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    4 - Hemorrhage and Blood Transfusion

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    nightfury200313
    Hemorrhage occurs when blood escapes from blood vessels. There are three main types classified by the vessel ruptured, timing, or visibility. Blood loss is measured based on preexisting blood volume which is 80-85 ml/kg in infants and 65-75 ml/kg in adults. Treatment involves stopping the hemorrhage through pressure, positioning, surgery, or hemostatic agents and replacing the lost blood through IV fluids or transfusion. Blood transfusions are indicated for blood loss, surgery, burns, anemia, or stopping hemorrhage in hemophilia. Proper blood preparation, storage, and compatibility testing through blood grouping and cross matching are important to prevent transfusion reactions.

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    4 - Hemorrhage and Blood Transfusion

    Uploaded by

    nightfury200313
    29 views15 pages
    Hemorrhage occurs when blood escapes from blood vessels. There are three main types classified by the vessel ruptured, timing, or visibility. Blood loss is measured based on preexisting blood volume which is 80-85 ml/kg in infants and 65-75 ml/kg in adults. Treatment involves stopping the hemorrhage through pressure, positioning, surgery, or hemostatic agents and replacing the lost blood through IV fluids or transfusion. Blood transfusions are indicated for blood loss, surgery, burns, anemia, or stopping hemorrhage in hemophilia. Proper blood preparation, storage, and compatibility testing through blood grouping and cross matching are important to prevent transfusion reactions.

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    Albayan univercity

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    4- HEMORRHAGE AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION

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    Hemorrhage occurs when blood escapes from blood vessels. There are three main types classified by the vessel ruptured, timing, or visibility. Blood loss is measured based on preexisting blood volume which is 80-85 ml/kg in infants and 65-75 ml/kg in adults. Treatment involves stopping the hemorrhage through pressure, positioning, surgery, or hemostatic agents and replacing the lost blood through IV fluids or transfusion. Blood transfusions are indicated for blood loss, surgery, burns, anemia, or stopping hemorrhage in hemophilia. Proper blood preparation, storage, and compatibility testing through blood grouping and cross matching are important to prevent transfusion reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    29 views15 pages

    4 - Hemorrhage and Blood Transfusion

    Uploaded by

    nightfury200313
    Hemorrhage occurs when blood escapes from blood vessels. There are three main types classified by the vessel ruptured, timing, or visibility. Blood loss is measured based on preexisting blood volume which is 80-85 ml/kg in infants and 65-75 ml/kg in adults. Treatment involves stopping the hemorrhage through pressure, positioning, surgery, or hemostatic agents and replacing the lost blood through IV fluids or transfusion. Blood transfusions are indicated for blood loss, surgery, burns, anemia, or stopping hemorrhage in hemophilia. Proper blood preparation, storage, and compatibility testing through blood grouping and cross matching are important to prevent transfusion reactions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Hemorrhage and blood transfusion

    Hemorrhage= blood out side the circulation(exravasated)


    Types of hemorrhage:
    1-according to vessel rupture -arterial - venous -
    capillary
    2- according to time of occurrence -primary (direct) -
    reactionary with in 24 hours - secondary 7-14 days
    3- according to visibility of injury - external (revealed) -
    internal (concealed
    Types of hemorrhage
    Revealed hemorrhage
    Concealed hemorrhage
    Measurement of blood concentration
     Assessment must be related to preexisting blood volume that derived
    from body weight
     Infant=80-85 ml\kg
     Adult=65-75ml\kg
     methods to determine blood concentration
     1- blood clot size of clenched fist = 500ml
     1-swellings in closed fractures tibia #=500-1500ml femoral #
    = 1000-2000ml
     3- swab weighing 1gm=1ml of blood
     4- hemoglobin level normal 12-16 gm \dl no immediate changes
    Treatment of hemorrhage

     A- stop hemorrhage by
     1-pressure and packing first aid measure
     2-position and rest ( trendelenburg position)
     3- operative technic use artery forceps or ligatures
     4- short wave diathermy
     5- topical application of hemostatic material as gelatin
    surgyseal
     B- replace the blood loss by giving IV fluid or blood
    Blood transfusion
     indications of transfusion
     1-blood loss due to trauma or pathological lesion
     2-major operative surgery
     3-sever burn decrease proteins and fluid , hemolysis
     4- post operative anemia
     5-preoperative chronic anemia
     6-to arrest hemorrhage in hemophilia and thrombocytopenia
    Preparation of blood for transfusion

     1- compatible blood
     2-history of donor for HIV&HBV
     3-sterile plastic bag collection
     4-bag should contain anticoagulant
    solution (CPD)
    blood storage: cooled in 4 c,CPD shelf life
    3wks,RBC reduced with in 24-72 h,WBC
    destroyed with in 24 h, platelets survive 72h,
    clotting factors are labile and fall quickly
    Blood fractions

     1-packed cells in chronic anemia


     2-platelet rich plasma treat thrombocytopenia
     3-platelet concentrate
     4- plasma which can give albumin 4.5% for
    sever burns
     ,FFP,CPPT,fibrinogen
    Plasma and packed cells
    Blood grouping and cross mach

     2 major groups of antigens ABO and RH


    present on the RBC surface
     Group A contain anti B antibody
     Group B contain atiA antibody
     Group AB contain no ABO antibody
     Group 0 contain anti A and anti B antibody
     RH antigen present in 85 % of population
    incomptability

     Reaction due to presence of Abs in recipient serum against donar


    cells result in agglutination- hemolysis- renal tubular necrosis and RF
     Can be prevented by 1-ABO &RH grouping and cross maching
     Giving blood
     1-Prepare the site
     2-check donor blood computability
     3- insert canula
     4- give detailed written instructions
     5-warm blood to prevent cardiac arrest
    complications
     1-congestive heart failure due to rabid infusion
     2-transfusion reactions as incomptability , simple
    pyrexial reaction , allergic reaction , sensitization to
    leukocyte and platelets. Immunological sensitization
     3- infections as HBV, HIV
     4- thrombophlebitis
     5-air embolism
     6-coagulopathy and DIC

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