Lecture №7.

Networks and telecommunications.

Learning outcomes for the educational
program
• End devices, data transfer devices, transmission medium.
• Types of networks.
• Stack protocols: TCP/IP, OSI. IP addressing.
• Local and wide area networks.
• Wire and wireless network technologies.
• DHCP protocol.
• Technologies of connection to the Internet. Telecommunication
technologies.
Computer Network
• Definition: Two or more independent
computers connected together through
a communication media form a
computer network.
• Networks are built with a mix of
computer hardware and computer
software.
• Means for sharing resources. You do
not need the same software package
installed on your machine, if your
network has that software installed on
one of the machines on the network.
Figure 9: Typical computer network
Basic hardware and terminology in networks

• Node. Any device attached to the network capable of

communicating with other network devices is called a
Node. A node can be a computer or some other device,
such as a printer.
• Every node has a unique network address, sometimes
called a Data Link Control (DLC) address or Media
Access Control (MAC) address.
• Client. A device or application that uses the services
provided by a server is called a Client in the network.
Server.
• Server. Any computer that makes
access to files, printing,
communications, and other services
available to users of the network is
called a Server in the network.

• . Many servers also have large power

supplies, UPS (uninterruptible power
supply) support, and fault-tolerant
features, such as RAID technology.

• On the Internet, a server responds to

requests from a client, usually a WebA server may also have several processors and may be
browser. dedicated to a specific support function such as printing, e-mail,
or communications.
Hub. A device used to extend a network so that
additional workstations can be attached.
Personal Area Network (PAN)

• A personal area network (PAN) is a

computer network that will be useful
in communicating computerizes
devices such as headphones, printer,
and
• Mostly, the PAN is communicated
through wireless network technologies
such as Wireless USB, Bluetooth, etc.
You may use PANs to communicate
among the personal devices or you
may connect even to higher level
networks or to the internet.
 IP Address.

• An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical identification (logical

address) that is assigned to devices participating in a computer
network utilizing the Internet Protocol for communication between its
nodes.
• IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, but they are are written and
displayed in human-readable notations, such as 192.0.2.1 in IPv4
(32bit), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6 (128)
• The role of the IP address: "A name indicates what we seek. An
address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.“
• The IP address space is managed globally by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Routers.
• Routers. A router is a networking device that forwards packets
between networks using information in protocol headers and
forwarding tables to determine the best next router for each packet.

• Routers work at the Network Layer of the OSI model and the Internet
Layer of TCP/IP.
Classifications of Computer Networks

Computer networks can be classified by considering following different

aspects as the basis.
• The scale: Personal Area Network (PAN) slide 7, Local Area Network
(LAN),Metropolitan Area Network (MAN),Wide Area Network (WAN).
• The connection method: Optical fiber, Ethernet,Wireless LAN, Home PNA
• The functional relationship: (Network Architectures),Active Networking,
Client-server networking, Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architectures
• The network topology: Bus network topology, Star network topology, Ring
network topology, Mesh network topology, Tree or Hierarchical topology.
 Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small

geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings.

Figure 12: Local Area Network (LAN) Figure 13: LAN in a School
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Wide Area Network is defined as

a group of computers and
network devices connected
across large physical areas such
as states or countries.
• The largest WAN in existence is
the Internet.

Figure 14: Wide Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• MAN is a network that interconnect

users with computer resources in a
geographic area or region larger than
that covered by a local area network
(LAN) but smaller than the area
covered by wide area network (WAN).
• MAN is a network that connects two
or more Local Area Networks or
Campus Area Networks together but
does not extend beyond the boundaries
of the immediate town, city, or
metropolitan area. • Figure 15: Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN)
Classifications of networks based on the topology

• Network Topology is the schematic description how the arrangement

of the network is including the nodes, connecting lines, and other
devices. The main network topologies are listed below.
− Bus
− Star
− Ring
− Mesh
− Tree/Hierarchical
Bus Topology

• Bus networks (not to be

confused with the system bus of
a computer) use a common
backbone to connect all devices.
• A single cable, the backbone,
functions as a shared
communication medium that
devices attach or tap into with an
interface connector.

Figure 17: Bus topology

Star Topology

• Many home networks use the star

topology. A star network features a
central connection point called a "hub
node" that may be a network hub,
switch or router.
• generally requires more cable, but a
failure in any star network cable will
only take down one computer's
network access and not the entire
LAN.
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology

• Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes.

Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages
sent on a mesh network can take any of several
possible paths from source to destination. Some
WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh
routing.
• A mesh network in which every device connects to
every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the
illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist
in which some devices connect only indirectly
Tree Topology

• Tree topologies integrate multiple star

topologies together onto a bus.
• only hub devices connect directly to
the tree bus and each hub functions as
the root of a tree of devices. This
bus/star hybrid approach supports
future expandability of the network
much better than a bus (limited in the
number of devices due to the
broadcast traffic it generates) or a star
(limited by the number of hub
connection points) alone.
The Internet
• The Internet carries an extensive
range of information resources
and services, such as the inter-
linked hypertext documents of
the World Wide Web (WWW)
and the infrastructure to support
email.
Internet: the largest WAN in
existence
The Intranet

• Since Inernet it is a vast public • A Firewall is a set of

communication tool, some technologies designed to protect
organi- zations were willing to a private network from users on
maintain their own local network a public network. Some intranets
which supports their employees provide access to the Internet
or the members. are private through a special server called a
networks based on Internet Proxy Server,
Technologies that are located
behind an organization‟s
firewall. An intranet can cover a
LAN where only staff in the
same building or region can use
it.
The Intranet
Advantages of an Intranet

• Commercial or confidential data is kept secured within the organization.

• E-mails remain private and may also be encrypted.
• High bandwidth. No connection limits unlike the Internet
• Reliable. The organization will have dedicated IT personnel to keep
things running smoothly.
• Information specificity tailored to the organization or staff‟s needs
can be published.
The Extranet

• Extranets are again private networks that contains information related

to the company and accessible only for the members of the company
BUT allowed for outside individuals as well who have obtained the
authority to access. Therefore, an extranet is partially accessible to
authorized outsiders.
• An extranet can be configured (set up) either using a direct leased line
linking all intranets or by using a secured separate link created across
the participants as a VPN (Virtual Private Network). The latter method
is more cost effective than the firs method.
Advantages of Extranets

− A cost effective method to share and trade information and all other
data effectively at any time to the authorized people (internal and
external) such as the customers, partners, investors, suppliers who are
included within the built up extranet.
− A platform for companies to conduct business-to-business deals. Can
assist in strengthening relationships between two or more organizations.
− Useful when the staff of the company works outside the office, from
their homes, or sales sites so that they can still be in with the company
network with the access permission.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server

protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host
with its IP address and other related configuration information such as
the subnet mask and default gateway.
• Every device on a TCP/IP-based network must have a unique unicast
IP address to access the network and its resources. Without DHCP, IP
addresses for new computers or computers that are moved from
one subnet to another must be configured manually; IP addresses
for computers that are removed from the network must be manually
reclaimed.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• What is the TCP IP?
• Image result for TCP/IP.
• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a suite
of communication protocols used to
interconnect network devices on the
internet.
• An Overview of TCP/IP Protocols
and the InternetGary C.
Kessler
[email protected]
21 July 2019
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Протокол TCP/IP определяет порядок обмена данными между
вашим компьютером и другими компьютерами.
• Чтобы упростить управление параметрами TCP/IP, рекомендуется
использовать автоматический протокол DHCP. При использовании
DHCP IP-адреса автоматически назначаются компьютерам в сети
(если сеть поддерживает эту функцию). Если вы используете
DHCP, то при перемещении компьютера в другое расположение
вам не потребуется изменять параметры TCP/IP. При
использовании DHCP не нужно вручную настраивать параметры
TCP/IP, например DNS и WINS.
Abbreviated TCP/IP protocol stack