7 Incremental Analysis

Learning Objectives
Describe management’s decision-making process and
1 incremental analysis.
Analyze the relevant costs in accepting an order at a special
2 price.

3 Analyze the relevant costs in a make-or-buy decision.

Analyze the relevant costs in determining whether to sell or

4 process materials further.
Analyze the relevant costs to be considered in repairing,
5 retaining, or replacing equipment.
Analyze the relevant costs in deciding whether to eliminate an
6 unprofitable segment or product.
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LEARNING Describe management’s decision-making
1
OBJECTIVE process and incremental analysis.

Making decisions is an important management function.

 Does not always follow a set pattern.
 Decisions vary in scope, urgency, and importance.
 Steps usually involved in process include:

Illustration 7-1
Management’s decision-making process

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 Decision-Making Process

In making business decisions,

 Considers both financial and non-financial information.
 Financial information
► Revenues and costs, and
► Effect on overall profitability.
 Nonfinancial information
► Effect on employee turnover
► The environment
► Overall company image.

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 Incremental Analysis Approach

 Decisions involve a choice among alternative actions.

 Process used to identify the financial data that change
under alternative courses of action.
► Both costs and revenues may vary or
► Only revenues may vary or
► Only costs may vary

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 How Incremental Analysis Works
Illustration 7-2
Basic approach in incremental analysis

 Incremental revenue is $15,000 less under Alternative B.

 Incremental cost savings of $20,000 is realized.
 Alternative B produces $5,000 more net income.

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 How Incremental Analysis Works

Important concepts used in incremental analysis:

 Relevant cost.
 Opportunity cost.
 Sunk cost.

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 How Incremental Analysis Works

 Sometimes involves changes that seem contrary to

intuition.
 Variable costs sometimes do not change under
alternatives.
 Fixed costs sometimes change between alternatives.

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 Types of Incremental Analysis

Common types of decisions involving incremental analysis:

1. Accept an order at a special price.

2. Make or buy component parts or finished products.

3. Sell or process further them further

4. Repair, retain, or replace equipment.

5. Eliminate an unprofitable business segment or product.

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 Incremental Analysis

Question
Incremental analysis is the process of identifying the financial
data that
a. Do not change under alternative courses of action.
b. Change under alternative courses of action.
c. Are mixed under alternative courses of action.
d. None of the above.

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 1 Incremental Analysis

Owen T Corporation is comparing two different options. The

company currently follows Option 1, with revenues of $80,000 per
year, maintenance expenses of $5,000 per year, and operating
expenses of $38,000 per year. Option 2 provides revenues of
$80,000 per year, maintenance expenses of $12,000 per year, and
operating expenses of $32,000 per year. Option 1 employs a piece
of equipment that was upgraded 2 years ago at a cost of $22,000. If
Option 2 is chosen, it will free up resources that will increase
revenues by $3,000.
Complete the following table to show the change in income from
choosing Option 2 versus Option 1. Designate any sunk costs with
an “S.”

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 The company currently follows Option 1, with revenues of $80,000
per year, maintenance expenses of $5,000 per year, and operating
expenses of $38,000 per year. Option 2 provides revenues of
$80,000 per year, maintenance expenses of $12,000 per year, and
operating expenses of $32,000 per year. Option 1 employs a piece
of equipment that was upgraded 2 years ago at a cost of $22,000. If
Option 2 is chosen, it will free up resources that will increase
revenues by $3,000.

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LEARNING Analyze the relevant costs in accepting an
2
OBJECTIVE order at a special price.

Accept an Order at a Special Price

 Obtain additional business by making a major price
concession to a specific customer.
 Assumes that sales of products in other markets are
not affected by special order.
 Assumes that company is not operating at full capacity.

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 Accept an Order at a Special Price

Illustration: Sunbelt Company produces 100,000 Smoothie

blenders per month, which is 80% of plant capacity. Variable
manufacturing costs are $8 per unit. Fixed manufacturing costs
are $400,000, or $4 per unit. The blenders are normally sold
directly to retailers at $20 each. Sunbelt has an offer from
Kensington Co. (a foreign wholesaler) to purchase an additional
2,000 blenders at $11 per unit. Acceptance of the offer would not
affect normal sales of the product, and the additional units can be
manufactured without increasing plant capacity. What should
management do?

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 Accept an Order at a Special Price
Illustration 7-4
Incremental analysis—accepting
an order at a special price

 Fixed costs do not change since within existing capacity – thus

fixed costs are not relevant.
 Variable manufacturing costs and expected revenues change –
thus both are relevant to the decision.

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 2 Special Orders

Cobb Company incurs costs of $28 per unit ($18 variable and $10
fixed) to make a product that normally sells for $42. A foreign
wholesaler offers to buy 5,000 units at $25 each. Cobb will incur
additional shipping costs of $1 per unit. Compute the increase or
decrease in net income Cobb will realize by accepting the special
order, assuming Cobb has excess operating capacity. Should Cobb
Company accept the special order?

Accept
or
Reject?

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LEARNING Analyze the relevant costs in a make-or-buy
3
OBJECTIVE decision.

Illustration: Baron Company incurs the following annual costs in

producing 25,000 ignition switches for motor scooters.
Illustration 7-5
Annual product
cost data

Instead of making its own switches, Baron Company might purchase

the ignition switches at a price of $8 per unit. “What should
management do?”

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 Make or Buy Decision Illustration 7-6
Incremental analysis—
make or buy

 Total manufacturing cost is $1 higher per unit than purchase price.

 Must absorb at least $50,000 of fixed costs under either option.

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 Opportunity Cost

The potential benefit that

may be obtained from
following an alternative
course of action.

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 Opportunity Cost

Illustration: Assume that through buying the switches, Baron

Company can use the released productive capacity to generate
additional income of $38,000 from producing a different product.
This lost income is an additional cost of continuing to make the
switches in the make-or-buy decision.

Illustration 7-7
Incremental analysis—make or
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 Make or Buy Decision

Question
In a make-or-buy decision, relevant costs are:
a. Manufacturing costs that will be saved.
b. The purchase price of the units.
c. Opportunity costs.
d. All of the above.

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 3 Make or Buy

Juanita Company must decide whether to make or buy some of its

components for the appliances it produces. The costs of producing
166,000 electrical cords for its appliances are as follows.
Direct materials $90,000 Variable overhead $32,000
Direct labor 20,000 Fixed overhead 24,000
Instead of making the electrical cords at an average cost per unit of
$1.00 ($166,000 ÷ 166,000), the company has an opportunity to buy the
cords at $0.90 per unit. If the company purchases the cords, all variable
costs and one-fourth of the fixed costs will be eliminated.
(a) Prepare an incremental analysis showing whether the company
should make or buy the electrical cords. (b) Will your answer be different
if the released productive capacity will generate additional income of
$5,000?
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 3 Make or Buy

(a) Prepare an incremental analysis showing whether the company

should make or buy the electrical cords.

Juanita Company will incur $1,400 of additional costs if it buys the

electrical cords rather than making them.
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 3 Make or Buy

(b) Will your answer be different if the released productive capacity

will generate additional income of $5,000?

Yes, net income will be increased by $3,600 if Juanita Company

purchases the electrical cords rather than making them.

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LEARNING Analyze the relevant costs in determining
4
OBJECTIVE whether to sell or process materials further.

Sell or Process Further

 May have option to sell product at a given point in
production or to process further and sell at a higher
price.
 Decision Rule:

Process further as long as the incremental revenue from

such processing exceeds the incremental processing
costs.

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 Single-Product Case

Illustration: Woodmasters Inc. makes tables. The cost to

manufacture an unfinished table is $35. The selling price per
unfinished unit is $50. Woodmasters has unused capacity that
can be used to finish the tables and sell them at $60 per unit. For
a finished table, direct materials will increase $2 and direct labor
costs will increase $4. Variable manufacturing overhead costs will
increase by $2.40 (60% of direct labor). No increase is
anticipated in fixed manufacturing overhead.

Illustration 7-8
Per unit cost of
unfinished table

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 Single-Product Case

The incremental analysis on a per unit basis is as follows.

Illustration 7-9
Incremental analysis—
sell or process further
Should Woodmasters sell or process
processfurther?
further.

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 Multiple-Product Case

Joint product situation for Marais Creamery. Cream and skim milk
are products that result from the processing of raw milk.

Illustration 7-10
Joint production
process—Creamery Joint product costs are sunk costs and thus not
relevant to the sell-or-process further decision.

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 Multiple-Product Case

Cost and revenue data per day for cream. Illustration 7-11
Cost and revenue data
per day for cream

Determine whether the company should simply sell the cream

or process it further into cottage cheese.

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 Multiple-Product Case

Analysis of whether to sell cream or process into cottage cheese.

Illustration 7-12

Marais should or should

shouldnot
notprocess
processthe
thecream
creamfurther?
further?

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 Multiple-Product Case

Cost and revenue data per day for skim milk.

Illustration 7-13

Determine whether the company should sell the skim milk or

process it further into condensed milk.

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 Multiple-Product Case

Analysis of whether to sell skim milk or process into condensed

milk.
Illustration 7-14

Marais should or should

shouldnot
notprocess
processthe
themilk
milkfurther?
further?

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 Sell or Process Further

Question
The decision rule is a sell-or-process-further decision:
Process further as long as the incremental revenue from
processing exceeds:
a. Incremental processing costs.
b. Variable processing costs.
c. Fixed processing costs.
d. No correct answer is given.

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 4 Sell or Process Further

Easy Does It manufactures unpainted furniture for the do-it-yourself (DIY)

market. It currently sells a child’s rocking chair for $25. Production costs
are $12 variable and $8 fixed. Easy Does It is considering painting the
rocking chair and selling it for $35. Variable costs to paint each chair are
expected to be $9, and fixed costs are expected to be $2.Prepare an
analysis showing whether Easy Does It should sell unpainted or painted
chairs.

Solution

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LEARNING Analyze the relevant costs to be considered in
5
OBJECTIVE repairing, retaining, or replacing equipment.

Illustration: Jeffcoat Company is considering replacing a factory

machine with a new machine. Jeffcoat Company has a factory
machine that originally cost $110,000. It has a balance in
Accumulated Depreciation of $70,000, so its book value is $40,000. It
has a remaining useful life of four years. The company is considering
replacing this machine with a new machine. A new machine is
available that costs $120,000. It is expected to have zero salvage
value at the end of its four-year useful life. If the new machine is
acquired, variable manufacturing costs are expected to decrease from
$160,000 to $125,000 and the old unit could be sold for $5,000. The
incremental analysis for the four-year period is as follows.

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 Repair, Retain, or Replace Equipment

Prepare the incremental analysis for the four-year period.

Illustration 7-10

Illustration 7-15

Retain or Replace?

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 Repair, Retain, or Replace Equipment

Additional Considerations
 The book value of old machine does not affect the decision.
► Book value is a sunk cost.
► Costs which cannot be changed by future decisions (sunk
cost) are not relevant in incremental analysis.
 However, any trade-in allowance or cash disposal value of
the existing asset is relevant.

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 5 Repair or Replace Equipment

Rochester Roofing is faced with a decision. The company relies very

heavily on the use of its 60-foot extension lift for work on large homes
and commercial properties. Last year, the company spent $60,000
refurbishing the lift. It has just determined that another $40,000 of repair
work is required. Alternatively, Rochester Roofing has found a newer
used lift that is for sale for $170,000. The company estimates that both
the old and new lifts would have useful lives of 6 years. However, the lift
is more efficient and thus would reduce operating expenses by about
$20,000 per year. The company could also rent out the new lift for about
$2,000 per year. The old lift is not suitable for rental. The old lift could
currently be sold for $25,000 if the new lift is purchased. Prepare an
incremental analysis that shows whether the company should repair or
replace the equipment.

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 5 Repair or Replace Equipment

Solution

The analysis indicates that purchasing the new machine would

increase net income for the 6-year period by $27,000.

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LEARNING Analyze the relevant costs in deciding whether to
OBJECTIVE
6 eliminate an unprofitable segment or product.

 Key: Focus on Relevant Costs.

 Consider effect on related product lines.
 Fixed costs allocated to the unprofitable segment must be
absorbed by the other segments.
 Net income may decrease when an unprofitable segment
is eliminated.
 Decision Rule: Retain the segment unless fixed costs
eliminated exceed contribution margin lost.

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 Eliminate an Unprofitable Segment or
Product

Illustration: Venus Company manufactures three models of tennis

rackets:
 Profitable lines: Pro and Master Should Champ
 Unprofitable line: Champ be eliminated?

Illustration 7-16
Segment income data

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 Eliminate an Unprofitable Segment or
Product

Prepare income data after eliminating Champ product line. Assume

fixed costs are allocated 2/3 to Pro and 1/3 to Master.

Illustration 7-17
Income data after eliminating
unprofitable product line Total income is decreased by $10,000.

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 Eliminate an Unprofitable Segment or
Product

Incremental analysis of Champ provided the same results:

Illustration 7-18
Do Not Eliminate Champ Incremental analysis—eliminating unprofitable
segment with no reduction in fixed costs

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 Eliminate an Unprofitable Segment or
Product

Assume that $22,000 of the fixed costs attributed to the Champ

line can be eliminated if the line is discontinued.
Illustration 7-18
Eliminate Champ Incremental analysis—eliminating unprofitable
segment with reduction in fixed costs

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 Incremental Analysis

Question
If an unprofitable segment is eliminated:
a. Net income will always increase.
b. Variable expenses of the eliminated segment will have to
be absorbed by other segments.
c. Fixed expenses allocated to the eliminated segment will
have to be absorbed by other segments.
d. Net income will always decrease.

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 6 Unprofitable Segments

Lambert, Inc. manufactures several types of accessories. For the

year, the knit hats and scarves line had sales of $400,000, variable
expenses of $310,000, and fixed expenses of $120,000. Therefore,
the knit hats and scarves line had a net loss of $30,000. If Lambert
eliminates the knit hats and scarves line, $20,000 of fixed costs will
remain. Prepare an analysis showing whether the company should
eliminate the knit hats and scarves line.

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