8604 Unit 5 Revised Descriptive Research Design 1-1

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
UNIT – 5
Quote of the Day
What are We Learning Today
• Introduction to Descriptive research
• Steps in descriptive research
• Survey studies
• What is a Survey?
• Types of Survey Studies
• Inter relational ship studies
• Case Study
• Casual Comparative Studies
• Correlation Studies
• Development studies
• Growth Studies
• Trend-Projection Studies
• Planning cycle and descriptive research
Descriptive Research
• Descriptive research is a type of research that describes a

population, situation, or phenomenon that is being studied
• It focuses on answering the how, what, when, and where questions

of a problem, rather than the why
Steps in Descriptive Research
According to Van Dalen, the following steps may be taken

by the investigator to carry out a good research:
• Examine their problematic situations
• State their hypotheses
• List the assumptions upon with their hypotheses
• Select appropriate subject and source materials
Steps in Descriptive Research
• Select or construct techniques for collecting the data

• Classify the data that are unambiguous, inappropriate for
the purpose
• Validate the data gathering techniques
• Make indiscriminating and objective observation
• Describe, analyze and interpret their findings in clear
and precise terms.
Types of Descriptive Research
Survey studies
Inter-relationship studies
Developmental studies
What is Survey?
• To secure evidence concerning the existing situation or

current conditions
• To identify standards or norms with which to compare
present conditions
• To determine how to make the next step (Having
determined where we are and where we wish to go)
Types of Surveys
School
Surveys
Public
Follow-up Opinion
Studies Surveys
Community
Job Analysis
Surveys
Documentary
Analysis
School Surveys
• School surveys were started in the beginning of 20th

century by educationists in United States. School survey
covers the following aspects of the school system:
• Aims, outcomes, student achievement, curriculum, method and
instructional aids
• Administrative problems and procedures of the school
• Financial policies
• Staff and personnel
• Student transportation
• School Infrastructure
Purpose of School Survey
• The data for a school survey are collected through

observations, questionnaires, interviews, standardized
tests score cards, rating scales and other data gathering
techniques.
• Analysis of such information enables the educationists to
make recommendations on the basis of which planners
can improve administrative, instructional, financial and
curricular practices in the educational institutions.
Limitation of Survey
• Information that is not known to 'the respondent cannot be

obtained
• Information that is not significant to the respondent cannot be
obtained
• The information provided by the respondents may not be accurate
• Information about activities shared by a very small individuals
• Information obtained from a single survey is less reliable than
trend data derived from two or more consecutive
• Survey cannot be aimed at obtaining exact quantitative forecasts
of things to come
What we Get from Survey
• The setting for learning

• The characteristics of educational person
• The nature of pupils
• The nature of the educational process
• Accounting of some infrastructure
• Specific Phenomenon
Some of the Types of Survey
Outside expert The Cooperative

The self-survey
survey Survey.
Document Analysis
• A research method which involves analyzing the content

of documents
• Document analysis is a form of qualitative research in
which documents are interpreted by the researcher to
give voice and meaning around an assessment topic
• Analyzing documents incorporates coding content into
themes similar to how focus group or interview
transcripts are analyzed
Why Document Analysis?
• May be national, local or school-based

• Policy documents indicate intentions
• Documents may record actions or decisions
• Documents need to be identified, located, classified,
coded, collated, and stored
• Coding might relate to research questions
• Text may be coded using highlighting
• May precede interviews or observation
Strengths of Document Analysis
• It is an unobtrusive method
• You can collect data without being observed
• Data is permanent and can be subject to re-analysis
• It can be inexpensive
• Allows access to past events (where there may not be
available witnesses)
• Useful in triangulating other evidence
Limitation of Document Analysis
• Context-bound, not just representations of reality

• Authenticity and credibility – when was this written? For
what purpose?
• Representativeness – how typical of the sources we are
investigating is this one item?
• Is the author biased? Do we trust what we read?
• How close is the author to the events described? How
accurate is the description?
Sources of Documentary Data May Include
• Minutes of meetings
• letters, memoranda
• diaries
• speeches
• written curricula
• course documents
• timetables
• notices
• inspection reports
• student work
Job Analysis & Why Job Analysis
• In this type of research, data is often gathered about the

general duties and responsibilities of workers and their
specific activities. Reason is:-
• Detect weaknesses, duplications or inefficiency
• Establish uniform classification for similar work identify the
competencies
• Assign workers to jobs best suited to each worker to put the
available manpower to the best use
• Setup training programmes and establish requirements for
promotion
Follow-up Studies
• The follow-up studies investigate individuals who leave

an institution after completing a programme or a course
of study
• The study aims at discerning what has happened to them
and what impact the programme or institution had on
them
Inter-Relational Studies
Case studies
Casual
Comparative
studies
Correlation
Studies
Case Studies
• Case study is a research methodology that has commonly

used in social sciences
• A case study is a research strategy and an empirical
inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-
life context
• Case studies are based on an in-depth investigation of a
single individual, group or event to explore the causes of
underlying principles
Causal Comparative Studies
• In causal-comparative research, the researcher

investigates the effect of an independent variable on a
dependent variable by comparing two or more groups of
individuals. For example, an educational researcher may
want to determine whether a computer-based GAT
program has a positive effect on GAT test scores.
Correlational Studies
• A correlational research design measures a relationship

between two variables without the researcher controlling
either of them.
Developmental Studies
• The concept of development in essentially biological and has

been most commonly associated with living structures
• The concept has come to be applied to physical system as
well as to social institutions, cultural and systems of ideas.
• The purpose of developmental studies is to discover origin,
direction, trend, pattern, rate and pattern of growth
• More recent interest in causes and inter-relationships
affecting growth
Development
Trend-
Growth
Projection
Studies
Studies
Planning Cycle and Descriptive Research
• Diagnosis or to assess the present state of educational development

• Identify the factors responsible for the present situation
• Formulation of Policy
• At the formulation of policy stage we can use document analysis
• At the stages of assessment of future needs, costing of needs and
target setting
• Feasibility testing
• Plan evaluation
• Plan Implementation
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• Descriptive research is a type of research that describes a

• It focuses on answering the how, what, when, and where questions

According to Van Dalen, the following steps may be taken

• Select or construct techniques for collecting the data

• To secure evidence concerning the existing situation or

• School surveys were started in the beginning of 20th

• The data for a school survey are collected through

• Information that is not known to 'the respondent cannot be

• The setting for learning

Outside expert The Cooperative

• A research method which involves analyzing the content

• May be national, local or school-based

• Context-bound, not just representations of reality

• In this type of research, data is often gathered about the

• The follow-up studies investigate individuals who leave

• Case study is a research methodology that has commonly

• In causal-comparative research, the researcher

• A correlational research design measures a relationship

• The concept of development in essentially biological and has

• Diagnosis or to assess the present state of educational development

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