Cavite mutinity

- Spaniards’ version
- Filipinos’ version
- The official report of
Governor Izquierdo
What is mutiny?
• A rebellion against authority
• Comes from an old verb “mutine” which means to revolt

What is Cavite Mutiny?

• Is an uprising of 200 Filipinos at Cavite Arsenal aiming to get rid of the
Spanish government in the Philippines
• It is one of the most significant historical accounts in the Philippines today
Cavite Mutinity
• On January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers and laborers of Fort San
Felipe Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in a way led
to the Philippine revolution in 1896. The 1872 Cavite Mutiny was
precipitated by the removal of long- standing personal benefits to the
workers such as tax (tribute) and forced labor exemption on order from
the Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo.
• The uprising was used by the Spanish colonial government to implicate
and sentence to death by garotte the three martyr priest: Fr. Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora on February 17, 1872 in
Bagumbayan and several other Filipino leaders. Cavite Mutiny is one of
the greatest historical events of the Philippines and the major awakening
of nationalism among the Filipinos. However, this event became
controversy today because there are many accounts that speak the causes
and the event itself.
What happened in the Cavite Mutiny?
• The year 1872 is a historic of two events:
• The Cavite Mutiny, And the martyrdom of the three priests Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora,
later immortalized as GOMBURZA

• These events are important milestones in Philippine history and have caused ripples throughout time, directly
influencing the decisive events of the Philippine Revolution toward the end of the century .
Jose
Montero
y Vidal
SPANIARDS’ VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINITY OF 1872
• Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event
and highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish
government in the Philippines. Both Montero and Izquierdo scored out
that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal
such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the
main reasons of the "revolution" as how they called it,
• however, other causes were enumerated by them including the Spanish
Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas
proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican
books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the
presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish
friars, "conspired and supported" the rebels and enemies of Spain.
• As a writer, Montero contributed to the Real Academia de la Historica and
wrote three volumes of his book, Historia General Filipinas Desde el
Descubrimiento de Dichas Islas Hasta Nuestors Dias, which included the his
first-hand account on the Cavity Mutiny( published on Vol 3) by which were
successively published from 1887, 1894 and 1895.
Trinidad
Pardo de
Tavera
FILIPINOS’ VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINITY OF 1872
• Trinidad Pardo de Tavera is a Filipino physician, historian and politician of
Spanish and Portuguese descent. Trinidad, also known by his name T. H. Pardo
de Tavera, was known for his writings about different aspects of Philippine
culture.
• Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher,
wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.
• In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino
soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied
with the abolition of their privileges. Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo's
cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and
native army members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of
school of arts and trades for the Filipinos.
• Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
powerful lever by magnifying it as a full- blown conspiracy involving not only the
native army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more
importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the
Philippines.
• Edmund Plauchut, a Frenchman residing in Manila at the time of the revolt, gives
a dispassionate account of it and its causes in an article published in the French
literary magazine, Revue des DeuxMondes in 1877. His account complimented
Tavera's account by confirming that the event happened due to Governor-General
Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez's exacting of personal taxes from the soldiers and
workers as well as his imposition of forced labor on them which results to the
discontentment of the workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.
• On 20 January 1872, the day of the mutiny, the workers received their salaries and
were surprised and angered at the same time due to deductions of tributes and
payments in lieu of forced labor from their salaries. They staged the mutiny right
away but it was crushed as soon as it started because of a lack of coordination
between the mutineers.
Governor-
Geberal
Rafael
Izquierdo
THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO ON THE
CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
• A Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman.
• A Governor-General of the Philippines (1871 to 1873).
• He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal
government of his predecessor.
• Led to execution - 41 of the mutineers.
• Acted as Governor-General of Puerto Rico

GOVERNOR RAFAEL IZQUIERDO

• In his report he blamed native clergy, scholars, and some residents of manila and
the neighboring provinces as the instigators of Cavite mutiny.
• He expressively describes Cavite mutiny as “insurrection”, “uprising” and a “revolution”
• He imposed reform which suggested that the soldiers of the engineering and
artillery corps should pay taxes, from which they were previously exempt and
they were also required to perform manual labor.
• In Rafael Izquierdo's account the mutiny was hatched by a group of native
Filipino priests, several mestizos, and lawyers who were fighting against the
crimes and abuses experienced by Filipinos under the Spanish regime and
according to his official report to the King of Spain, he magnified the event and
made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call
for secularization of parishes. He also reported that the 3 Filipino priest named
Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora is planning to liquidate the
Spanish rulers and take over their position.
• Implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement toward
secularization of parishes.
• In a biased report, he highlighted the attempt to overthrow the Spanish
government in the Philippines to install a new "hari" in the persons of Father
Burgos and Zamora.
• Native clergy attracted supporters by giving them charismatic assurance that
their fight would not fall because they had God's support, aside from promises
of lofty rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army.
• It has not been clearly determined if they planned to establish a monarchy or a
republic, because the indios have no word in their language to describe this
form of government whose head in Filipino would be called hari, but its turns
out that they would place at the head of the government a priest that the head
selected would be D. Jose Burgos or D. Jacinto Zamora.
THE RESULT OF HIS OFFICIAL REPORT ON CAVITE
MUTINY
In result, All the Spaniards, including the friars, would be executed except for the women;
and their belongings confiscated.
leaders of the plot were execute
• Fr. Mariano Gomes de los Angeles
• Fr. José Apolonio Burgos y García
• Fr. Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario
In his official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy,
which was then active in the call for secularization.
Mariano Gomes de los Angeles
• A well-known Roman Catholic priest during their time.
• Mixed native (Filipino), Chinese,and Spanish ancestries.
• Designated as the head priest of Bacoor, Cavite.
• Fought the rights of his fellow native priests.
José Apolonio Burgos y García
• Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on February 9, 1837.
• Studied at the Colegio San Juan de Letran.
• Went to the University of Santo Tomas.
Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario
• Born on August 14, 1835 in Pandacan.
• Studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran.
• A degree of Bachelor of Canon/Civil Laws.

Gomburza were executed by garrote in public to serve as a threat to Filipinos

never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again. This is the scene purportedly
witnessed by a young Jose Rizal.
CAUSES OF CAVITE MUTINY
• It is apparent that the Spanish account underscore the reason for the "revolution"
is the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite arsenal such
as exemption from payment of tribute and being employed in "polos y servicios,
or force labor. Presence of the native clergy, against the Spanish friars
"conspired and supported" the rebels
• In the Spaniard's accounts, 1872 was premeditated, a part of a big conspiracy
among educated leaders, meztizos, lawyers and residents of Manila and Cavite.
• The account detail that on January 20, 1872 the district of Sampaloc celebrated
the feast of the Virgin Loreto, came with it some fireworks display. The
Cavitenos allegedly mistook this as the signal to commence with the attack.
• However, according to the Filipino accounts. The friars used the incident as a
part of larger conspiracy to cement their dominance, which had started to show
cracks because of the discontent of the Filipinos. They showcased the mutiny as
part of a greater conspiracy in Philippines by Filipinos to overthrow the Spanish
government.
Considering the accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some
basic facts that remained to be unvarying:
• First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the
members of the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen.
Izquierdo;
• Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the
Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish government out of disgust;
• Third, the Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly
transpired but relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the
public;
• Fourth, the happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the
Central Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene
in government affairs as well as in the direction and management of schools
prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend their tay and maintain their
power in the Philippines.
• Fifth, the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization
movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the
country making them prey to the rage of the friars;
• Sixth, Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what
they deemed as injustices;
• and Lastly, the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the
Spanish government, for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and
the event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually
independence. There may be different versions of the event, but one thing is
certain, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved way for a momentous 1898.