CRIMINAL JUSTICE

SYSTEM

Prepared by:
SHELLA DEBBIE C. MANINGO , RCRIM,CCS,
MSCJ
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM
Crime – it is an act or omission in violation of the criminal
law. (Sutherland and Cressey)
It is an act which is not in conformity with the accepted norms and
standards in a certain society. (Keeper)
An act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or
commanding it.
Criminal – principal character in the processes conducted by
5 pillars
- any person who has been found to
have committed a wrongful act in the course of the standard
judicial process
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM
Criminal Law – Branch or division of law which defines crimes,
treats of their nature and provides for their punishment.
Justice – Principle of dealing with fairness; equality in the
application of law. The idea of giving each person his due as a
matter of right
System – A process; a coordinated body of method; organized
way of work.
Due Process – A law which hears before it condemns; which
proceeds upon inquiry, renders judgment after trial.
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM
Judicial Confession – is one made before a committing
magistrate or in open court to an indictment or an information
when the accused is arraigned for trial.
Extra Judicial Confession – is one made elsewhere than
before a magistrate or in court.
Retributive justice - is a theory of justice that considers that
punishment, if proportionate, is a morally acceptable response to
crime, with an eye to the satisfaction and psychological benefits it
can bestow to the aggrieved party, its intimates and society.
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM
Restorative Justice refers to the principle which requires a
process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of
the victim, offender and the community

Reparation for Reconciliation of the offender, the

Victim offended and the community
 Principles of Criminal law
1. Presumption of innocence
2. Burden of proof
Nomenclatures given to a person who is being
processed under CJS
 At the police stage, during investigation – SUSPECT
 At the Prosecutor’s office, during the determination of probable cause or during the
preliminary investigation – RESPONDENT
 At the trial of the case, when it has been filed in the court – Accused
 Once the court determine the guilt beyond reasonable doubt and has rendered
judgment - Convict
 It is only upon rendering the sentence - Criminal
 Approaches of CJS
INQUISITORIAL ADVERSARIAL

As to the Presumption Assumes the accused to be guilty Assumes the accused to be

innocent

As to the Burden of Proof Places the burden to the accused Places the burden on the public
in proving his innocence prosecutor to proved the guilt of
the accused

As to the emphasis Conviction of the accused Process

 What is Criminal Justice System?

- The machinery of the State or government, which enforces the rules

of conduct necessary to protect life and property and maintain peace
and order

PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

SYSTEM SYSTEM
 Law Enforcement  Law Enforcement
 Prosecution FORMAL  Courts
 Court  Correction
 Correction
 Community INFORMAL
 Overview of the Five Pillars
DILG Supreme Court
 Regular civil courts
 PNP
Law enforcement  Sandigan
Court
DOJ  Special Criminal
courts
 NBI

DOJ Community
DOJ
 BOC

OMBUDSMAN Prosecution DOJ

Correction
 BJMP
PAO
DSWD

 CICL
LAW ENFORCEMENT PILLAR
Function of the Law Enforcement

 To prevent criminal behavior

 To reduce crime
 To apprehend and arrest offenders
 To protect life and property
 To regulate non-criminal conduct
Premier Law Enforcement Agencies
PNP
NBI
Other Law Enforcement Agencies
 BIR  PAVSECOM
 LTO  MARINA
 BOC  BFAR
 FDA  ATO
 PCG
3 MAJOR FUNCTION OF POLICE
FUNCTION
 Crime prevention
 Crime investigation
 Traffic supervision
1. Republic Act # 4864
It was enacted on September 8, 1966
It created the office of the Police commission which was later called NAPOLCOM under the office
of the President.
Its function is to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces.
2. Republic Act #6040 (Tolentino Law) – empowering the Police Commission to give
appropriate examinations to officers and members of police force aimed at professionalizing police
services.
3. Presidential Decree # 765

- police officers who were integrated into the INP

- Technical services of the AFP assigned with the PC and the civilian
operatives of the Criminal Investigation Services (CIS)
4. 1987 Constitution
Art XVI, sec. 6 of the 1987 Constitution provides
that “the State shall establish and maintain one police
force which shall be national in scope and civilian
in character, to be administered and controlled by
the National Police Commission.
5. Republic Act # 6975
- It was enacted on December 13, 1990
- It is otherwise known as the DILG Act of 1990.
- It abolished the PC/INP and created BJMP,BFP,PNP and PPSC.
6. Republic Act # 8551
- It was created on February 25, 1998 which amended Republic Act
6975.
- It is otherwise known as the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of
1998
- It provides for the reformation and professionalization of the PNP
7. Republic Act 9708:
 An act extending for five (5) years the reglementary period for
complying with the minimum educational qualification for
appointment to the Philippine National Police (PNP) and
adjusting the promotion system thereof, amending for the purpose
pertinent provisions of Republic Act No. 6975 and Republic Act
No. 8551 and for other purposes
 ARREST/ SEARCH WARRANT
Arrest – refers to the taking of the person into custody in order that
he may be made to answer for the commission of the crime
 Arrest can only be made when there is warrant
Exception on arrest without warrant:
- Inflagrante de licto
- Personal knowledge
- fugitive
 ARREST/ SEARCH WARRANT
Search warrant – an order in writing issued in the name of the
People of the Philippines signed by the judge and directed to the
peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property and
bring it before the court. except for cases that contraband is seen by
the naked eye where search warrant is not applicable
Requisites:
Probable cause
Connection with 1 offense
Determined by the judge
Affirmation of the complainant and witnesses he may produce
Describing the place to be search and thing to be seized
ARREST/ SEARCH WARRANT

Personal Property to be Seized:

 subject of the offense
Stolen/ embezzled and other proceeds, fruits of the
offense
Use/intended to be used as a means of commission of
crimes
 When may a judge issue a warrant of arrest?
Rule is that an arrest warrant must be issued by a judge only after
examining the complainant and the witnesses he may produce and after
finding probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has
committed the crime
Prosecutor’s Discretion
1. Whether or not to file the case in court
2. What charges to file.
3. Whether or not to decline to prosecute the arrested party.
4. Whether or not to enter into plea- bargaining
Reasons for rejection or dismissal of case
1. Insufficient evidence
2. Witness Problem
3. Due Process Problems
PROSECUTION
PROSECUTION
– It is the legal process or method whereby
accusations are brought before a court of justice
to determine the guilt or innocence of the
accused.
- It may also refer to the agency responsible in
presenting the governments position in
criminal cases and evaluating pieces of
evidence presented by the law enforcement
pillar.
PROSECUTOR
- A prosecutor is a public officer having an authority to
conduct legal actions concerning the complaint filed at
his office and perform other prosecution functions as
provided by law.
Prosecutor’s role
 Dispensers of justice (decide either to dismiss/ file a
case for trial)
 Overseers of the police (review the work of the police
whether they have a case based on sufficiency of
evidence they have gathered)
 National Prosecution Service (NPS)
Officially constituted on April 11, 1978
with the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 1275
by then President Ferdinand Marcos.

The NPS consists of the Office of the Chief State Prosecutor

and the Offices of the Regional State Prosecutor,
Provincial and City Prosecutors.

It likewise abolished the position title of

“fiscal” to “prosecutor” to reflect more accurately
the position’s basic function.
NATIONAL PROSECUTION SERVICE (NPS)

Passage of RA No. 10071,

An Act Strengthening and Rationalizing the
National Prosecution Service.

Changing the title Chief State Prosecutor

into Prosecutor General who heads the
National Prosecution Service
NATIONAL PROSECUTION SERVICE (NPS)
Prosecutor General

(5)Senior Deputy State Prosecutors

Senior Assistant State Prosecutors

Assistant State Prosecutors

Prosecution Attorneys
 Preliminary Investigation
– An inquiry or proceeding conducted to determine whether
there is a sufficient ground to engender a well founded belief
that a crime has been committed and that the respondent is
probably guilty thereof and should be held for trial.

PD 911 , the main objective of the law is to hasten investigation of criminal

complaints involving grave felonies punishable by death, life
imprisonment, reclusion temporal and prision mayor or cases cognizable
by criminal courts
When to conduct Preliminary
Investigation?
 Before the filing of the Complaint / Information for an
offense where the penalty prescribed by law is at least 4 years,
2 months and 1 day without regard to the fine
Is Preliminary Investigation a Constitutional Right?
- NO, It is merely a STATUTORY RIGHT
Can it be waived?
- YES, when the accused failed to invoke his/her right to PI
before or at the time of the arraignment, he/ she is deemed to
have waived his/her right to PI
 Preliminary Investigation
Effect of not accorded to the accused/ respondent?
- Denial of PI to the accused when proper shall be considered a
violation of due process

Persons authorized to conduct PI

 Provincial/ City Prosecutors and assistants;
 National and Regional State Prosecutors;
 Other officers authorized by law:
-Ombudsman
- COMELEC
When does preliminary investigation is not required to be
conducted even if the crime is one that requires Preliminary
Investigation?
When the offender was arrested without warrant an INQUEST
investigation will be conducted by the inquest investigator. There is no need
to conduct Preliminary investigation , unless the person arrested asks for
preliminary investigation .However, before the same can be done, he must
sign a waiver under the provision of Art. 125 of the Revised Penal Code.

INQUEST
- An informal and summary investigation conducted by a public prosecutor
in criminal cases involving persons arrested and detained without the benefit of a
warrant issued by the court to determine whether or not the person remain under
custody
Duty of Inquest Officer When Arrest is NOT
Properly Effected

1.Recommend the release of the person arrested

or detained;
2.Note down the disposition on the referral
document;
3.Prepare a brief memorandum indicating the
reasons for the action taken; and
4.Forward the same, together with the record of
the case, to the city or Provincial Prosecutor for
appropriate action.
Complaint – A sworn written statement charging a
person of an offense subscribed by the offended
party, peace officer or any public officer charge with
the enforcement of the law violated.
Information – An accusation in writing charging a
person of an offense subscribed by the prosecutor
and filed with the court.
Elements of Complaint and Information

1.The name of the accused;

2.The designation of the offense committed;
3.The act or omission complained of;
4.The name of the offended party;
5.The approximate time of the commission of
the offense; and
6.The place where the offense was
committed.
ARRAIGNMENT
–legal mechanism whereby an
accused is brought before the court wherein the
complaint charged against him is read by the clerk
of court in the presence of his lawyer
PLEA BARGAINING
- the process of discussion or negotiation
between the defense counsel and the prosecutor
aimed at reaching an agreement whereby the
prosecutor uses discretion to obtain from the judge
a lighter sentence in exchange for the defendants
entering a guilty plea
COURT PILLAR
Court – is a government institution that decides a case according to
the existing laws or the laws of the land.
Judge – A public officer so named in his commission and appointed to
preside over and to administer the law in a court of justice.
Judiciary – the courts that interpret and apply the law
Judicial Power – Power to apply the law to contests or disputes
concerning a legally recognized rights or duties between the state and
private persons.

Functions of the Court:

1. Keeping peace
2. Deciding controversies
3. Administrative role
General functions of the courts in relation to CJS.
They are the following:
1. To protect the rights of the accused. The courts are responsible for reviewing the
actions of law enforcement agencies to ensure that the police have not violated the
rights of the accused.
2. To determine by all illegal means whether a person is guilty of a crime.
Review all the evidences presented by the police to determine its relevance and
admissibility in accordance with the constitution and the rules of court.
3. To dispose properly of those convicted of the crimes. The Courts have the
responsibility to examine the background of the accused and the circumstances of the
crime
4. To protect the society. After the accused has been found guilty, the court may determine if
the offender should be removed from society and incarcerated in order to protect the safety of
life and property and this is especially true in case of Probation.
5. To prevent and reduce criminal behavior. This the task of properly imposing the
proper penalty and sanctions that will serve to deter the future criminal acts by the offender and
also serve as an example and deterrent to others who would commit criminal acts or threaten
public safety.
The Role of Judge in criminal cases:

The role or participation of judges in the criminal justice system, actually, begins long
before the actual trial takes place.

The following activities attest to this role of the judges before trial:

 Judges determine whether there is probable cause for the issuance of the warrant of arrest or
search warrant.
 They determine whether the accused will be released on bail or the amount of bail to be posted.
 They hear an rule on the motions made by the defense and the prosecutor before trial.
 A. Jurisdiction
Define Jurisdiction.
Jurisdiction is the authority of the court to hear and try a particular offense
and to impose the punishment provided by law.

Define Venue.
Venue refers to the place, location or site where the case is to be hard on
its merits.

 Distinguish Jurisdiction from Venue.

As a rule, Jurisdiction is conferred by law while venue is not.

Although in criminal cases venue is jurisdictional as the court has no

jurisdiction to try an offense committed outside its jurisdiction. However, in some cases,
venue is specifically provided by law. Also, upon the order of the Supreme Court in
order to avoid miscarriage of justice venue can be changed or be transferred.
These are the following Criminal Courts and their respective jurisdictions:
 COURTS ORIGINAL APPELLATE
JURISDICTION JURISDICTION

MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT/ (a) All violations of city and NONE

MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL Municipal ordinances committed
COURT/ METROPOLITAN within their respective jurisdiction;
TRIAL COURT (b) over all offenses punishable with
imprisonment not exceeding six (6)
years irrespective of the amount of
fine;
(c) damage to property through
criminal negligence.
Regional Trial Court (RTC) (a) In all cases not within the From decisions or judgments of the
exclusive original jurisdiction of MTC/MCTC/MeTC over letter (b)
a any court tribunal or body; in and (c)of their original jurisdiction.
other words, those which carry
the penalties exceeding six(6)
yearsof imprisonment;

(b) those not covered by the

jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan.

SANDIGANBAYAN (a) Violations of R.A 3019, otherwise Decisions or judgment of the

known as the Anti-graft and Corrupt Regional Trial Court over cases
Practices Act, R.A.1379, and Chapter commited by public officer under its
II, Sec. 2, Title VII, of Book II of the original jurisdiction in letter (c).
Revised Penal Code.
1. Officials of the executive branch
occupying the positions of
regional director and higher,
otherwise classified as Grade
“27” and higher

(a) Xxx
(b) Xxx
(c) Xxx
(d) Philippine Army and Air Force
Colonels, naval captain, and all
officers of higher rank;
(e) Officers of the PNP while
occupying the position of
provincial director and those
holding the rank of senior
superintendent or higher.
COURT OF APPEALS NONE From the decisions or judgments
of the RTC on:

(a) Question of facts

(b) Question of Law or

(c) Both question of facts and

law

SUPREME COURT NONE From the decisions or judgments

of the CA and the Sandiganbayan
involving questions of law only.
ORGANIZATION OF
COURTS
 REGULAR COURTS

The Philippine judicial system consists of a hierarchy of courts resembling

a pyramid with the Supreme Court at the apex. Under the Judiciary
Reorganization Act of 1980, otherwise known as the Batas Pambansa Bilang
129 the other regular courts are:

1.Court of Appeals (Intermediate Appellate Court) – This operates in 10

divisions, each comprising 5 members. The courts sits en banc only to exercise
administrative, ceremonial or other non-adjudicatory functions;
2.Regional Trial Courts – One which is presided by 720 regional trial court judges in
each side of the regions of the country.
3.Metropolitan Trial Courts – In each Metropolitan area, established by law are a
Municipal Trial Court in every City not forming a part of the metropolitan area and
each of the municipalities not comprised within a metropolitan area; as well as a
Municipal Circuit Trial Court in each area defined as a Municipal Circuit comprising of
one or more cities and/or one or more municipalities grouped together according to the
law.
 SPECIAL COURTS
1.Court of tax Appeals – This was created under RA 1125, as
amended, this special court has appellate jurisdiction to
review on appeal the decision of the Commission of Internal
Revenue involving internal revenue taxes and decisions of the
Commissioner of Customs involving customs duties.
2.Sandigan Bayan – The constitution provides that the
National Assembly shall create specialized court, popularly
known as “Sandigan Bayan”. The creation was made possible
by PD #1606.
3. Shari’a District Courts – Equivalent to
the regionl trial court in rank which were
established in certain specified provinces
in Mindanao where the code of Muslim
Penal Laws of the Philippines is being
enforced.
4. Family Courts – They are created under
Republic Act # 8369 otherwised known as
family courts act of 1997
QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES
There are administrative bodies
under the executive branch performing
quasi-judicial functions, like the National
Labor Relations Commission, Employees
Compensation Commission, Board of
Transportation, etc, and the Independent
Constitutional Commissions which do
not form part of the Integrated judicial
System. The same is true to the Court
Martial.
 Jurisdiction of Courts

1.General – empowered to decide all disputes which may come before

it, except those assigned to other courts.
2.Limited – has authority to hear and determine only a few specified
cases.
3.Original – try and decide a case for the first time.
4.Appellate – Take a case already heard and decided by a lower court
removed from it by appeal.
5.Exclusive – try and decide a case which cannot be presented before
any other court.
6.Concurrent – two or more courts may take cognizance of a case
7.Criminal – it exists for the punishment of a crime.
8.Civil – it exist when the subject matter is not a criminal offense.
REQUIRED PERIOD WHERE THE
COURTS MUST RENDER DECISION
1. SUPREME COURT – 24 Months
2. COURT OF APPEALS – 12 Months
3. INFERIOR COURTS – 3 Months
Subpoena – an order to appear and testify at the hearing or
trial of an action or at any investigation conducted by
competent authority
• Subpoena ad testificandum (the person who will appear to attend
and testify)
• Subpoena duces tecum (a person required to bring with him books,
documents or other things)
Summary Procedure – Refers to proceedings whereby
criminal cases are speedily decided or resolved.
 Summon – is a writ of the court by which a defendant is
notified of the action. An order to answer a complaint
Bail – It is the security required by court and given for the
provisional or temporary release of a person who is in the
custody of the law conditioned upon his appearance before any
court as required under the conditions specified.
Forms of Bail
1. Corporate Surety – is one issued by a professional
bondsman that is one who is habitually engaged in
the business of furnishing bonds in civil actions or
for persons arrested or detained for prosecution.
2. Cash Bond – is a sum of money, in the amount
designated in an order fixing bail, posted by a
defendant or another person in his behalf, with a
court or other authorized public officer upon
condition that money be forfeited if the defendant
does not comply with the order of the court
requiring his attendance.
3. Property Bond – is an undertaking constituted as a
lien on the real property given as a security for the
amount of the bail.
4. Recognizance – is a contract between the sureties
and the state for the production of the principal at
the required time.
o Judgment – the adjudication by the court that the
accused is guilty of the offense charged, the imposition
of the proper penalty and civil liability provided for by
law on the accused
o Appeal – remedy available to an accused to obtain
reversal or modification of judgment on the merits of
the case including the error of the court for rendering
judgment for lack of jurisdiction
KATARUNGANG PAMBARANGAY
It was created by virtue of Presidential Decree
1508 on June 10,1978.
Likewise, Republic Act #7160 (local
Government Code of 1991) integrated provisions
to strengthen katarungang pambarangay
specially sections 399 – 422.
It was promulgated, establishing a system of
amicably settling disputes at the barangay level,
without resort to judicial or court intervention
PD No. 1293
Creating the Presidential Katarungang
Pambarangay Commission, charged with the
task of studying the feasibility of instituting a
system of resolving disputes among family and
barangay members without resort to the
courts
Amicable Settlement – It is the process of solving
or settling disputes in a certain barangay.

Composition of Katarungang Pambarangay

1. Lupong Tagapamayapa (lupon)

- It is composed of ten to twenty members who have
been chosen from respected members of the
barangay. (areglo)
2. Pangkat Tagapagkasundo (Pangkat)
- It is composed of 3 selected members among the
lupong tagapamayapa.
Cases that cannot be brought in a Barangay Court
1. Where one party is the government
2. Where one party is a public officer/ employee in
relation to public office
3. Offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding 1
year or a fine of Php 5,000.00
4. Offenses when there is no offended party
5. Where the dispute involves real properties located
in different cities unless both parties agreed to
submit their differences to amicable settlement
Child Program
Bureau

Board of Pardons
and Parole
 APPROACHES OF PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM

Community-based
- Comprises all correctional activities that take place outside the institution includes probation,
parole and other programs outside the prison walls

Institution-based
- Agencies and institutions responsible for maintaining physical custody pf an offender includes
juvenile halls, camps and prison
INSTITUTION-BASED APPROACH
OTHERS
BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS (BuCor)
- A part of the Department of Justice headed by a
Director under the Secretary of Justice, which is
tasked with the rehabilitation of prisoners, making
them productive members of the society upon their
release
 7 Correctional Facilities Under the
Supervision and Control of the Bureau

1. National Penitentiary (New Bilibid Prison – Muntinlupa City)

2. National Corrections for Women (CIW – Mandaluyong City,
Metro Manila)
3. Davao Prison and Penal Farm (Panabo, Davao City)
4. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm (Zamboanga City)
5. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm (Puerto Princesa, Palawan)
6. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm (Occidental Mindoro)
7. Leyte Regional Prison (Abuyog, Leyte)
 Purposes of Correction
 Punishment – for every wrongful act
committed there is always a law providing for its
punishment.
 Deterrence – set an example to discourage
others from committing criminal acts.
 Isolation – the principle of separating the
rotten apples from the good apples to prevent
contamination and accommodate them
 Purposes of Correction

 Rehabilitation – Once the offenders

problems are diagnosed and classified for
treatment, the offender can be corrected by the
right psychological or physical therapy,
counseling, education or vocational training.
 Reintegration – the latest philosophical
basis for corrections wherein the offender is
reintroduced into the free community.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Amnesty – a general pardon for offenses

against a government primarily in case where
whole groups, classes are involved
 Commitment Order – a written order of a
court of authority consigning a prisoner to jail
or prison for detention
 Contraband – anything that enters the jail in
violation of its rules, or which an inmate is
prohibited to possess
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Detainee – a person who is detained for

violation of law or ordinance and has not yet
been convicted
 Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA)
– a reward for good conduct whereby a
prisoner receives partial remission or
reduction of his prison sentence
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Mittimus – a warrant issued by a court

bearing its seal and the signature of the judge
directing the jail or prison authorities to
receive the convicted offender for service of
sentence imposed therein
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Pardon – an act of grace and sovereign

power inherent in the State, which exempts
the individual from punishment that the law
imposes for his crime. Pardon may be granted
by the President of the Republic to an inmate
or prisoner who has an exemplary and
outstanding performance in prison while
serving his/her sentence and is willing to
reform and go back to the mainstream of the
society
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Parole – the conditional release of a person

from jail/prison prior to the full service of his
sentence on his own recognize
 Penology – a branch of criminology which
deals with prison management and the
treatment of offenders especially with regard
to their rehabilitation
 Prisoner – a person confined in jail/prison to
serve a sentence after conviction by a
competent court of authority
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Probation – the most common correctional

treatment. It is a legal disposition that allows
the convicted offender to remain in the
community, subject to conditions imposed by
court under the supervision of a probation
officer
 Proselytizing – converting or inducing
another to change his religious belief, sect, or
the like, to another
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Reformation – the act of restoring to a good

condition, reestablishing good refutes or
accepting respectability, restoring a detainee
to formal standing mark, rights, or privileges
of inmates
 Safekeeping – temporary custody of a
person or the detention of person for his own
protection or care to secure from liability,
harm, injury, or danger
Classification of Prisoners

1.Detention Prisoners – those detained for

investigation, preliminary hearing or awaiting trial.
2.Sentenced Prisoners – Offenders who are
committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their
sentence after final conviction by a competent court.
3.Prisoners on Safekeeping – includes non
criminal offenders who are detained in order to
protect the community against their harmful
behavior
Sentenced Prisoners

1. Insular Prisoner – person who is sentenced to a

prison term of over 3 years
2. City Prisoner – a person who is sentenced to serve
imprisonment for not more than 3 years
3. Municipal Prisoner – person who is sentenced to
serve imprisonment for not more than 6 months
Jail – A place for locking-up of persons who are
convicted of minor offenses imposed upon them by a
competent court, or for confinement of persons who are
awaiting trial or investigation of their cases.
Types of Jails
1.Lock-up jails – is a security facility, common to police
stations used for temporary confinement of an individual
held for investigation.
2.Ordinary Jails – is the type of jail commonly used to
detain a convicted criminal offender to serve sentence
less than three years.
3.Workhouse, Jail Farms or Camp – A facility that
houses minimum custody offenders who are serving short
sentences or those who are undergoing constructive work
programs.
Release – The stage wherein the convict
after serving his sentence or period of
probation or parole is finally granted the
right of a freeman by restoring his entire
constitutional and civil rights taken from
him as a result of the commission of
crime.
THANK YOU AND
GOOD LUCK !!!!!