Effective Teaching and practICAL SKILLS Fin

TEACHING CLINICAL AND
PRACTICAL SKILLS
DR P J SRINIVAS
Associate Professor
Department of Community Medicine
FACULTY RCMET
• Skill: Skill is the ability to perform a task
leading to a specific predefined outcome. Skill
may be:
– Intellectual or cognitive which includes clinical
reasoning and decision making skills,
– Procedural or psychomotor skills that require
manual dexterity and include laboratory and
clinical skills,
– Communication skills
– Team skills including leadership skills.
Classification of Skills
– Intellectual or cognitive skills are defined as abilities such

as application, analysis and synthesis as building on basic
knowledge and are related to underlying component of
knowledge.
• e.g. ability to interpret haematological tests of a
patient with anemia
– Psychomotor or procedural skills (require manual

dexterity and include laboratory and clinical skills
• e.g. ability to obtain a blood sample by venepuncture
– Communication skills is defined as the ability to
communicate with others in a given situation.
•
e.g. ability to motivate volunteers for blood
donation
•
– Team Skill is defined as the ability to work together in
a team.
•
• e.g. Ability to work towards implementing a
project/operating on a patient with the team.
The general principles of skill
acquisition and its application
• Outcome is predefined for the phase and level of

training
• Standard approved process of acquisition including
required steps are clearly outlined,
• Learners are provided opportunity to progressively
acquire and practice repeatedly under supervision, in a
structured format and in a safe, non- threatening
environment
• Opportunities are made available for self-assessment
and improvement, feedback and assessment of
performance.
Example: Demonstrate Basic Life
Support in a simulated environment.
• Domain of ‘Skill’ at the level of Shows How
(SH). Suggested method is DOAP sessions and
assessment using OSCE.
• Now in a real situation, the feasibility of
independent performance by a learner may
be low, but since the criticality is high, it is a
must, to use a Skills lab for training using
simulation.
Approach to Competency based skill
assessment
Planning a skill station
•
Methods for teaching intellectual
skills
• conducted by the physician-teacher (for demonstration),

• Clinical case presentations,
• case based discussions/ chart stimulated recall,
• clinical problem solving exercises and
• structured case presentation models like SNAPPS
(Summarising, Narrowing the differential, Analyzing the
differential, Probing the preceptor, Planning the
management & Self-directed learning) and
• One Minute Preceptor are good settings for teaching
clinical reasoning skills.
The One Minute Preceptor (OMP)
• . In this five-step micro-skills model, the student presents a
case, he/she is then asked to commit to a diagnosis, and is
probed for reasoning for the same.
• The preceptor (teacher), now aware of patient as well as
student’s diagnosis, appreciates what was done well, points
out omissions and teaches general rules (e.g. key features,
principles of management, effective communication).
Usually, it takes about 10 minutes (arbitrary division of
time could be: 6 minutes for case presentation, 3 minutes
for questioning and 1 minute for teaching the general rule
and feedback). Despite being a teacher initiated model, it
drives the student to propose and justify the diagnosis,
employing appropriate clinical reasoning skills by the
learner
Alternative ways of acquiring
psychomotor skills
• Demonstration
• Simulation,
• Skills lab,
• Use of models/ mannequins,
• Performance under supervision
• Cadaveric labs
• Animal tissue labs
• Virtual reality
• standardized patients,
Methods for teaching team Skills
Training students to work in an emergency

situation can be taught by simulating an
offsite emergency scenario where tasks are
allotted to students as a team.
• Outline of a Session Plan
Facilitator/ Supervisor/ Faculty:

• Description
• Name of the lesson
• Number of learners
• Objectives of the session
• Primary teaching method chosen
• Break up of the session

• Step 1
• Step 2
• Step 3
• Step 4
• Step 5
• Teaching aids required
• Infrastructure required
• Student preparation required/ prior reading

required
• Assessment method chosen
• Other comments
•
General Medicine
• Venipuncture (I)
• Intramuscular injection (I)
• Intradermal injection (D)
• Subcutaneous injection (I)
• Intra Venous (IV) injection (I)
• Setting up IV infusion and calculating drip rate (I)
• Blood transfusion (O)
• Urinary catheterization (D)
• Basic life support (D)
• Oxygen therapy (I)
• Aerosol therapy / nebulization (I)
• Ryle’s tube insertion (D)
• Lumbar puncture (O)
• Pleural and ascitic aspiration (O)
• Cardiac resuscitation (D)
• Peripheral blood smear interpretation (I)
• Bedside urine analysis (D)
• General Surgery
• Basic suturing (I)
• Basic wound care (I)
• Basic bandaging (I)
• Incision and drainage of superficial abscess (I)
• Early management of trauma (I) and trauma life support (D)
• Orthopedics
• Application of basic splints and slings (I)
• Basic fracture and dislocation management (O)
• Compression bandage (I)
• Gynecology
• Per Speculum (PS) and Per Vaginal (PV) examination (I)
• Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic Acid (VIA) (O)
• Pap Smear sample collection & interpretation (I)
• Intra- Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) insertion &
removal (I)
• Obstetrics
• Obstetric examination (I)
• Episiotomy (I)
• Normal labor and delivery (including partogram) (I)
• Pediatrics
• Neonatal resuscitation (D)
• Setting up Pediatric IV infusion and calculating drip rate (I)
• Setting up Pediatric Intraosseous line (O)
• Forensic Medicine
• Documentation and certification of trauma (I)
• Diagnosis and certification of death (D)
• Legal documentation related to emergency cases (D)
• Certification of medical-legal cases e.g. Age estimation,
sexual assault etc. (D)
• Establishing communication in medico-legal cases with
police, public health authorities, other concerned
departments, etc. (D)
•
• Otorhinolaryngology
• Anterior nasal packing (D)
• Otoscopy (I)
•
•
•
•
• Ophthalmology
• Visual acuity testing (I)
• Digital tonometry (D)
• Indirect ophthalmoscopy (O)
• Epilation (O)
• Eye irrigation (I)
• Instillation of eye medication (I)
• Ocular bandaging (I)
• Dermatology
• Slit skin smear for leprosy (O)
• Skin biopsy (O)
• Gram’s stained smear interpretation (I)
• KOH examination of scrapings for fungus (D)
• Dark ground illumination (O)
• Tissue smear (O)
• Cautery - Chemical and electrical (O)
• I- Independently performed on patient
• O- Observed in patients or on simulations,
• D- Demonstration on patients or simulations
and performance under supervision in
patients
• The adapted ‘4-stage approach’ that we devised
for this is as follows:
• 1) DEMONSTRATION: Demonstration of skill by
teacher, at normal speed without commentary
• -The demonstration was replaced with a single
online video viewed in its entirety by students,
without any commentary or discussion by
anyone.
• 2) DISCUSSION: Demonstration of skill by
teacher, whilst providing explanation and
discussing with students
• The structure of our teaching sessions is based on Peytons
‘4 stage approach’ (Munster et al., 2016), as below:
• 1) DEMONSTRATION: Demonstration of skill by teacher, in
real time without commentary
• 2) DISCUSSION: Demonstration of skill by teacher, whilst
providing explanation and discussing with students
• 3) COMPREHENSION: Demonstration of skill by teacher,
with instructions and explanation provided by students
• 4) EXECUTION: Demonstration of skill by student, with
commentary and instructions from other students
Skills lab
• Simulators
• Models
• Mannequins
• Screen based Virtual reality simulators
• Human Cadavers
SKILL LAB
SIMULATED PATIENTS
• Use of individuals to play the role of
patients,family members etc
• Practice history taking skills ,physical
examination skills,Communication skills etc
• Present case history when asked by student
• Undergo limited physical examination
• Assist students in developing communication
skills.
• Assist students in working through difficult
emotional situations in a safe environment.
Advantages
• Provide cases as and when required

• More Reliable
• Tolerate more students than real patients
• Allows direct comparison of students skills.
• Safety
Limitations
• Recruitment difficult and time consuming
• More expensive than using real patients
• Cannot simulate certain signs
• Can train students in limited area only.

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TEACHING CLINICAL AND

– Intellectual or cognitive skills are defined as abilities such

– Psychomotor or procedural skills (require manual

• Outcome is predefined for the phase and level of

• conducted by the physician-teacher (for demonstration),

Training students to work in an emergency

Facilitator/ Supervisor/ Faculty:

• Objectives of the session

• Primary teaching method chosen

• Break up of the session

• Student preparation required/ prior reading

• Assessment method chosen

• Provide cases as and when required

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