-knowledge:
• Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is called
Meta-knowledge.
• 4. Heuristic knowledge:
• Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of some
experts in a filed or subject.

• Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on previous

experiences, awareness of approaches, and which are good to
work but not guaranteed.

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• Structural knowledge:
• Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to
problem-solving.
• It describes relationships between various
concepts such as kind of, part of, and grouping
of something.
• It describes the relationship that exists
between concepts or objects.

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• Approaches to knowledge representation:
• There are mainly four approaches to
knowledge representation,
• which are givenbelow:

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 Simple relational knowledge:
• It is the simplest way of storing facts which
uses the relational method,
• and each fact about a set of the object is set
out systematically in columns.
• This approach of knowledge representation is
famous in database systems
• where the relationship between different
entities is represented.
• This approach has little opportunity for
inference.
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• Inheritable knowledge:
• In the inheritable knowledge approach, all data must be stored into a
hierarchy of classes.
• All classes should be arranged in a generalized form or a hierarchal
manner.
• In this approach, we apply inheritance property.
• Elements inherit values from other members of a class.
• This approach contains inheritable knowledge which shows a relation
between instance and class, and it is called instance relation.
• Every individual frame can represent the collection of attributes and its
value.
• In this approach, objects and values are represented in Boxed nodes.
• We use Arrows which point from objects to their values.

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• Inferential knowledge:
• Inferential knowledge approach represents knowledge in the form of
formal logics.
• This approach can be used to derive more facts.
• It guaranteed correctness.
• Example: Let's suppose there are two statements:
– Marcus is a man
– All men are mortal
Then it can represent as;

man(Marcus)
∀x = man (x) ----------> mortal (x)s

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• Procedural knowledge:
• Procedural knowledge approach uses small programs and
codes which describes how to do specific things, and how to
proceed.
• In this approach, one important rule is used which is If-Then
rule.
• In this knowledge, we can use various coding languages such
as LISP language and Prolog language.
• We can easily represent heuristic or domain-specific
knowledge using this approach.
• But it is not necessary that we can represent all cases in this
approach.
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