Cfe Higher Chemistry - Periodicity

Key Area 1: Periodicity
Unit 1 Chemical Changes and Structure

Learning Intention: To learn how the elements
are organised in to groups and periods
Success Criteria:
 State how elements are arranged in groups and
periods in the periodic table (Nat 5 Revision)
 Identify and explain the trends of the elements
including:
 Melting and boiling points
 Atomic size
 Ionisation energy
 Electronegativity
Periodic Table
It has taken many years of work by many scientists to find out about the
elements that we know about now (and there may be more that we don’t
know about yet).
Groups
Periods
Revision
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT …
Groups of elements
Periods of elements
Use the poster
paper!
Trends in the Periodic Table
Density
The higher the density, the more closely packed the particles
are.
Gaseous elements have lower densities because their
particles are far apart.
Solid elements have higher densities because their particles
are packed closely together.
The more the particles are packed together, the stronger the
bonds between the particles are likely to be.
Density
Metals –
Going across a period, the density increases.
Going down a group, the density increases.
Non-metals –
Going across a period, there is no real pattern.
Going down a group, the density increases.
Group 1 Melting Boiling Group 0 Melting Boiling Point

Alkali Metals Point Point Noble Gases Point (oC)
(oC) (oC) (oC)
Li He
Na Ne
K Ar
Rb Kr
Cs Xe
Fr Rn
Variation of melting point with atomic number
Determined by the strength of intermolecular bonding,
between particles
period 2, peak at carbon
period 3, peak at silicon
In general the forces of attraction

(intermolecular bonding) for elements on
the left of the table must be stronger, or
more extensive than between the particles
on the right.
Li Na
Ne Ar
Down group 1 the alkali metals m.pt. decrease
there must be a decrease in the force of
attraction between the particles
Li Na K Rb Cs
Down group 7 the halogens m.pt. increases
there must be a increase in the force of
attraction between the particles
I
Cl Br
F
Melting/Boiling Points
Melting and boiling points are related to the strength

of the bonds that are being broken in changing from a solid
to a liquid and a liquid to a gas.
The higher the melting and boiling points, the stronger

the bonds being broken.
The values can be found in the data booklet and are

determined by the intermolecular bonding found in elements.
Melting/Boiling Points
 Metals example – going down group 1 there is a general

decrease in the melting and boiling points – this suggests
the bonds between the metal atoms (intermolecular) are
getting weaker.
 Non-metals example – going down group 7, the melting

and boiling points increase meaning the intermolecular
bonds get stronger as you move down the group.
Covalent Radius (Atomic size)
Covalent Radius –
a measure of the size of the atom.
Half the distance of the nuclei between the 2 bonded
atoms of the element.
Covalent Radius
There is no definite
edge to an atom.
However, bond lengths

can be worked out.
Covalent radius,
½ the distance between nuclei.
To find the bond length, add 2 covalent radii together.

pm = picometre X 10 – 12
m
Covalent Radius
Covalent Radius
Moving across a period:
More electrons are added to the same energy level
 More protons are added to the nucleus
 Greater nuclear charge (more positive)
 Electrons (negative) are pulled in closer to the nucleus
 Atomic size decreases
Moving down a group:

More electron shells are added
 Outer electrons are further away from the nucleus
 Less attraction of the outer electrons to the nucleus because inner
electrons are screening them
 Atomic size increases
Ionic Radius can also be looked at. (similar to covalent
radii).
Positive ions
 smaller than an atom
 has lost an electron shell to become like its nearest noble
gas.
Negative ions
 bigger than an atom
 has to make room to accommodate extra electrons.
Questions
1. What is the size of the Mg atom compared to the Mg ion?
2. Why does this difference in size occur?
3. (a) What is the trend in atomic size going from
Si P  S  Cl?
(b) Explain this trend
4. (a)What is the trend in ionic radius going from
Si P  S  Cl ions?
(b) Explain this trend.
5. How would you expect the size of the fluorine atom to compare
to the fluoride ion. Explain
6. Explain why
a) Na is bigger than Cl.
b) Na+ is smaller than Cl-
7. Explain why
(a) Rb is bigger than K
(b) A phosphorus ion is larger than a silicon ion
Ionisation energies
This is defined as "the amount of energy required to remove one

mole of electrons from one mole of atoms in the gaseous state”
Energy
e e Mg (g)  Mg+(g) + e- 1st ionisation
M +(g)
The outermost electron will be the most
weakly held and is removed first
Moving across a period: Moving down a group:
Greater pull from the nucleus More electron shells
Harder to remove electrons Smaller pull from the nucleus
Ionisation energy increases Easier to remove electrons
Ionisation energy
decreases
Noble Gases will always have a very high ionisation energy –

They are stable elements so it is extremely difficult to remove electrons
First ionisation energy increases across a period

First ionisation energy decreases down a group
Ionisation energies
This is defined as "the amount of energy required to remove one mole of

electrons from one mole of atoms in the gaseous state”
Energy
e
M (g)  M+(g) + e 1st ionisation

e
M2 +
(g)
Mg(g)+  Mg(g)2+ + e 2nd ionisation
Second/Third Ionisation Energies
We can also remove a 2nd or 3rd electron from a gaseous atom.
1st IE: Mg (g)  Mg+ (g) + e- ΔH = +744 kJ mol-1

2nd IE: Mg+ (g)  Mg2+ (g) + e- ΔH = +1460 kJ mol-1
3rd IE: Mg2+ (g)  Mg3+ (g) + e- ΔH = +7750 kJ mol-1
What do you notice about these IE values for Mg?

Why do you think these differences have occurred?
Ionisation energies
The 2nd IE is always higher than 1st IE because once an
electron has been removed, the remaining electrons
will be held more tightly by the nucleus.
The 2nd IE of sodium is MUCH greater than the 1st IE

because the 2nd electron is being removed from a full
energy level which is closer to the nucleus.
Successive ionisation Energies
First ionisation energy E(g) E+(g) + e-
Second ionisation energy E+(g) E 2+ (g) + e-
Third ionisation energy E 2+(g) E 3+ (g) + e-
Fourth ionisation energy E 3+(g) E 4+ (g) + e-
- ionisation energies increase as successive electrons are

removed
- removing an electron from a filled inner shell requires a

large increase in energy
Successive ionisation Energies
The first four ionisation energies of aluminium, for example,
are given by
Al(g) Al+(g) + e- 1st I.E. = 577 kJ mol-1
Al+(g) Al2+ (g) + e- 2nd I.E. = 1820 kJ mol-1
Al2+(g) Al3+ (g) + e- 3rd I.E. = 2740 kJ mol-1
Al3+(g) Al4+ (g) + e- 4th I.E. = 11600 kJ mol-1
In order to form an Al3+(g) ion from Al(g) you would have to

supply:
577 + 1820 + 2740 = 5137 kJ mol-1
Questions
1. Why is the 2nd IE of K higher than the first?
2. Why is the 3rd IE of Mg higher than Al?
3. Calculate the energy required for:
(i)K(g)  K3+ (g) (ii) K+ (g)  K3+ (g), (iii) Al (g)  Al3+ (g)
4. Showing the ΔH of the process, write equations
corresponding to:
a)The 2nd ionisation energy of Mg.
b)The 3rd ionisation energy of Al.
5. Explain the trend in first ionisation energies on going
down the alkali metals.
(b) Explain the difference between the 1st and 2nd
ionisation energies of these elements.
(c) Explain the trend in 1st IE in going from Na  Mg  Al
Electronegativity
Atoms of different elements have different attractions for bonding
electrons.
Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction an atom involved in a
bond has for the electrons of the bond.
An atom with a high electronegativity will tend to attract the bonded

electrons towards it.
An atom with a low electronegativity will have a very weak attraction

for electrons.
Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling, an American chemist (and
winner of two Nobel prizes!) came up
with the concept of electronegativity in
1932 to help explain the nature of
chemical bonds.
Today we still measure
electronegativities of elements using
the Pauling scale.
Since fluorine is the most
electronegative element (has the
greatest attraction for the bonding
electrons) he assigned it a value and
compared all other elements to
fluorine.
Values for electronegativity can be
found on page 11 of the data book
Electronegativity
e
C e
H
Which atom would have a greater

attraction for the electrons in this
bond and why?
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Electronegativity values increase from left to

right across a period because the atoms have
more protons. The more protons an atom has the
greater the attraction for bonding electrons.
Electronegativity values decrease on descending a

group because the bonding electrons are further
from the pull of the nucleus.
Electronegativity
In the element chlorine both atoms have the

same electronegativity so the electrons are
shared equally.
In the compound hydrogen iodide the bonded atoms

have different electronegativities. The iodine atom
has a bigger attraction for the shared electrons than
the hydrogen atom. As the electrons are attracted
closer to the iodine it becomes slightly negative (δ-)
and the hydrogen atom becomes slightly positive (δ+).
δ+ H I δ-

Cfe Higher Chemistry - Periodicity

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cfe Higher Chemistry - Periodicity

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cfe Higher Chemistry - Periodicity

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Key Area 1: Periodicity

Unit 1 Chemical Changes and Structure

Group 1 Melting Boiling Group 0 Melting Boiling Point

period 2, peak at carbon

period 3, peak at silicon

In general the forces of attraction

Melting and boiling points are related to the strength

The higher the melting and boiling points, the stronger

The values can be found in the data booklet and are

 Metals example – going down group 1 there is a general

 Non-metals example – going down group 7, the melting

However, bond lengths

To find the bond length, add 2 covalent radii together.

Moving down a group:

This is defined as "the amount of energy required to remove one

e e Mg (g)  Mg+(g) + e- 1st ionisation

Noble Gases will always have a very high ionisation energy –

First ionisation energy increases across a period

This is defined as "the amount of energy required to remove one mole of

M (g)  M+(g) + e 1st ionisation

1st IE: Mg (g)  Mg+ (g) + e- ΔH = +744 kJ mol-1

What do you notice about these IE values for Mg?

The 2nd IE of sodium is MUCH greater than the 1st IE

- ionisation energies increase as successive electrons are

- removing an electron from a filled inner shell requires a

In order to form an Al3+(g) ion from Al(g) you would have to

An atom with a high electronegativity will tend to attract the bonded

An atom with a low electronegativity will have a very weak attraction

Which atom would have a greater

Electronegativity values increase from left to

Electronegativity values decrease on descending a

In the element chlorine both atoms have the

In the compound hydrogen iodide the bonded atoms

You might also like