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    Notes-Acids, Bases, Salts

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    SJ Classes
    This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution. Acids and bases are classified based on their source, strength, and concentration. The document also describes the chemical properties of acids and bases, including their reactions with metals, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides, and each other. It introduces the pH scale for measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions and explains the importance of measuring pH. Finally, the document defines salts as compounds formed when acids react with metals or bases, and provides examples of common salt families.

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    Notes-Acids, Bases, Salts

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    SJ Classes
    35 views24 pages
    This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution. Acids and bases are classified based on their source, strength, and concentration. The document also describes the chemical properties of acids and bases, including their reactions with metals, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides, and each other. It introduces the pH scale for measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions and explains the importance of measuring pH. Finally, the document defines salts as compounds formed when acids react with metals or bases, and provides examples of common salt families.

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    NOTES-ACIDS, BASES,SALTS

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    This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution. Acids and bases are classified based on their source, strength, and concentration. The document also describes the chemical properties of acids and bases, including their reactions with metals, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides, and each other. It introduces the pH scale for measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions and explains the importance of measuring pH. Finally, the document defines salts as compounds formed when acids react with metals or bases, and provides examples of common salt families.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    35 views24 pages

    Notes-Acids, Bases, Salts

    Uploaded by

    SJ Classes
    This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution. Acids and bases are classified based on their source, strength, and concentration. The document also describes the chemical properties of acids and bases, including their reactions with metals, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides, and each other. It introduces the pH scale for measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions and explains the importance of measuring pH. Finally, the document defines salts as compounds formed when acids react with metals or bases, and provides examples of common salt families.

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    ACIDS,

    BASES,SALTS
    NOTES
    SUBSTANCES

    MIXTURES PURE
    SUBSTANCES

    HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENOUS

    SOLUTIONS SUSPENSIONS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

    COLLOIDS ACIDS
    METALS
    BASES
    NON-
    METALS
    SALTS
    METALLOIDS
    CLASSIFICATION OF
    INDICATORS
    COLOUR OLFACTORY
    INDICATORS INDICATORS

    LITMUS
    ONION
    METHYL ORANGE

    VANILLA EXTRACT
    PHELOPHTHALEIN

    RED CABBAGES

    TURMERIC

    FLOWER HYDRANGEA
    COLOUR INDICATORS-
    SYNTHETIC
    INDICATOR NEUTRAL ACID BASE

    LITMUS PURPLE RED BLUE

    METHYL ORANGE ORANGE RED YELLOW

    PHENOLPHTHALEIN COLOURLESS COLOURLESS PINK


    COLOUR INDICATORS-
    NATURAL
    INDICATOR NEUTRAL ACID BASE

    TURMERIC NATURAL NATURAL RED


    COLOUR COLOUR

    RED CABBAGE NATURAL RED GREEN


    COLOUR

    FLOWER BLUE BLUE PINK


    HYDRANGEA
    OLFACTORY INDICATORS

    INDICATOR ACID BASE

    ONION/ NATURAL SMELL NO SMELL


    VANILLA
    EXTRACT/CLOVE
    PHYSICAL
    PROPERTIES
    ACIDS BASES

    Acids have a sour taste Bases have bitter taste.


    Bases feel soapy to touch.

    Acids turn blue litmus to red Bases turn red litmus blue.

    Acid solutions conduct electricity. Bases conduct electricity in solution.

    Acids have corrosive nature. Strong bases have corrosive nature.


    CHEMICAL ACTION OF
    ACIDS AND BASES
    ACIDS BASES

    All acids produce hydrogen ions (aq) All basess produce hydroxide ions
    ions in solution (aq) ions in solution

    This is responsible for their acidic This is responsible for their basic
    properties. properties.

    only in the presence of water. only in the presence of water.

    (
    CLASSIFICATION OF
    ACIDS & BASES
    ACIDS BASES
    1) BASED ON SOURCE
     ORGANIC ACIDS
     MINERAL ACIDS
    2) BASED ON STRENGTH 1) BASED ON STRENGTH
     STRONG ACIDS  STRONG BASES
     WEAK ACIDS  WEAK BASES
    3) BASED ON CONCENTRATION 2) BASED ON CONCENTRATION
     DILUTE ACIDS  DILUTE BASES
     CONCENTRATED ACIDS  CONCENTRATED BASES
    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    ACIDS BASES

    ACID + METAL  SALT + Hydrogen Gas BASE + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN

    ACID + METAL CARBONATE SALT +


    WATER +

    ACID + METAL HYDROGEN CARBONATE


    SALT + WATER +

    ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER

    ACID + METAL OXIDE  SALT + WATER BASE + NON METAL OXIDE  SALT +
    WATER
    DILUTION OF ACIDS &
    BASES

     The process of mixing acid/base with water is called


    dilution of acid/bases.
     This decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions /
    hydroxide ions() per unit volume.
     Highly exothermic process(local heating)
     Acids/ bases must be added to water slowly with
    constant stirring.
     Can cause mixture to splash out and cause burns
    QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
    STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES
    UNIVERSAL INDICATOR:

    • Mixture of several Indicators.

    • Shows different colours at different concentrations


    of hydrogen ions in a solution.

    • Used in finding pH value of a solution


    PH SCALE

    - A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

    - Made up of paper impregnated with universal indicator

    pH  potenz (in German) = Power


    PH VALUE
    Range of pH scale is from 0 to 14
    0 very acidic
    7  neutral
    14  very alkaline

    0 to 7(ACIDIC)
    Higher concentration  lower pH value highly acidic
    Lower concentration  higher pH value weakly acidic .

    7 to 14(ALKALINE)
    Lower concentration  lower pH value weakly alkaline
    Higher concentration  higher pH value highly alkaline .
    VARIATION OF PH
    IMPORTANCE OF PH
    1) Acid rain
    2) Soil acidity
    3) Acidity in humans
    4) Acidity in stomach
    5) Tooth decay
    SALTS
    * A salt is a compound formed from an acid by the
    replacement of the hydrogen in the acid by a metal.

    *Salts having same positive or negative radicals are said to


    belong to a family.

    Eg: NaCl and NaN

    KCl and NaCl


    Strong acids: Weak acids:
    Hydrochloric acid All Organic acids
    Hydrobromic acid (HBr) Hydrofluoric acid(HF)
    Hydroiodic acid (HI) Nitrous acid(HNO2)
    Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Sulphurous acid(H2SO3)
    Nitric acid (HNO3) Carbonic acid(H2CO3)
    Chloric acid (HClO3) Phosphoric acid(H3PO4)
    Perchloric acid (HClO4) Acetic acid(CH3COOH)
    Formic acid(HCOOH)
    STRONG BASES WEAK BASES

    Potassium hydroxide (KOH)


    Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Ammonia
    Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)
    Ammonium
    Caesium hydroxide (CsOH)
    Hydroxide
    Strontium hydroxide
    (Sr(OH)2)
    Calcium hydroxide
    (Ca(OH)2)
    Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
    Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH)
    SALT FAMILY
    1) All chlorides  formed from hydrochloric acid + base
    2) All sulphates  formed from sulphuric acid + base
    3) All carbonates  formed from carbonic acid + base
    4) All nitrates  formed from nitric acid + base
    SALTS
    EQUATIONS OF SALTS
    Na OH + HCl  NaCl +
    2NaCl (aq) + 2 H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
    Ca (OH) 2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O

    2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2


    Na2CO3 +10 H2O  Na2CO3. 10 H2O

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