L6

Cell membrane 4
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Topics
• Protein mediated transport (143-146)
• Vesicular transport 5.5 (146-148)
• Epithelial transport 5.6 (149-151)
• The resting membrane potential 5.7 (152-158)
http://pollev.com/bmsc207
Poll Q
• Carrier proteins always require an external
energy source such as ATP.
a) True
b) False
Specificity, competition and saturation
Properties of both active and passive carrier mediated transport
Specificity refers to the ability of a transporter to move one molecule

or a closely related group of molecule
eg. GLUT transporters moves naturally occurring 6 carbon sugars
(glucose, mannose, galactose and fructose) but will not move
disaccharide maltose
Specificity, competition and saturation
Competition: a carrier may Saturation: rate of transport
move several members of a depends on concentration and
related group of substances number of transporters
(previous) but these -transport normally increases with
substances compete with increasing concentration until
one another. transport maximum is reached (all
-carrier may have a of the transporters are in use).
preference for one family
member
Vesicular transport
Macromolecules that cannot fit through a carrier or channel
Phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis all use bubble like vesicles created from the cell
membrane
Phagocytosis creates vesicles using the cytoskeleton
-requires ATP to move the cytoskeleton and for intracellular

transport of the vesicle (active transport mechanism)
Endocytosis- transport into cell
Differs from phagocytosis: Non-selective:
-membrane indents -Pinocytosis: allows ECF to enter
-vesicles are much smaller Selective:
Also requires ATP -Receptor mediated transport
Protein hormones Caveolae can be used

Growth factors instead of clathrin
Antibodies coated pits
Plasma proteins
Exocytosis-transport out of cell
Vesicles can be filled with large
lipophobic molecules such as
proteins synthesized in the cell
or wastes left behind by
lysosomes after intracellular
digestion
Can occur continuously (goblet

cells in the intestine producing
mucus) or intermittently when
initiated by some sort of signal
(hormones, electrical)
-Requires ATP
-Can be regulated by Ca2+
Epithelial transport
Substances entering and exiting the body or moving between
compartments often must cross a layer of epithelial cells (line
lumen or surface of structures in the body)
-Digestive tract, airways, kidneys etc.

-from lumen of organ to ECF=absorption
-from ECF to lumen of organ=secretion
X X X Tight junctions
basolateral
Tortora. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14 th ed.

Poll Q
• Aquaporins are an example of what type of
channel
a) Mechanically gated
b) Ligand gated
c) Voltage gated
d) Leak
Epithelial transport
:Across epithelial cell
: between tight junctions
https://www.intechopen.com/books/sepsis-an-ongoing-and-significant-challenge/microdialysis-
monitoring-of-biomarkers-for-early-recognition-of-intestinal-ischemia
Transporting epithelia are polarized
-the apical and basolateral membranes have different properties
Polarized distribution of membrane transporters ensures one-way

movement
Transcellular transport
Example: epithelial glucose transport
SGLT
GLUT
Membrane Transport Summary
•Passive Transport:
– It Does not require energy, substances move down the
gradient
– Two types: simple and facilitated diffusion
•Active Transport:
– It does require energy, substances move uphill (against
gradient)
– Two types: primary and secondary
•Vesicular Transport
– It does require energy
– Three types: phagocytosis, endocytosis and exocytosis
•Epithelial Transport
– It sometimes requires energy (transcellular and transcytosis)
– Three types: paracellular, transcellular and transcytosis
The resting membrane potential
Many solutes in the body carry a net electrical charge – or +
Major cations (+): Intracellular K+
Extracellular Na+
Anions (-) Intracellular Phosphate ions, proteins
Extracellular Cl-
The body as a whole is electrically neutral; for every cation there is

an anion
Electrical disequilibrium
Electricity review
1. The law of conservation of electrical charge: net amount of

charge produced in any process is zero, for every positive charge
on an ion there is an electron on another ion.
2. Opposite charges attract and like charges repel
3. Separating positive charges from negative charges requires

energy. Ex. It takes energy to separate the protons and electrons
of an atom
4. The material through which positive and negative charges can

move towards one another is a conductor (water or wire), a
material separating charges is an insulator (membrane).
Membrane potential
The electrical disequilibrium that exists between the ECF and ICF is
called the membrane potential difference or membrane potential (Vm)
As soon as 1 K+ leaves there

is an electrical gradient
The combination of electrical

and concentration gradients is
called an electrochemical
gradient
Poll Q
• Saturation refers to
a) A group of carrier proteins operating at their
maximum rate
b) When two molecules attempt to use the same
carrier
c) Whether a carrier protein has the ability to
transport only one molecule or a group of closely
related molecules
d) None of the above

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Cell membrane 4

Specificity refers to the ability of a transporter to move one molecule

Phagocytosis creates vesicles using the cytoskeleton

-requires ATP to move the cytoskeleton and for intracellular

Protein hormones Caveolae can be used

Can occur continuously (goblet

-Digestive tract, airways, kidneys etc.

Tortora. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14 th ed.

: between tight junctions

Polarized distribution of membrane transporters ensures one-way

The body as a whole is electrically neutral; for every cation there is

1. The law of conservation of electrical charge: net amount of

2. Opposite charges attract and like charges repel

3. Separating positive charges from negative charges requires

4. The material through which positive and negative charges can

As soon as 1 K+ leaves there

The combination of electrical

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