Module 3

Living in the IT
Era
By: Ms. Lendyl A.
Coronel
 Table of
01 DIGITAL AGE Contents

02 ROLE OF ICT IN SOCIAL

CHANGE
03 THEORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
04 INTERNET OF
THINGS
DIGIT
AL
AGE
 The digital age is a term that refers to
the current period of human history, in
which information and communication
technologies (ICTs) play a central role in
shaping various aspects of society,
culture, economy, and politics. The
digital age is also known as the computer
age, the silicon age, the new media age,
or the media age.
 The Emergence and Development of
the Digital Age are:
a. Transistor invented in 1947, enabled the miniaturization and integration of electronic circuits.

b. The optical amplifier, invented in 1957, which boosted the transmission of light signals over long
distances.

c. The Internet protocol suite, developed in the 1970s and 1980s, standardized the communication
between different networks and devices.

d. The personal computer, popularized in the 1980s and 1990s, made computing accessible and
affordable for individuals and organizations.

e. The World Wide Web, launched in 1991, which provided a global platform for sharing and accessing
information.

f. The smartphone, introduced in the 2000s, combined computing, communication, and multimedia
functions in a portable device.

g. Cloud computing emerged in the 2010s, which offered on-demand access to computing resources
and services over the Internet.
 Transistor, invented in 1947

The transistor, invented in 1947 by John Bardeen,

Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs, was a
device that could amplify or switch electrical signals by
controlling the flow of electrons in a semiconductor
material. The transistor enabled the miniaturization and
integration of electronic circuits, which led to the
development of microprocessors, memory chips, and other
components of modern computers.
 Optical Amplifier, invented in 1957

The optical amplifier, invented in 1957 by Gordon

Gould at Columbia University, was a device that could
amplify light signals without converting them to electrical
signals first. The optical amplifier boosted the transmission of
light signals over long distances, which improved the
performance and capacity of optical communication systems.
Optical amplifiers are essential for fiber-optic networks, which
carry much of the world’s telecommunication and internet
traffic
Internet Protocol Suite, developed in 1970s &
1980s
The Internet protocol suite, developed in the 1970s and 1980s
by various researchers and engineers, including Vinton Cerf
and Robert Kahn at DARPA, was a set of standards and
protocols for interconnecting different networks and devices
over the Internet. The Internet protocol suite defined how data
should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and
received across multiple networks. The foundational protocols
in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
which ensures reliable data delivery, and the Internet Protocol
(IP), which handles addressing and routing
Personal Computer, popularized in the 1980s &
1990s
The personal computer, popularized in the 1980s and 1990s by various
companies and innovators, such as IBM, Apple, Microsoft, and Steve
Jobs, was a digital computer designed for use by only one person at a
time. A typical personal computer consisted of a central processing
unit, which contained the computer’s arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry on an integrated circuit; computer memory; and various
peripheral devices, such as a display monitor, a keyboard, a mouse, and
a printer. The personal computer made computing accessible and
affordable for individuals and organizations, enabling them to perform
various tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheet calculation,
database management, gaming, education, entertainment, and internet
browsing
 World Wide Web, launched in 1991

Tim Berners-Lee at CERN was an information system that enabled information

sharing over the internet through user-friendly ways meant to appeal to users
beyond IT specialists and hobbyists. The World Wide Web allowed documents
and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet according to specific
rules of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Documents were formatted in
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), which supported plain text, images,
embedded video and audio contents, and scripts. HTML also supported
hyperlinks (embedded URLs), which provided immediate access to other web
resources. Web navigation or web surfing was the common practice of following
such hyperlinks across multiple websites. Web applications were web pages that
functioned as application software. The World Wide Web provided a global
platform for sharing and accessing information on various topics and domains
 Smartphone, introduced in the 2000s

The smartphone, introduced in the 2000s by various companies and innovators,

such as Nokia, BlackBerry, Apple, Samsung, Google, and Steve Jobs, was a
mobile phone that combined computing, communication, and multimedia
functions in a portable device. A typical smartphone consists of a touchscreen
display, a camera, a microphone, a speaker, a wireless antenna, and various
sensors, such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a GPS receiver, and a fingerprint
scanner. The smartphone ran on an operating system, such as iOS or Android,
which supported various applications, such as web browsers, email clients,
social media apps, messaging apps, music players, video players, games, and
productivity tools. The smartphone also supports various wireless technologies,
such as cellular networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, and 5G. The smartphone-
enabled users to access the internet, make phone calls, send text messages, take
photos and videos, listen to music, watch movies, play games, and perform
various tasks anytime and anywhere
 Cloud Computing, emerged in the 2010s

Cloud computing emerged in the 2010s as a paradigm shift in

computing that offered on-demand access to computing resources and
services over the Internet. Cloud computing relies on the sharing of
resources to achieve coherence and typically uses a pay-as-you-go
model, which could help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead
to unexpected operating expenses for users. The main cloud computing
service models included infrastructure as a service (IaaS), which
offered compute and storage services; platform as a service (PaaS),
which offered a develop-and-deploy environment to build cloud apps;
and software as a service (SaaS), which delivered apps as services.
Cloud computing enabled users to scale faster and more efficiently
without the burden of having to buy and maintain their own physical
data centers and servers
ROLE OF
ICT
IN
SOCIAL
CHANGE
The role of ICT in social change is to facilitate the access, dissemination, and
creation of information and knowledge that can empower individuals and
communities to improve their lives and participate in the decision-making
processes that affect them.

ICT can also enable social change by enhancing education, health,

productivity, innovation, diversity, democracy, and civic engagement.

However, ICT also poses some challenges and risks for social change, such as inequality,
exclusion, security, privacy, ethics, values, environment, and sustainability.
 BENEFITS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE DIGITAL
AGE TO SOCIAL CHANGE

 Enhancing education and learning through online courses, interactive platforms, and
digital literacy skills.

 Improving health and well-being through telemedicine, wearable devices, and health
information systems.

 Increasing productivity and innovation through automation, artificial intelligence,

and big data analytics.

 Expanding social and cultural diversity through social media, online communities,
and digital content creation.

 Promoting democracy and civic engagement through e-government, e-voting, and

online activism.
 EDUCATION

The digital age has enhanced education and learning by providing online
courses, interactive platforms, and digital literacy skills. Online courses allow
learners to access quality education from anywhere, anytime, and at their own
pace. Interactive platforms enable learners to engage with teachers, peers, and
experts in various fields. Digital literacy skills equip learners with the ability to
use, create, and evaluate digital information and media.
For example, Canva is an online graphic design tool that allows users to create
and share visual content for various purposes. Canva can be used by teachers
and students to enhance their presentations, assignments, projects, and
portfolios. Canva also offers free educational resources and templates for
different subjects and levels.
 HEALTH

The digital age has improved health and well-being by providing telemedicine,
wearable devices, and health information systems. Telemedicine allows patients
to receive medical care from remote locations through video conferencing,
online consultation, and mobile applications. Wearable devices monitor and
track various health indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep
quality. Health information systems store and manage health records,
prescriptions, test results, and appointments.
For example, Zoom is an online video conferencing tool that allows users to
communicate and collaborate with others in real-time. Zoom can be used by
health professionals and patients to conduct consultations, diagnoses,
treatments, follow-ups, and referrals. Zoom also offers features such as screen
sharing, chat, breakout rooms, polls, and whiteboard.
 PRODUCTIVITY
The digital age has increased productivity and innovation by providing
automation, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics. Automation reduces
human labor and error by performing repetitive and routine tasks. Artificial
intelligence mimics human intelligence and capabilities such as reasoning,
learning, and problem-solving. Big data analytics processes large and complex
data sets to generate insights and patterns that can improve decision-making
and performance.
For example, Power Automate is an online workflow automation tool that allows
users to create and run automated tasks across different applications and
services. Power Automate can be used by workers and organizations to
streamline their workflows, reduce errors, save time, and optimize resources.
Power Automate also offers templates for common scenarios and connectors for
various platforms.
 DIVERSITY

The digital age has expanded social and cultural diversity by providing social
media, online communities, and digital content creation. Social media allows
users to connect, share, and interact with others across the globe. Online
communities provide users with a sense of belonging and support for various
topics, interests, or activities. Digital content creation enables users to express
and showcase their creativity and identity through various media formats such
as text, image, audio, or video.
For example, Discord is an online communication platform that allows users to
create and join servers for various topics, interests, or activities. Discord can be
used by people from different backgrounds, identities, or perspectives to
connect, share, and learn from each other. Discord also offers features such as
voice channels, text channels, roles, emojis, bots, and integrations.
 DEMOCRACY

The digital age has promoted democracy and civic engagement by providing e-
government, e-voting, and online activism. E-government allows citizens to access
public services and information through online portals, applications, or websites. E-
voting allows citizens to cast their votes electronically through devices or networks.
Online activism allows citizens to raise awareness and mobilize action for various
causes or issues through social media, petitions, or campaigns.
For example, Feedback Hub is an online feedback tool that allows users to provide
suggestions and report problems to Microsoft about Windows and other products or
services. Feedback Hub can be used by citizens and consumers to express their
opinions and influence the development and improvement of the products or services
they use. Feedback Hub also offers features such as categories, upvotes, comments,
collections, and announcements.
 CHALLENGES AND RISKS OF THE DIGITAL AGE
TO SOCIAL CHANGE

 Exacerbating inequality and exclusion through digital divide, digital

surveillance, and digital discrimination.

 Threatening security and privacy through cyberattacks, data breaches,

and identity theft.

 Undermining ethics and values through misinformation, cyberbullying,

and digital addiction.

 Disrupting environment and sustainability through e-waste, energy

consumption, and climate change.
 INEQUALITY

The digital age can exacerbate inequality and exclusion by creating a digital
divide, digital surveillance, and digital discrimination. The digital divide refers to
the gap between those who have access to and skills to use ICT and those who
do not. Digital surveillance refers to the monitoring and tracking of online
activities and behaviors by governments, corporations, or other actors. Digital
discrimination refers to the unfair or biased treatment of individuals or groups
based on their digital profiles or data.
For example, Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security is a security
tool that allows users to configure firewall settings and rules for inbound and
outbound network traffic.
 SECURITY

The digital age can threaten security and privacy by enabling cyberattacks, data
breaches, and identity theft. Cyberattacks refer to malicious attempts to
damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to ICT systems or networks. Data
breaches refer to the unauthorized exposure, disclosure, or theft of personal or
sensitive data. Identity theft refers to the fraudulent use of someone else’s
personal or financial information for illegal or unethical purposes.
For example, Grammarly is an online writing assistant tool that allows users to
check and improve their writing for various purposes. Grammarly can be used by
attackers or third parties to steal or misuse the personal or sensitive information
of the users or their contacts such as passwords, credit card numbers, emails, or
messages. Grammarly also offers features such as a plagiarism checker, tone
detector, word choice, clarity, and goals.
 ETHICS

The digital age can undermine ethics and values by spreading misinformation,
cyberbullying, and digital addiction. Misinformation refers to false or misleading
information that is intentionally or unintentionally disseminated online.
Cyberbullying refers to the harassment, intimidation, or abuse of others through
ICT platforms or devices. Digital addiction refers to the excessive or compulsive
use of ICT that interferes with one’s physical, mental, social, or emotional well-
being.
For example, Spotify is an online music streaming service that allows users to
listen and discover music for various moods or occasions. Spotify can be used by
trolls or extremists to spread false or harmful information or messages through
songs, playlists, or podcasts. Spotify also offers features such as radio, charts,
genres, moods, artists, and albums.
 ENVIRONMENT

The digital age can disrupt the environment and sustainability by generating e-waste,
energy consumption, and climate change. E-waste refers to discarded or obsolete
electronic devices and components that contain hazardous materials such as lead,
mercury, or cadmium. Energy consumption refers to the amount of electricity or fuel
required to power ICT systems or devices. Climate change refers to the long-term
changes in the global temperature and weather patterns caused by greenhouse gas
emissions from human activities such as ICT production and use.
For example, Dropbox is an online file-hosting service that allows users to store and
sync files across different devices or platforms. Dropbox can contribute to the
environmental impact of ICT by requiring more servers, data centers, and devices to
store and access the large amount of data that users upload or download. Dropbox
also offers features such as folders, sharing, backup, restore, and history.
Therefore, the digital age requires a balanced and responsible approach that
maximizes its positive impacts while minimizing its negative consequences.
This involves fostering digital citizenship, digital rights, digital literacy, and
digital transformation among all stakeholders of society.
THEORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
 TECHNOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
is the theory that technology is an autonomous force that shapes and
controls human society and culture. According to this theory, technology
determines the way we think, act, communicate, and organize ourselves.
Technology also influences society's values, norms, beliefs, and ideologies.
Technological determinism implies that humans have little or no choice or
agency in the face of technological change and innovation.
 EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
The invention of writing fundamentally changed human
society forever, allowing it to break free from the limits
imposed by the oral transmission of knowledge. Writing
enabled easier access to knowledge for a large number
of people and freed up the human mind from the need
of constantly store information. Writing also supported
the development of science, law, history, and literature.
 EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
The invention of the printing press led to the Protestant
Reformation, the rise of nationalism, and the spread of
democracy. The printing press allowed mass production
and distribution of books, pamphlets, and newspapers,
which challenged the authority of the Catholic Church
and stimulated religious reform. The printing press also
fostered the emergence of national languages and
cultures and encouraged political participation and
representation.
 EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
The invention of the internet revolutionized
communication, information, and education. The
internet enabled global connectivity and interaction
among people across different locations and time zones.
The internet also provided access to vast amounts of
data and resources that could be searched, stored, and
shared online. The internet also facilitated new forms of
learning and collaboration through online platforms and
applications.
 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

- is the theory that technology is a human construct that reflects and

embodies human values, interests, and choices. According to this theory,
technology is not a neutral or independent entity, but rather a product of
social negotiation and conflict. Technology also shapes and is shaped by the
social context in which it is developed and used. Social constructivism
implies that humans have a significant degree of choice and agency in
the creation and use of technology.
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

The design and adoption of nuclear power plants are

influenced by political, economic, and environmental
factors. Nuclear power plants are not simply technical
solutions to energy problems, but also social artifacts
that involve controversies over safety, security, cost,
waste disposal, public opinion, regulation, and policy.
Nuclear power plants also have social impacts on
communities, workers, consumers, and ecosystems
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

The development and diffusion of smartphones are

influenced by cultural, market, and user factors.
Smartphones are not simply communication devices, but
also social symbols that express identity, status, and
lifestyle. Smartphones also have cultural impacts on the
norms, values, and behaviors of users, such as privacy,
etiquette, and addiction.
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

The creation and use of social media platforms are

influenced by personal, professional, and ethical factors.
Social media platforms are not simply information
systems, but also social spaces that enable interaction,
collaboration, and participation. Social media platforms
also have personal impacts on attitudes, emotions, and
relationships of users, such as trust, happiness, and
loneliness.
INTERN
ET OF
THINGS
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that
describes the network of physical objects
that are connected to the Internet and can
communicate with each other and with other
Internet-enabled devices. These objects, also
known as smart devices, can include anything
from household appliances and wearable
gadgets to industrial machines and vehicles.
The main purpose of IoT is to create self-
reporting devices that can exchange data and
perform various tasks without human
intervention.
 EXAMPLES OF IoT
Smart home devices, such as thermostats, security cameras, lighting systems, and speakers, that can
be controlled remotely or by voice commands.

Wearable technologies, such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and health monitors, that can collect
and share personal data and provide feedback or alerts.

Personal medical devices, such as pacemakers, insulin pumps, and glucose meters, that can monitor
and regulate patients’ health conditions and send data to doctors or caregivers.

Autonomous vehicles, such as self-driving cars, trucks, and drones, that can navigate the roads or the
skies using sensors, cameras, and GPS.

Smart agriculture equipment, such as irrigation systems, soil sensors, and livestock trackers, that can
optimize the farming process and increase productivity and sustainability.

Connected retail, such as smart shelves, digital signage, and RFID tags, that can enhance the
shopping experience and improve inventory management and customer service.
 Smart home devices are devices that can be controlled remotely or by
voice commands, using a smartphone, tablet, or smart speaker. They can perform
various functions, such as adjusting the temperature, lighting, security, and
entertainment systems of a home. They can also communicate with each other
and create personalized settings and routines for different users and scenarios.

For example, a smart thermostat can learn the preferences and habits of
the residents and adjust the temperature accordingly. A smart speaker can play
music, answer questions, set reminders, and control other smart devices with
voice commands. A smart security camera can detect motion, record video, and
send alerts to the owner's phone.
 Wearable technologies are devices that can be worn on or attached to
the body, such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and health monitors. They can
collect and share personal data, such as heart rate, blood pressure, calories
burned, sleep quality, and activity levels. They can also provide feedback or
alerts to the user or a third party, such as a doctor or a caregiver.

For example, a fitness tracker can track the steps, distance, and calories
burned by the user and display the data on a screen or an app. A health monitor
can measure the blood glucose level of a diabetic patient and alert them when it
is too high or too low. A smartwatch can receive notifications, calls, messages,
and emails from the user's phone and allow them to respond with voice or touch.
 Personal medical devices are devices that can monitor and regulate patients’
health conditions and send data to doctors or caregivers. They can be implanted in the
body, such as pacemakers and insulin pumps, or used externally, such as glucose meters
and blood pressure cuffs. They can help prevent, diagnose, treat, or manage various
diseases and disorders, such as cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes, hypertension, and asthma.

For example, a pacemaker is a device that is implanted in the chest to regulate

the heartbeat of a patient with an irregular heart rhythm. It can detect abnormal heart
signals and deliver electrical impulses to correct them. An insulin pump is a device that is
worn on the body to deliver insulin to a patient with diabetes. It can automatically adjust
the amount of insulin based on the blood glucose level measured by a sensor. A glucose
meter is a device that is used to measure the blood glucose level of a patient with
diabetes. It can display the result on a screen or an app and store the data for future
reference.
 Autonomous vehicles are vehicles that can navigate the roads or the skies using
sensors, cameras, and GPS. They can operate without human involvement or with
minimal human supervision. They can perform various tasks, such as transporting
passengers or goods, delivering packages or food, surveying land or buildings, and
providing emergency services.

For example, a self-driving car is a vehicle that can drive itself from one
location to another using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. It can
detect its surroundings and other vehicles, follow traffic rules and signs, avoid obstacles
and collisions, and choose the optimal route and speed. A drone is an unmanned aerial
vehicle that can fly in the air using propellers or wings. It can be controlled remotely or
autonomously using pre-programmed instructions. It can carry cameras or other payloads
for various purposes, such as photography, videography, mapping, inspection, agriculture,
military, and entertainment.
 Smart agriculture equipment are devices that can optimize the farming process and
increase productivity and sustainability. They can monitor and control various aspects of agriculture,
such as irrigation systems, soil sensors, livestock trackers, weather stations, drones, robots, and
tractors. They can collect and analyze data from different sources and provide insights and
recommendations to farmers or agribusinesses.

For example, an irrigation system is a device that can deliver water to crops using pipes or
sprinklers. It can be connected to soil sensors that measure the moisture level of the soil and adjust
the amount of water accordingly. A livestock tracker is a device that can be attached to animals such
as cows or sheep to monitor their location, health status, behavior patterns, and reproductive cycles. It
can send alerts to farmers when an animal is sick, lost, or in heat. A drone is a device that can fly over
fields using cameras or sensors to capture images or data. It can help farmers assess crop health,
disease, pests, yield, and quality. It can also perform tasks such as spraying pesticides, fertilizers, or
seeds.
 Connected retail is a term that describes how retailers use technology to enhance the
shopping experience and improve inventory management and customer service. It involves
connecting physical stores with online platforms, mobile devices, social media, and other channels. It
also involves using data analytics, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and other tools to
personalize offers, recommend products, predict demand, and optimize pricing.

For example, a smart shelf is a device that can display product information and prices
using digital screens or electronic labels. It can also monitor inventory levels and send alerts to store
managers when an item is out of stock or misplaced. A digital signage is a device that can display
images, videos, or messages using screens or projectors. It can attract customers, promote products,
provide information, or entertain shoppers. A RFID tag is a device that can be attached to products or
packages to store and transmit data using radio waves. It can help retailers track inventory, prevent
theft, speed up checkout, and enable contactless payment.
 Thanks!
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