Veterinary Dosage Forms

Chapter Seven: Veterinary dosage forms
Solomon G.A , B.Pharm , MSc
1
INTRODUCTION
Animal health past few years become more
essential for the following reasons
1. According to Animal Health Institute, domestic
sales survey 4.32 billion dollars priced.
2. Zoonosis – the diseases of animals may
secondarily transferred to humans.
In 1960 and 1970 two pharmacy colleges offered
the courses in agricultural pharmacy and
veterinary therapeutics
University of Iowa college of pharmacy
South Dakota university
Dosage forms
• There are many similarities and differences
in the anatomy and physiology of mammals,
birds and humans
Tablets and boluses:
• These are less popular for animals because of
their administration may be time consuming,
hazardous, uncertain in tablet swallowing, and
they may spit out or dropped from the mouth.
• This can be overcome by use of acceptable
odors, flavors, sweeteners.
• Drugs are given on the basis of weight or body surface area
• The labeling of solid dosage forms, must be stated in mg or
g per kg of body weight
• A special tablet BOLUSE is commonly used to provide the
large doses, it can range from 3 to 16 gm in weight
• Boluses are capsule shaped or cylindrical
• Boluses are administered by an apparatus called balling
gun, consisting of a barrel with a plunger that can hold one
or more boluses
• The tube inserted in to the animal mouth over the base of
tongue and such animal swallows the plunger is depressed.
• The bolus is expelled in to the gullet of animal, after it
swallowed by reflex
• Bolus formulation poses challenges because of the high to excipients ratio
• Less room left for diluents, binders and other additives
• Cattle or sheep, possible to utilize the concept of long acting boluses,
which stays in GIT more than 12 hrs.
• The density is the critical factor to maintain the retention
Feed additives
Feed additive premix (type A) are formulated to contain bulk drug and
excipient in a form that may ready combine with an animal feed
The feed route is using for mainly prophylactic purpose and growth promotion
of animal . The most of the premixes contains
grain carrier
Rice hulls
Corn germ meal
Corn meal
Corn gulletin
In which active drug is lightly bound or absorbed on the surface, the carrier
functions by absorbing the small particles of drug on the surface, The
carrier usually be two thirds or more in concentration .
• An oil may be added to bind the drug and the
carrier
• To prevent caking , an anti caking agent such
as silicon dioxide or magnesium aluminium
silicate can be incorporated
• factor considered in formulation
1. Drug concentration
2. Moisture content of drug and carrier
3. Electrostatic charges
4. pH
5. Flow of powders
Drinking water medications
• The medications formulated as
1. Dry powders for reconstitution
2. Concentrated solutions
Unhealthy animals allow to drink water continuosly.
Water as medium for drug solubility and qick
absorption.
Concentration of drug in water to be half only, this
problem may overcome by its limited solubility.
The powder medication is dissolved at the time of
administration in to water to make a stock solution
• In addition, the dry powders are usually
formulated with sugar as lactose or dextrose.
• The use of these may cause a build-up of
bacteria and fungi in water lines
• The drug stability in water must be stated in
label
Oral pastes and gels
Semi fluid masses can be administered from a flexible tube,

syringe or using device
Advantage of these are cannot be expelled out animal mouth.
Medication may be readily and easily with a paste.
A proper consistency to adheres to the tongue or buccal
cavity.
Characteristics of pastes
1. when placed in palm and hand is inverted it should
remain without falling
2. When ejected fro applicator, should break cleanly
3. No paste should continue to ooze from applicator
4. Free from air bubbles
• Three types of vehicles used in formulation of paste
and gels are
1. Aqueous bases
2. Oil or oleaginous bases
3. Organic solvents
Aqueous base is the least expensive vehicle and poses
no toxicity
Glycerin, glycols, natural or synthetic gums, polymers
used to increase the viscosity, cohesiveness and
plasticity
To overcome the separation of water gel, can use
absorbing materials like MCC, kaolin, colloidal
silicone dioxide, starch
Oleaginous bases consists of vegetable oil with
aluminum monostearate, colloidal silica, and
xanthan gum
Glycerin , propylene glycol and poly ethylene
glycol thicked with carboxy vinyl polymers
provide organic bases
Drenches and tubing products
• Horses are administered certain medications by running
lubricated tube up through the nostrils and down in to
stomach
• A funnel attached to the tube is held above the horses
head and liquid medication is poured down the tube.
Known as tubing
• Normal dose by this method is 10 OZ
• Wetting agents are used to increase the flow rate.
• Thicking and suspending agents are contraindicated to
resist the flow
• The administration of drug to animals by pouring a liquid
medication down an animal throat is called “drenching”
Topical dosage forms
Four types of topical dosage forms are
1. Pour on /spot on applications
2. Dust bags
3. Dips
4. Flea and tick collars
Pour on/spot on applications
These are the liquid products effect systemic activity after being poured on to
animal backline or applied as one spot concentrate on the animal back
Spot on s mainly used for grubs and lice
Eg: levimisole , broad spectrum anti helminthic activity
These formulation contains organiophosphorus insecticides or antihelminthic
dissolved in organic solvents as DMSO or aromatic hydrocarbons
The advantages of these formulations are
1. Elimination of risk of trauma and damage at injection site
2. No special skills are required for application
3. Sterile preparations are not necessary
4. Troublesome animals are dosed easily
5. Speed of treatment is quick
Dust bags
• Cattle are treated with insecticide powders through use of a
device called a dust bag.
• Dosing accomplished by animals brushing against the bag as
they walk beside or under it
• This bag has an inner porous storage bag containing the
insecticide dust formulation
• Forced –use bags are hung in door ways or tree or pole
DIPS
• For control of ectoparasites in economic animals, dipping is an
extensively used method
• A dip formulation containing the drug is diluted in a large
dipping bath through which the animal is driven
• This bath must be long, wide, and deep enough to cause
immersion of the animal
• It must be non toxic to the animal but toxic to ectoparasites
Flea and tick collars
• This dosage form is most familiar companion animals like dogs and
cats
• There are two types of flea and tick collars
– Vaporous
– Powder producing collars
• Both containing the insecticide and a plasticized solid thermoplastic
resin
• Vaporous collar contains relatively high vapor pressure liquid
pesticide mixed throughout the collar
• The pesticide is slowly released and fills the atmosphere adjacent to
the animal , that kills the pest but innocuous to the animal
• The powder producing collar contain a solid solution of the drug in
the resin
• Shortly after the collar is processed the particles migrate from within
the body of resin and form a coating of particles known as bloom
Ticks and fleas migrate through the neck area of
the animal as they contact the active pesticide
is released and kills the pest
Miscellaneous dosage forms
Pharmacists are responsible to compounding of
ear preparations for pets that are not
commercially available
Nebuliozers and aerosols are starting to be used
in small animals
Percutaneous patches are used in small animals
Eg; fentanyl
Over the counter drugs
• Some OTC drugs used in small animals but in others

should not be used, Due to the differences in absorption ,
receptor types, metabolism and other in digestive system
and dosage than in human
• Anti inflammatories are used cautiously in dogs and cats
– Eg; aspirin
• Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are two OTC drugs highly
toxic to small animals, cause blood dyscrasias
• Anti histamines are widely used in small animals to
control allergies reactions
– Eg: diphenhydramine
• Anti diarrheal are used in dogs.
• Creams and lotions may be used in animals , although they
can be licked off.
U.S. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR ANIMAL
DRUGS
• The center for veterinary medicine of the
Food and drug administration has the
responsibility for review and approval of
animal drugs
• The mechanism for review and approval of
animal drugs is through the submission of
Form 356( NADA) new animal drug
application
• Animal feeds containing drugs must also
be approved by submission of Form FD
1900, animal feed application
Before approval of new animal drug
application , the center for veterinary
medicine may require a manufacturing
facilities visit called a preapproval
inspection
The GMP regulations are used as a guide
for this audit by inspectors from the
compliance division of FDA.
The requirements for laboratory data,
manufacturing equipment are same for
drugs used in humans or animals
Some of the drugs can not be used in
animals, those are chloramphenicol,
diethylstilbestrol and vancomycin.
Labeling of veterinary drugs:
1. Name and address of veterinarian
2. Active ingredients
3. Date dispensed and expire date
4. Directions for use
5. Cautionary statements
6. Name and address of pharmacy /
pharmacist dispensing the medication
21

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Chapter Seven: Veterinary dosage forms

Solomon G.A , B.Pharm , MSc

Semi fluid masses can be administered from a flexible tube,

• Some OTC drugs used in small animals but in others

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