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    PAHS 055 Session 5 Urbanization

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    AWENABAH THOMAS
    This document provides an overview of a session on urbanization. It will define urbanization, describe forms of urbanization in Africa and developed countries, identify challenges facing African cities, and ways to manage urban growth. Learning objectives are to understand urbanization, differences between developing and developed world urbanization, and address Africa's urban challenges.

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    PAHS 055 Session 5 Urbanization

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    AWENABAH THOMAS
    11 views18 pages
    This document provides an overview of a session on urbanization. It will define urbanization, describe forms of urbanization in Africa and developed countries, identify challenges facing African cities, and ways to manage urban growth. Learning objectives are to understand urbanization, differences between developing and developed world urbanization, and address Africa's urban challenges.

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    This document provides an overview of a session on urbanization. It will define urbanization, describe forms of urbanization in Africa and developed countries, identify challenges facing African cities, and ways to manage urban growth. Learning objectives are to understand urbanization, differences between developing and developed world urbanization, and address Africa's urban challenges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views18 pages

    PAHS 055 Session 5 Urbanization

    Uploaded by

    AWENABAH THOMAS
    This document provides an overview of a session on urbanization. It will define urbanization, describe forms of urbanization in Africa and developed countries, identify challenges facing African cities, and ways to manage urban growth. Learning objectives are to understand urbanization, differences between developing and developed world urbanization, and address Africa's urban challenges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    PAHS 055

    ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

    Session 5: Urbanization

    MRS. RUBY V. KODOM


    Contact Info: [email protected]

    UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
    College of Education
    SCHOOL OF CONTINUING AND DISTANCE
    EDUCATION
    Session Overview
    This session will introduce you to the concept of
    Urbanization. Students will be able to describe the
    forms of urbanization as well as differentiate between
    urbanization in Africa and the developed world.

    PAHS 055-Ruby Kodom Slide 2


    Session Outline
    • This session covers five main topics, which are
    outlined as follows:

    • The definition of Urbanization and how it has


    evolved.
    • The significance and forms of urbanization
    • Urbanization in Africa and the developing world, vis-
    à-vis the developed world
    • Africa’s urban challenges
    • Managing urbanization
    PAHS 055-Ruby Kodom Slide 3
    Learning Objectives
    At the end of the session, students will be able to;

    • Define Urbanization
    • Describe the significance and forms of urbanization
    • Differentiate between urbanization in the developed
    and developing world (Africa)
    • Identify the challenges of urbanization in Africa

    PAHS 055-Ruby Kodom Slide 4


    Introduction
    • What is a urbanization?

    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 5


    Kodom
    Introduction
    • Urbanization is the process where an increasing percentage of
    a population lives in cities and suburbs. This process is often
    linked to industrialization and modernization, as large
    numbers of people leave farms to work and live in cities.

    • Rural-to-urban transition involving population, land use,


    economic activity and culture, or indeed any one of these.
    Thus, it is frequently used to refer to changes in land-use for
    specific areas (usually on the periphery of urban
    concentrations) as this land becomes ‘urbanised’ and is sold
    and developed for urban use (e.g. the sale of plots for
    housing).
    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 6
    Kodom
    Introduction
    Urbanization Data for Ghana

    • Urban population: 54% of total population (2015)


    Rate of urbanization: 3.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

    • Definition: This entry provides two measures of the degree of urbanization of a


    population. The first, urban population, describes the percentage of the total
    population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. The second, rate of
    urbanization, describes the projected average rate of change of the size of the
    urban population over the given period of time. Additionally, the World entry
    includes a list of the ten largest urban agglomerations. An urban
    agglomeration is defined as comprising the city or town proper and also the
    suburban fringe or thickly settled territory lying outside of, but adjacent to, the
    boundaries of the city.
    Source: CIA World Factbook
    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 7
    Kodom
    Understanding Urbanization
    • In most countries, a large part of the urban population actually
    live in relatively small towns and villages. The urban
    population may also be thought of more as nonagricultural
    than urban in the way those in industrialized countries would
    naturally tend to perceive it. In its most recent urbanization
    estimates and projections, the UN Population Division
    recognized that when urbanization is discussed, "the focus is
    often on large cities, cities whose populations are larger than
    many countries." The table below gives examples of how
    countries themselves define urban. The great variation in the
    urban definition and the size of places deemed urban is readily
    apparent (see table).
    PAHS 055-Ruby Kodom Slide 6
    Some Countries & Definitions of ‘Urban’
    Country Urban Definition
    Argentina Populated centers with 2,000 or more
    Canada Places of 1,000 or more*
    China Cities designated by the State Council and other places
    with density of 1,500 or more per sq. km.*

    India Specified towns with governments and places with 5,000


    or more and at least three-fourths of the male labor force
    not in agriculture*

    Japan Cities (shi) with 50,000 or more*


    Maldives Male, the capital
    Mexico Localities of 2,500 or more
    New Zealand Cities, towns, etc. with 1,000 or more
    Niger Capital city and department and district capitals

    Norway Localities of 200 or more


    Peru Populated centers with 100 or more dwellings

    Senegal Agglomerations of 10,000 or more


    PAHS 055-Ruby Kodom Slide 7
    Some Countries & Definitions of ‘Urban’

    United States Places of 2,500 or more, urbanized areas


    of 50,000 or more*

    • There are some additional requirements regarding


    population size, population density, and specified
    urban characteristics.

    Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2007


    Demographic Yearbook: table 6.

    PAHS 055-Ruby Kodom Slide 8


    Urbanization from the world view
    Historically urbanization was linked to industrialization or
    modernization. Through industrialization, surpluses
    increased in both agriculture and industry and this meant
    that more people could live in the cities.

    Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal


    places to locate factories and their workers.
    Presently, urbanization is growing continually in both
    developed and developing countries.

    PAHS 055-Ruby Kodom Slide 5


    Significance of Urbanization

    • Economic development
    • Innovation
    • Education
    • Technological advances
    • Jobs
    • Lowers unit costs of providing social services i.e.
    development of service industry
    • Lower transportation costs.
    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 12
    Kodom
    FORMS OF URBANIZATION
    • Urbanization with Development - occurs when national economic
    growth and development are present, including a national policy that
    integrates economic and spatial planning, a productive agricultural
    sector, growth of secondary cities and market towns, and
    manageable levels of rural-urban migration.

    •Urbanization with limited development - occurs where overall


    national economic growth and development are inadequate to meet
    the needs of a growing population. Other features of this type of
    urbanization include the lack of a national policy that integrates
    economic and spatial planning, underproduction in agriculture, over-
    migration and growth of megacities.
    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 13
    Kodom
    Urbanization in Africa vis-à-vis the
    developed world
    BASIS FOR COMPARISON DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
    A country having an effective rate Developing Country is a country
    Meaning of industrialization and individual which has a slow rate of
    income is known as Developed industrialization and low per
    Country. capita income.

    Unemployment and Poverty Low High

    Infant mortality rate, death rate High infant mortality rate, death
    Rates and birth rate is low while the life rate and birth rate, along with low
    expectancy rate is high. life expectancy rate.
    Living conditions Good Moderate
    Generates more revenue from Industrial sector Service sector

    They rely on the developed


    Growth High industrial growth. countries for their growth.
    Standard of living High Low
    Distribution of Income Equal Unequal
    Factors of Production Effectively utilized
    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 14
    Ineffectively utilized
    Kodom
    Africa’s Urban Challenges
    • Development of urban slums
    • Urban unemployment
    • Over-crowding
    • Crime and violence
    • Spread of diseases
    • Poor sewage disposal systems.
    • Urban Sprawl
    • Traffic congestion
    • Pollution.
    • Poor planning
    • Lack of social services PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 15
    Kodom
    Quick Fact

    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 16


    Kodom
    Managing Urbanization
    • Decentralisation: this encourages development away
    from capital cities.
    • Land zoning and building laws: In a number of large
    cities a green belt policy has been adopted to protect
    farmed areas at the edge of cities from development.
    • Limit Urban sprawl
    • Expansion of basic services
    • Prevent loss of farmlands
    • Provide infrastructure
    • Proper planning
    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 17
    Kodom
    PAHS 055-Ruby Slide 18
    Kodom

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