Book I 6

Mark Twain---Mirror of
America
by Noel
Grove
 idyllic / ɪˈdɪlɪk / / aɪˈdɪlɪk /
 As a teenager I had certain ideas in my
mind that constituted the idyllic life of love
and marriage.
 One of the most idyllic times in my life
began with…
 As Japan continues to feud over islands with
China.
 Recently, piracy has become a hot topic
under discussion.
 The beaches are wide and filled with
interesting flotsam and jetsam.
 I have never been one to succumb to stress.
 While their story has been challenged over
and over again, nobody has been able to
officially debunk it.
 I. Teaching Aims
 Get to know Mark Twain’s life
experience and his remarkable works
 Identify and appreciate rhetoric
devices aptly employed in the text
 Learn to write the elliptical, short,
loose sentences and the compound-
complex sentences to achieve certain
effect
 Learn the writing skill of direct
quotations
 II. Teaching Tasks
1. Pre-reading questions
2. Background knowledge
3. Type of literature
4. Macro-structure of the text
5. Detailed Study of the text
6. Rhetoric devices
7. Follow-up discussion
8. Exercise and Homework
 1. Pre-reading questions

How do you understand the title?

Divide the text into its component

parts.
 Reading the title
 Mark Twain --- a biographical report
of Twain’s life story (subject matter)
 The Mirror of America --- in a kind of
figurative, literary and rhetorical
language (language style)
 To be literary in language corresponds
to Mark Twain as a great literary
figure (function)
 How do you understand the title?
It’s a biographical report of Twain’s life story .
"Mirror" here is used figuratively, which
means a person who gives a true representation
or description of the country. Generally, all
literary giants in human history are also great
historians, thinkers, and philosophers in a
sense. Their works often reveal more truth than
many political essays put together. Mark Twain
was one of these giants, and his life and works
are a mirror of America of his time.
 2. Background Information

1) Mark Twain –the humorist

2) Introduction of his major works
3) The Gilded Age and The Gold Rush
4) Mississippi River
 1) Mark Twain
Mark Twain [pseudonym
of Samuel Langhorne
Clemens] (1835-1910),
quintessential American
humorist, lecturer,
essayist, social critic,
satirist, and writer.
Birth
Mark Twain was born
Samuel Langhorne
Clemens on November
30, 1835 in Florida,
Missouri. He was the
sixth of seven children of
John and Jane Lampton
Clemens. Only three of
his siblings survived
childhood.
 Professions
Besides his work as a novelist,
speech writer, essayist and short
story writer, Mark Twain was a
journeyman printer, steamboat pilot,
army volunteer, gold prospector,
timber prospector, and journalist.
 When Twain was four, his family
moved to Hannibal, a port town on
the Mississippi River that would
serve as the inspiration for the
fictional town of St. Petersburg in
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
At that time, Missouri was a slave
state in the Union, and young
Twain became familiar with the
institution of slavery, a theme he
later explored in his writing.
 A printer's apprentice.
In March 1847, when Twain was 11,
his father died of pneumonia. The
following year, he became a printer's
apprentice and typesetter. When he was
18, he left Hannibal and worked as a
printer in New York City, Philadelphia,
St. Louis and Cincinnai
 Young journalist
While working as a printer, he
began to educate himself in
public libraries in the evenings,
finding wider sources of
information than he would have
at a conventional school.
In 1851, he began working as a
contributor of articles and
humorous sketches for the
Hannibal Journal, a newspaper
owned by his brother, Orion.
 A steamboat pilot
At 22, Twain returned to
Missouri. On a voyage to New
Orleans down the Mississippi,
the steamboat pilot, Horace E.
Bixby, inspired Twain to
likewise pursue a career as a
steamboat pilot; it was a richly
rewarding occupation. He
worked on the river and served
as a river pilot until the
American Civil War broke out
in 1861 and traffic along the
Mississippi was curtailed( 削
减 ).
 Confederate guerrilla
When the war began,
Twain and his friends
formed a Confederate
militia (depicted in an 1885
short story, "The Private
History of a Campaign That
Failed"), which drilled for
only two weeks before
disbanding. After quitting,
Twain joined his brother,
Orion, who had been
appointed secretary to the
territorial governor of 战争开始时，吐温和他的朋友们组成了一个南
Nevada, and headed west. 方联盟民兵（在 1885 年的短篇小说《失败战
役的私人历史》中描述），在解散前只训练了
两周。辞职后，吐温被任命为内华达州领土总
督的秘书。
 Gold Rush
Twain and his brother traveled for more than two weeks
on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the
Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in
Salt Lake City along the way. These experiences became
the basis of the book Roughing It, and provided material
for The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.
Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of
Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner.
 Travel to Europe
Twain failed as a miner and found
work at a Virginia City
newspaper, the
Territorial Enterprise Twain
then traveled to
San Francisco, California, where
he continued as a journalist and
began lecturing.
In 1867, a local newspaper
funded a trip to the
Mediterranean. During his tour
of Europe and the Middle East,
he wrote a popular collection of
travel letters which were
compiled as
The Innocents Abroad in 1869.
Marriage: Twain met ,
Olivia; Twain claimed to
have fallen in love at first
sight. They met in 1868,
and married in February
1870 in Elmira, New York.
The couple's marriage
lasted 34 years, until
Olivia's death in 1904.
 Twain outlived Jean
His daughters and his
and Susy. He passed
family through a period of
deep depression,
which began in 1896
when his favorite
daughter Susy died
of meningitis( 脑膜
炎 ). Olivia's death in
1904 and Jean's
death on December
24, 1909 deepened
his gloom.
Happy family life

Mark Twain raised his

family in this house
In 1907,
Oxford Universit
y
awarded him a
Doctorate in Lett
ers
, an honorary
degree.
 Later life and death
 Twain made a second
tour of Europe,
described in the 1880
book A Tramp Abroad.
His tour included a visit
to London where, in the
summer of 1900. He
returned to America in
1900, having earned
enough to pay off his
debts.
 Twain died of a
heart attack on April 21,
1910 in
Redding, Connecticut.
 Mark Twain’s Death
Mark Twain died on April 21,
1910 in Redding, Connecticut
of angina pectoris. Upon
hearing of Twain's death,
President Taft said, "Mark
Twain gave pleasure--real
intellectual enjoyment--to
millions, and his works will
continue to give such pleasure
to millions yet to come... His
humor was American, but he
was nearly as much
appreciated by Englishmen
and people of other countries
as by his own countrymen. He
has made an enduring part of
American literature."
 Literary achievements

“In Tom Sawyer and

Huckleberry Finn,
Mark Twain created the
most compelling,
debated and beloved
characters in all of
American culture.”
------ Robert Niles
Mark Twain wrote novels principally ,he also
wrote short stories, speeches, and non-fictions
The Gilded Age (1873),
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876),
The Prince and the Pauper (1881),
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884),
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's
Court (1889)
The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894)
He also wrote some autobiographical
works, including
The Innocents Abroad (1869),
A Tramp Abroad (1880),
Life on the Mississippi (1883),
Mark Twain's Autobiography.
 The Gilded Age (1873), which
followed Roughing It, was
Twain's first novel. He wrote
it with his friend and fellow
Hartford writer, Charles
Dudley Warner. The title
refers to the decades
following the Civil War. This
book satirizes the selfishness
and money-making schemes
that were common during that
time.
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
The novel represents
Twain's first major use of
memories of his childhood.
Twain modeled St.
Petersburg--the home of
an imaginative boy named
Tom Sawyer, his friend
Huck Finn, and the evil
Injun Joe--after his
hometown of Hannibal.
 Tom Sawyer


Tom and his friends
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
"All modern
American literature
comes from one book
by Mark Twain called
Huckleberry
Finn. ...It’s the best
book we’ve read.”
------ Ernest
Hemingway, Green
Hills of Africa (1935)
 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, generally
considered Twain's greatest work, was
published in Great Britain in 1884 and in the
United States in 1885. Twain had begun the
book in 1876 as a sequel to Tom Sawyer. It
describes the adventures of two runaways--
the boy Huck Finn and the black slave Jim--
and is told from the point of view of Huck
himself. Twain used realistic language in the
novel, making Huck's speech sound like actual
conversation and imitating a variety of
dialects to bring the other characters to life.
Tom Sawyer also reappears in certain
chapters, and his antics( mischievous
behavior) provide the familiar humor for
 A Tramp Abroad (1880)
The novel draws on a
European tour that
Twain took in 1878. The
book's narrator
describes a walking
tour of Germany,
Switzerland, and Italy.
He mixes stories, jokes,
legends, and character
sketches, while
criticizing European
guidebooks and culture.
 The Prince and the Pauper (1882)
The Prince and the Pauper
(1882), set in England in
the 1500's, describes the
exchange of identities
between the young Prince
Edward and a poor boy
named Tom Canty. This
book pleased a refined
circle of New England
readers, but disappointed
those who preferred the
rugged energy of Twain's
previous works.
 Life on the Mississippi (1883)
Life on the Mississippi
(1883) describes the
history, sights, people, and
legends of the steamboats
and towns of the Mississippi
River region. In the most
vivid passages, chapters 4
through 17, Twain recalled
his own piloting days. These
chapters had originally been
published in the Atlantic
Monthly in 1875 as "Old
Times on the Mississippi."
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
(1889)
 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's
Court (1889) introduces another colorful
character, a machine shop foreman from
Hartford, Conn., named Hank Morgan.
Morgan finds himself magically transported
back to England in the A.D. 500's. He
decides to reform that society by
introducing the economic, intellectual, and
moral benefits of life in the 1800's.
Through events in the book, Twain
indirectly satirizes the reverent
(respected) attitude of some British
authors toward the legendary Knights of
the Round Table. But at the same time, he
raises questions about certain values in the
American culture of his time.
 Later works
Despite his business and personal difficulties,
Twain managed to continue writing. His works
during his final years included The American
Claimant (1892), about an impractical character
named Colonel Mulberry Sellers. The novel was
based on an unsuccessful play he wrote with
author-critic William Dean Howells in 1883.
The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894) is a
detective novel set in the village of Dawson's
Landing, another name for Hannibal. In this
story, Twain focused on racial prejudice as the
most critical issue facing American society. He
drew on actual historical sources in Personal
Recollections of Joan of Arc (1896).
 Later works

In Following the Equator

(1897), Twain recounted his
experiences on his overseas
lecture tour of 1895 and
1896. In his story "The Man
That Corrupted
Hadleyburg" (1899), he
described a practical joke
that exposed the greed of
the smug leaders of a town.
Mark Twain sure had a sharp tongue. His quotes are
known and favored by people even today

 If you hold a cat by the tail you learn things you

cannot learn any other way.
 Humor is mankind’s greatest blessings.
 Supposing is good but find out is better.
 Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or
no influence in society.
 The man who does not read good books has no
advantage over the man who can't read them.
 Man will do many things to get himself loved; he will
do all things to get himself envied.
 It is noble to be good; it is still nobler to teach
others to be good.
 3. The Gilded Age and The Gold Rush
"What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In what
way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if we must."
-- Mark Twain-1871
 The saga of American
wealth creation, both for the
nation and for its enterprising
capitalists, reached its peak
during the Gilded Age, a period
roughly delimited( 界定 ) by the
end of Civil War and the
beginning of World War I.
 In America, this period was
characterized by seemingly
boundless economic expansion and
the emergence of a new nation,
which had completed the conquest
of its vast Western territories and
taken the lead among other
nations, in industry and trade.
 The growth of industry and a
wave of immigrants marked this
period in American history. The
production of iron and steel rose
dramatically and western resources
like lumber, gold, and silver
increased the demand for improved
transportation. Railroad
development boomed as trains
moved goods from the resource-
rich West to the East. Steel and
oil were in great demand.
 All this industry produced a lot of
wealth for a number of businessmen
like John D. Rockefeller (in oil) and
Andrew Carnegie (in steel), known as
robber barons (people who got rich
through ruthless business deals). The
Gilded Age gets its name from the
many great fortunes created during
this period and the way of life this
wealth supported.
 America had always been a continent
of opportunity, a promising land for the
adventurous capitalist as well as for
the poor immigrant. Yet, during the
Gilded Age, the rapid transformation
from an agricultural and mercantile
economy to industrialism, presented
unprecedented opportunities to daring
speculators and inventive
entrepreneurs.
 During the "Gilded Age," every
man was a potential Andrew
Carnegie, and Americans who
achieved wealth celebrated it as
never before. In New York, the
opera, the theatre, and lavish
parties consumed the ruling class'
leisure hours.
 While the rich wore diamonds, many
wore rags. Rural Americans and new
immigrants crowded into urban areas.
Tenements( 地产 , 住房 ) spread across
city landscapes, teeming with crime and
filth. Americans had sewing machines,
phonographs, skyscrapers, and even
electric lights, yet most people labored
in the shadow of poverty.
The Gold Rush
 The California Gold Rush
(1848 to 1859)

The Gold Rush was one of the

most significant events in California
history. It brought people from all
over the United States and the
world in search for gold.
 How did it Start?
 John Sutter was a Swiss emigrant who
arrived in California in 1839. He became a
Mexican citizen and received a land grant of
50,000 acres in Sacramento Valley.
 He built Sutter's Fort at the site of present
day Sacramento. At Sutter's Fort he
developed farming and other businesses.
Sutter's Fort became a rest station for
travelers and immigrants to California.
 In 1847 John Sutter hired John Marshall to
build a sawmill at a site named Coloma.
 On January 4, 1848, John Marshall picked up
a piece of metal at the mill that looked like
gold. He took the metal to Sutter. They
tested it and confirmed that it was gold.
 Sutter was afraid that the discovery of gold
would take his workers away from the fields.
He was also concerned that gold would bring
prospectors onto his land. He asked Marshall
and the others working at the mill to keep
the gold a secret.
 But word got out! By late 1848, word had
spread across the country. On December 5,
1848, President James Polk speaking to
Congress confirmed accounts of gold. The
discovery of gold in California became
national news
 The gold rush brought economic prosperity to
California. Farms, ranches, stores,
restaurants and other businesses that grew
to serve the miners continued to take
advantage of California's rich agriculture and
thriving industry and commerce.
Gold Rush
 Like ripples in a pond pulsing outward
from a skipping stone, news of the
California gold discovery circled the
globe. At first, reasonable people
responded with disbelief. Tales of
nuggets as large as hens' eggs were
dismissed as tall tales. Only as the
initial rumors were confirmed by
subsequent reports did reasonable
people find themselves possessed by a
gold mania.
 Following the discovery of gold in
California in 1848, the world rushed in.
Eager gold seekers headed south from
Oregon; north from Mexico, Chile, and
Peru; east from China and the islands
of the Pacific; and west from every
state in the union and countries
throughout Europe. This richness of
intersecting frontiers produced the
most ethnically diverse region in the
nation
4) Mississippi River
Introduction
• Location
• History
• Other information
In the heart of North America
 As a watershed for over 1.2million square
miles and includes tributary rivers from 32
states and two Canadian provinces.
Name:Messippi or Big River,Mee-zee-
see-bee or Father of Waters(native
Americans referred).
The third largest river in the world and
the second longest river ,after the
Missouri,in the United States.
Length:3,705 kilometers(2,302 miles)
Area of Basin:3.2 million square kilometers(1.2 million
square miles)
41% of the conterminous United States
1/8 of the North America
Population:12 million people (125 countries&parishes)
Amount of water discharged into the Gulf:612,000
cubic feet per second
Provides habitat
for:fish(241species),mussel(37),amphibians(45),mamm
als(50),4% of the nation’s migratory birds.
 History
1541-1682 Europeans the north
The United States the western
part in 1803
In 1812 steamboat brought
dependable transportation,and river
traffic increased rapidly .
 Economy

Industry—the pearl button

industry,process agricultural
products and be rich in natural
resources

Agriculture –
corn,soybeans,rice,cotton,dairy,ca
ttle,pork and poultry.
Traffic –move goods,connect
Minneapolis and St.Louis
Cruise –enjoy the scenery
by steamboat.
Mississippi River today
 3. Type of literature
This is a piece of exposition
Exposition is perhaps the type of
writing that is most frequently used by
a student, a scientist, or a professional.
Exposition means expounding or
explaining. An expository paper explains
or explores something by illustration,
process, classification and division,
comparison and contrast, an analysis of
causes and effects, or definition.
 4. Macro-structure of the text
 Part I. (par.1) A general
introduction of Mark Twain
 Part II. (par.2-20) Mark Twain's
main experiences and works
 Part III. (par.21-22) Mark twain's
disappointment in human life in later
years
 5. Detailed Study of the text
Para.1
1. Identify and explain the metaphor in
the first sentence.
2. What is the implication of the two
adjectives "eternal" and "endless"?
3.Why was Twain said to be adventurous,
patriotic, romantic, and humorous?
4.What did the author mean by " I found
another Twain..."?
5.Identify and explain the metaphor in
the last sentence.
 III. Detailed study of the text

2.Most Americans remember Mark

Twain as the father...
Father: metaphor.
Endless: hyperbole.
The whole sentence: parallelism.
 III. Detailed study of the text:
 Mark Twain is famous to most Americans
as the creator of Huck Finn and Tom
Sawyer. Huck's sailing / travel on the river
was so light-hearted, carefree and peaceful
that it made his boyhood seem to be
infinite, while Tom's independent mind
and his exciting and dangerous activities
made the summer seem everlasting.
 哈克是小说的中心人物，也是
美国文学史上一个著名的富于正义感
和叛逆精神的儿童形象。
 idyllic:[i / ai] a simple happy period of
life, often in the countryside or a scene
from such a time, a description of this,
esp. a poem.
describes a happy and peaceful scene
or event, esp. of country life
 田园式的生活

 田园风光

 你不觉得那听起来很富有诗情画意吗？
 an idyllic life
 田园式的生活
 an idyllic vision
 田园风光
 Don’t you think that sounds idyllic?
 你不觉得那听起来很富有诗情画意吗？
 cruise: A cruise
is a holiday during
which you travel on a ship and visit lots
of places. When it is used as a verb, it
means to move at a constant speed that
is comfortable and unhurried.
He was on a world cruise.
They spent the summer cruising in
the Greek islands.
The taxi cruised off down the
Chang'an Avenue
cruise missile 巡航导弹
cruise car 警察巡逻车
cruise ship 载客长途航行的游轮
 eternal:
 永恒的爱情

 永葆青春的秘诀。

 她始终是个乐天派。
 eternal:
 the eternal love
 永恒的爱情
 the secret of eternal youth.
 永葆青春的秘诀。
 she is an eternal optimist.
 她始终是个乐天派。
 eternal everlasting
 意思都含“永恒的”。
 eternal 指“无始无终的” , 如 :
 Eternal life to the revolutionary martyrs!
 革命烈士们永垂不朽 !
 everlasting 强调“无止境地延续下去
的” , 如 :
 The friendship between the two peoples
is everlasting.
 两国人民的友谊永存。
 Huck's sailing / travel on the river was so light-
hearted, carefree and peaceful that it made his
boyhood seem to be infinite, while Tom's
independent mind and his exciting and dangerous
activities made the summer seem everlasting.
 Eternal is a hyperbole; Huck Finn is the "eternal
boy" immortalized.
 “Endless” is also a hyperbole; it parallels the
word eternal. Summer, because all the adventures
of Tom Sawyer described in the book we
supposed to have taken place in one particular
summer.
 Huck's sailing / travel on the river
was so light-hearted, carefree and
peaceful that it made his boyhood
seem to be infinite, while Tom's
independent mind and his exciting
and dangerous activities made the
summer seem everlasting.
 Eternal is a hyperbole; Huck Finn is
the "eternal boy" immortalized.

 5.every bit as…as: infml, just as…as, quite
as…as
侦探仔细检查了每一样证据。
他把布丁全吃了
他完全与她同样平庸
He was a reformist, every bit of him
他是一个彻头彻尾的改良主义者。
 5.every bit as…as: infml, just as…as, quite
as…as
 The detective scanned every bit of
evidence.
侦探仔细检查了每一样证据。
He ate every bit of the pudding.
他把布丁全吃了
He is every bit as mean as she is.
他完全与她同样平庸
adventurous: Mark Twain was
adventurous in every sense of
the world. He was always trying
new things, and always going
to new places. Even in his
literary career, he was never
satisfied with what he had
achieved.

 patriotic:pater( 人类学 ) 法定父亲。 常
与 genitor ( 亲生父亲 ) 相对
 mater [ˈmeɪtə] 母亲
 patri=father, 表示“父亲”

 patriarch 创办人 , 家长 , 元老
=patri+arch
 patriarchy 父系社会 =patri+archy
 patriotism 爱国精神 =patriot 爱国者 +ism
 expatriate 逐出国外 =ex 出 +patri 祖国
+ate
 repatriate 被遣返回国者 =re 重 +patri 祖
 matern, matr= mother, 表示“母性，母
亲” "
maternal a 母亲的，母性的（ matern+al)
maternity n 母性；产科医院
（ matern+ity)
matriarch n 女家长；女族长（ matri+arch
统治者→母亲统治）
matriarchy n 母系制（ matri+archy)
metropolis n 大城市；首府
（ metro[=matro]+polis 城市→母亲城→首
府）
matrix n 母体；子宫（ matri+x→ 母亲→
母体）
 refers to Mark Twain' s
 patriotic:

profound love for his country

with its robust people and
beautiful scenery and its lofty
ideals. It may also refer to his
pride in the American traditions
and the American language .
romantic: (in art, literature and
music) marked by feeling rather
than by intellect; preferring
grandeur, passion, informal
beauty, to order and proportion
humorous: His works are so full of
humour that he is considered
America's greatest humourist.
 as well :1)in addition; too 也，又，还
 2)with equal reason 同样
 Eg: I may as well have a look. 我不
妨去看一下。
 3) sensible, appropriate, or desirable
 明智的；恰当的；值得做的
 Eg: It would be as well to let him go.
应该让他走。
他也学习汉语。
她的小说写得好，销路也广。
He studies Chinese as well.
他也学习汉语。
Her novels are well written and
commercial as well.
她的小说写得好，销路也广。
cynical: doubtful, mocking
风凉话
她愤世嫉俗的态度。
他皮笑肉不笑。
acynical remark
风凉话
her cynical attitude.
她愤世嫉俗的态度。
He smiled a cynical smile.
他皮笑肉不笑。
bitter: biting—bite
 苦味
 苦笑
 辛酸的眼泪
 刻薄话 , 恶毒的话
 严格的训练
 激烈的争论
 刺骨的寒冷
 辛辣的批评
bitter: biting—bite
 a bitter taste 苦味
 a bitter smile 苦笑
 bitter tears 辛酸的眼泪
 bitter remarks 刻薄话 , 恶毒的话
 bitter discipline 严格的训练
 a bitter argument 激烈的争论
 biting cold 刺骨的寒冷
 a biting remark 辛辣的批评
deal: inflict (a blow) on (someone
or something) 给予…（打击）
deal sb. hard blows: 狠狠打击某
人
Hopes of an economic recovery
were dealt another blow.
经济复苏的希望再次受到打击。
obsess:to worry continuously and
unnecessarily.
If sth. obsesses you or if you are
obsessed with it or by it, you keep
thinking about it over a long period
of time, and find it difficult to think
about anything else.
She is obsessed by the desire to
become a great actress.
1)Her husband is obsessing about
the wrong she has done him.
她丈夫因为受她冤枉而耿耿于怀。

2) The fear of death obsessed him

throughout his old life.
他晚年一直受着死亡恐惧的困扰。
frailty—frail—fragile—fraction--
break
1) 所有的戏剧都始于人性的弱点。

2)
你太自以为是以至于看不到自
己的弱点。
frailty—frail—fragile—fraction--
break
All drama begins with human
frailty.
所有的戏剧都始于人性的弱点。
You're too self-righteous to see
your own frailties.
你太自以为是以至于看不到自己的
弱点。
 Para.1: questions
1. Identify and explain the metaphor in
the first sentence.
2. What is the implication of the two
adjectives "eternal" and "endless"?
3.Why was Twain said to be adventurous,
patriotic, romantic, and humorous?
4.What did the author mean by " I found
another Twain..."?
5.Identify and explain the metaphor in
the last sentence.
 Para.2
1.Give a brief account of Twain's
experience before he became a
writer.
2.How did he adopt his pen name?
3.Why can we say Twain is still a
popular writer?
 Tramp:

tramp the fields. 走过田野

tramp down 踏坏 , 踩碎
on the tramp 到处流浪
a ragged tramp. 一个衣褴褛的流浪汉
He tramped the streets all night.
 他整夜在街上行走。
 trump
 In the end, the Ten took their appeal to the
Supreme Court; this, they had believed,
from the outset, this would be their trump
card.
 最后， 10 个人上诉到最高法院：他们从一开
始就认为这一招是他们的王牌。
 把 Donald 译成“唐纳德”，中文译名
跟其发音同样对不上。如果现在译
Donald 这个名字，应该译为“多纳尔
德”而非“唐纳德”。但是， Donald
长期以来一直译成“唐纳德”而非“多
纳尔德”，就像长期以来 Trump 一直
译成“特朗普”而非“川普”一样，这
就是外文译名的“约定俗成”原则在发
挥作用。
 Arthur Neville Chamberlain 和 Winston
Churchill ，前一位译为“张伯伦”，
后一位译为“丘吉尔”，美国二战时期
的总统 Franklin Roosevelt 译为“罗斯
福”，前苏联最高领导人 Joseph
Stalin 译为“斯大林”。
a pilot boat 领港船
a chief pilot 领港长
a first pilot 正驾驶员
a pilot flame 标灯 , 守夜灯
pilot car 先驱车
pilot flag 领航旗
pilot lamp [light] 指示灯 ; 领航灯
 guerrilla 游击战— war 战争
 gage 挑战— wage 发动战争

 guaranty 保证一 warranty 保证

guard 保卫— ward 保卫
gadget 小装置，器具 ---widget 小装置，器具
Gorilla

英 [ɡə'rɪlə] 美 [ɡə'rɪlə]

n. 大猩猩； < 口 > 残暴的人

Gorilla is bigger than chimpanzee.

大猩猩比黑猩猩大。
starry-eyed: full of unreasonable or
silly hopes.
 If you are starry-eyed, you are so full of dreams or
hopes or idealistic thoughts that you do not see
how things really are.
We were all starry-eyed about
visiting London.
On a starry night, lots of stars
twinkle in the sky.
acid-tongued: If sb. is acid-
tongued, he makes unkind or
critical remarks.
ac:
acid adj. 酸的
 acme n. 顶点 , 顶峰
 acute adj. 尖锐的 , 敏锐的
 acumen n. 敏锐 , 聪明
acupuncture n. 针灸
柠檬吃起来有些酸。
没有人喜欢听那尖酸刻薄的话。
耀眼的绿色。

Lemons taste acid.
柠檬吃起来有些酸。
Everyone doesn't like to hear the
acid remarks.
没有人喜欢听那尖酸刻薄的话。
an acid green.
耀眼的绿色。

 digest:
 If you digest information, you think
about it, understand it, and remember
it.
The report contains too much to
digest at one reading.
He reads rapidly but does not digest
very much.
 The new American experience: Twin
lived in the stirring years in American
history---the American-Mexican War;
 the Civil War; the Gold Rush;
 the westward expansion;
 the American-Spanish War;

 the rapid development of capitalism

 and later the emergence of imperialism

along with the first economic depressions.

 Mark Twain

Two Fathoms deep—

the depth of water
necessary for the
steamer boats to pass
safely
马克· 吐温的真名叫“萨缪尔 ·
兰亨 · 克莱门”，马克 · 吐温是
其最常使用的笔名，一般认为这
个笔名是源自 其早年水手术语，
意思是：水深 12 英尺，这是轮
船安全航行的必要条件。
 Para.2: Questions
1.Give a brief account of
Twain's experience before he
became a writer.
2.How did he adopt his pen
name?
3.Why can we say Twain is still
a popular writer?
 Para.3
1.Where was the main channel of
transportation in his childhood?
2. What does "major commerce"
refer to?
3.What do you know about
"Westward expansion"?
Mississippi River
 As a watershed for over
1.2million square miles and
includes tributary rivers from 32
states and two Canadian
provinces.
The forth largest river in the world
https://www.bilibili.com/video/
BV1z94y197nD/?
spm_id_from=333.788.recommend_more_
video.-1
 The Nicknames of Mississippi River
 父河（ The Father of Waters ）
 汇集的水（ The Gathering of Waters ）
 大泥潭 The Big Muddy (more commonly
associated with the Missouri River)
 大河（ Big River ）
 老人河（ Old Man River ）
 伟大之河（ The Great River ）
 国家之体（ Body of a Nation ）
 强大的密西西比（ The Mighty Mississippi ）
 泥泞之河（ The Muddy Mississippi ）
 老蓝（ Old Blue ）
 月河（ Moon River ）
 Economy
Industry—the pearl button
industry,process
agricultural products and
be rich in natural
resources.
Agriculture –
corn,soybeans,rice,cotton,
dairy,cattle,pork and
poultry.
Cruise –enjoy the scenery
by steamboat.
 artery :
 We couldn't feel the changes in the
blood pressure within the artery.
 我们无法感觉到动脉血管内血压的变
化。
 This is the place where the three main
arteries of West London traffic met.
 这就是伦敦西部三条主要交通干线的
交汇处。
Keelboat
 flatboat
raft
 raft:
a raft of trouble 麻烦重重
 Delta
 Delta is the 4th letter of the Greek
alphabet which looks like a triangle.
Therefore anything in the shape of a
delta, especially a deposit of sand
and soil formed at the mouth of some
rivers, is called a delta.
delt country in Mississippi
 Westward Expansion
 When America become independent, There were
only 13 states along the Atlantic Ocean.
 By 1850, the United States had expanded to the
Pacific coast. Events in this westward expansion
include the massacre ( 大屠杀 )of the native Indians,
the Louisana Purchase (1803), Texas Annexation
（吞并） (1845). the push into Oregon (1846).
Mexican Cession （割让） (1848), and the
Gadsden Purchase. In 1848, gold was found in
California. The news spread far and wide and
people rushed there to seek their fortune. It was
known in American history as the "gold rush", and
this rush reached its climax in 1860's.
 drain: drought/ dry
 我们排干了游泳池的水。
 河流注入太平洋。
 紧张和压力渐渐地缓和了。

 他的热情逐渐消失了。
 drain:
 we drained the swimming pool.
 我们排干了游泳池的水。
 The river drains into the Pacific.

 河流注入太平洋。
 Gradually the tension and stress drained
away.
 紧张和压力渐渐地缓和了。

 His passion was slowly draining from him.

 他的热情逐渐消失了。
drained three quarters of the settled
United States: “drain” means to
receive the waters of this area and
carry them to the ocean. Here the
meaning is that the river drained a
vast basin, and the basin made up ¾
of the populated area of the U.S. of
that time.
 Para.3: questions
1.Where was the main channel of
transportation in his childhood?
2. What does "major commerce"
refer to?
3.What do you know about
"Westward expansion"?
 Para.4
1.Paraphrase the second sentence.
Explain the metaphorical meaning of "
cast of characters" and " cosmos".
2.What kind of stories did he hear on
the steamboats?
3.what does it mean by "medicine show"?
4.Paraphrase the last sentence and
identify the figure of speech used in
it.
cub:
cub pilot
见习领港员
cub reporter
初出茅庐的记者
cast of characters: the cast of a
play or a film consists of all the
people who act in it
 cast:
 choose the cast
 选派演员
 The director cast me as a scientist.
 导演选派我扮演科学家。
cosmos: the whole universe considered
as an ordered system.
cosm cosmo=universe 宇宙
cosmic adj. 宇宙的
cosmos 宇宙
cosmogony n. 宇宙的产生
cosmonaut n. 宇航员 , 航天员
microcosm n. 微观世界
pancosmism n. 泛宇宙论
 feud:
(foe) prolonged mutual hostility
 世仇；宿怨； 旧怨
 不共戴天的世仇
 家族恩怨；个人恩怨；私人恩怨 :
 feud: prolonged mutual hostility
 long-standing/ old feud
 世仇；宿怨； 旧怨
 bitter feud 不共戴天的世仇
 Family ~, personal ~, private ~
 家族恩怨；个人恩怨；私人恩怨 :
 piracy:
robbery of ships on the high seas
pirate: a robber on the high seas
copy right piracy
 后缀 -acy,-cy: 名词，表示“性质，状态，情
况”
 confederacy 联盟
illiteracy 文盲
accuracy 精确（性）
bankruptcy 破产
emergency 紧急事件
idiocy 愚蠢
infancy 婴儿；幼年
intimacy 熟悉；亲密
intricacy 错综复杂
pregnancy 怀孕
secrecy 秘密
lynch: (esp. of a crowd of people) to
attack and put to death, esp. by
hanging, a person thought to be guilty
of a crime without a lawful trial
 lynch私刑；以私刑处死某人
1780 年弗吉尼亚州的 Pittsylvania
County 因地处边缘居民常常受到不法之徒
的劫掠和骚扰。一位名叫 William
Lynch(1742-1820) 的民兵上尉同他的邻居
们自发组织起来，成立了治安维持会，并
订立了一个誓约，共同对付那些暴徒。暴
徒们一旦被他们抓获，他们不按法律程序
送交警方，而是立即私下裁决，施以酷刑
乃至绞刑。 Lynch 所订立的誓约就被人们
称作 Lynch’s Law, lynch 也就成了私刑的
代名词了。
•medicine show: show given by
entertainers who travel from town
to town, accompanied by quacks and
fake Indians, selling curealls,
snake bite medicine, etc.
 Soak: suck—soup--sip
 be soaked to the skin (=be soaked
through)
 soak the dirt out
 Sponge soaks up water.
 Soak: suck—soup--sip
 be soaked to the skin (=be soaked
through)
 浑身湿透
 soak the dirt out 把污垢浸泡掉
 Sponge soaks up water. 海绵吸水。
 phonographic
 phonograph 留声机
 phonographic 留声机的
 phonography 速记
 Phono-
 phonetics n 语音学（ phon+etics 学科）
phonograph n 留声机（ phono+graph 写→写
下声音→留声机）
euphony n 好听的声音（ eu 好 +phony 声
音）
euphonious a 声音悦耳的（ euphony+ous)
cacophony n 刺耳的声音（ caco 刺耳，坏
+phony)
symphony n 交响乐（ sym 共同 +phony→ 所
有乐器一起响→交响乐）
microphone n 麦克风（ micro 小 +phone→ 小
声音变大声音）
 graph = write, 写，画
1.photograph 〔 照相，拍照，摄影，照片
2.photography 〔 见上， -y 名词后缀 〕摄影术
3.autograph 亲笔，手稿
4.geography 〔地理学，地理
5.biography 传记
6.autobiography 自传
7.historiography 编史工作
8.monograph 专题论文
9.pseudograph 伪书，冒名作品
10.polygraph 多产作家，复写器

…he absorbed and digested the
colourful language with an
astonishing good memory which
seemed to be able to record things
like a phonograph / gramophone.
 Para.4: questions
1.Paraphrase the second sentence.
Explain the metaphorical meaning of "
cast of characters" and " cosmos".
2.What kind of stories did he hear on
the steamboats?
3.what does it mean by "medicine show"?
4.Paraphrase the last sentence and
identify the figure of speech used in
it.
 para.5
 to teem with means to be full of, to have in
great numbers,
 他满脑子的聪明主意。
 湖里的鱼穿梭游弋。
 to teem with means to be full of, to have
in great numbers,
 The lake was teeming with fish.
 湖里的鱼穿梭游弋。
 His head teems with bright ideas.
 他的脑子里有许多聪明的主意。
flotsam:
flotsam: rubbish, wreckage such as
bits of wood, plastic, and other waste
materials that is floating on the sea,
parts of a wrecked ship or its cargo
found floating in the sea
hustler: a person who gets things
through deceit. Now in the U.S.
the word means a streetwalker.
hustle:
hustle and bustle :busy movement
and activity
 thug: violent criminal, murderous ruffian( 暴徒，
恶棍 )
 the difference between what people claim to be
and what they really are

(antithesis) the difference between
words and deeds, between what they
preach and what they practice.
 People often claim to be kind,
generous, honest, etc., whereas in
reality, they are seldom what they say
they are.
From these stories he heard ， Mark
Twain realized the difference between
what people say and what they really do.
 trade:job, esp. one needing special skill
with the hands
I am a fisherman by trade.
They work in the cotton / tourist /
shoemaking / jewellery trade.
trade union
 acquaint: make someone aware of or familiar
with
 acquaint oneself with 熟悉 , 通晓 , 摸清

 acquaint sb. with 把 ... 通知 [ 告诉 ] 某人

 acquaint sb. of 把 ... 通知 [ 告诉 ] 某人

 be [get] acquainted with 认识 ( 某人 ); 熟悉

( 某事 )

 这本书帮助学生了解欧洲的古代文化。
 把你的计划告知他。
 acquaint: make someone aware of or familiar
with
 This book acquaints the students with the
ancient cultures of Europe.
 这本书帮助学生了解欧洲的古代文化。
 Acquaint him with your plans.

 把你的计划告知他。
 Para2-5
How did his experience as a
steamboat pilot influence his
later writing?
 He worked on the river till 1861. He found his life
during this period both instructive and
interesting. Later he was to say, “In that brief,
sharp schooling…I got personally and familiarly
acquainted with about all the different types of
human nature… When I find a well-drawn
character in fiction or biography, I generally take
a warm personal interest in him, for the reason
that I have known him before. I’ve met him on
the river.”
It`s also in this period ， he got his pen name
“Mark Twain” .And he added all his experiences
to his works.

para.6
Para.6
1. Why did Twain leave the river
country?
2.Explain " dry up the demand for...".
3.Why did he quit the guerrillas ?
4.Identify the figure of speech in the
sentence " who diligently avoided
contact with the enemy".

the Civil War halted
commerce :the Civil War
brought commerce to a
temporary stop.
 motley = particoloured = party + coloured
 mot-mat
motley: having or composed of
many different or clashing
elements
a motley group 混杂的一群人
 wear motley 扮演小丑
 His friends were a motley crew.
 他的朋友三教九流全有。
diligently avoided contact with the
enemy : constantly and carefully
avoided clashes with the enemy.
This is a roundabout way of saying
"avoided fighting” or "retreated"
Para.6
1. Why did Twain leave the river
country?
2.Explain " dry up the demand
for...".
3.why did he quit the guerrillas ?
4.Identify the figure of speech in
the sentence " who diligently
avoided contact with the
Para.7
1.Explain the metaphorical meaning
in "succumbed to the epidemic of
gold and silver fever".
2.What is the figurative meaning in
"flirted with"?
3.Why did he fail as a prospector?
4.What is the implied meaning of "
to literature's enduring
gratitude"?
succumb: from sub- 'under' + a
verb related to cubare 'to lie‘
容易受人利用的人
为好奇心所驱使
她疲惫不堪，上床睡觉了。
 people who succumb easily to
exploitation
 容易受人利用的人
 succumb to curiosity
 为好奇心所驱使
 succumb to disease 病死
 She succumbed to weariness and
went to bed.
 她疲惫不堪，上床睡觉了。
epidemic: from epi "among, upon" (see epi-) +
demos "people, district
epi- 表示 " 在… . 上，在… . 周围，在… . 后面 "
1) epidemic 流行性的 (epi+dem 人民 +ic→ 在
人民周围→流行的 )
2) epigram 警句，格言 (epi+gram 写→写在上
面的话→格言 )
3) epitome 梗概，缩影 (epi+tome 卷册→〔一
卷书后的〕梗概 )
demo: people
democracy [cracy 统治 ;" 人民统治 "] 民主 ;
demography [graphy 写 ] 人口统计学
epidemiology[- i- 连接字母 ] 流行病学
pandemic 大范围流行的 (pan+dem 人民
+in→ 人民广泛〔染病〕→广为流行的 )
demos n 民众 (demo+s 表复数 )
demagogy n 煽动，蛊惑人心 (dem+agogy
教导 ; 鼓动

epidemic: the occurrence of a
disease which affects a very large
number of people living in an area
and which spreads quickly to other
people
 succumbed to the epidemic of gold
and silver fever: gave way to,
(yielded to, submitted to ) the
prevailing gold and silver fever.
 Note the metaphor used here
(epidemic, fever).
 The California Gold Rush
(1848 to 1859)
The Gold Rush was one of the most
significant events in California
history. It brought people from all
over the United States and the
world in search for gold.
 How did it Start?
John Sutter was a Swiss emigrant
who arrived in California in 1839. He
became a Mexican citizen and
received a land grant of 50,000
acres in Sacramento Valley.
 He built Sutter's Fort at the site of
present day Sacramento. At Sutter's
Fort he developed farming and other
businesses.
 Sutter's Fort became a rest station for
travelers and immigrants to California.
 In 1847 John Sutter hired John
Marshall to build a sawmill at a
site named Coloma.
 On January 4, 1848, John Marshall
picked up a piece of metal at the
mill that looked like gold. He took
the metal to Sutter. They tested it
and confirmed that it was gold.
Sutter was afraid that the
discovery of gold would take
his workers away from the
fields. He was also concerned
that gold would bring
prospectors onto his land. He
asked Marshall and the others
working at the mill to keep the
gold a secret.
But word got out! By late 1848,
word had spread across the
country. On December 5, 1848,
President James Polk speaking to
Congress confirmed accounts of
gold. The discovery of gold in
California became national news.
The gold rush brought economic
prosperity to California. Farms,
ranches, stores, restaurants and
other businesses that grew to serve
the miners continued to take
advantage of California's rich
agriculture and thriving industry and
commerce.
Like ripples in a pond pulsing
outward from a skipping
stone, news of the California
gold discovery circled the
globe.
 At first, reasonable people responded
with disbelief. Tales of nuggets （天然
金块） as large as hens‘ eggs were
dismissed as tall tales. Only as the
initial rumors were confirmed by
subsequent reports did reasonable
people find themselves possessed by
a gold mania （狂热） .
 Following the discovery of gold in
California in 1848, the world rushed
in. Eager gold seekers headed south
from Oregon; north from Mexico,
Chile, and Peru; east from China and
the islands of the Pacific; and west
from every state in the union and
countries throughout Europe.
This richness of intersecting
frontiers produced the most
ethnically diverse region in the
nation
Gold Rush
flirt—flick—flit—quick movement
She flirted her fan.
She flirts with every man she
meets.
She is a flirt.
flirt—flick—flit—quick movement
She flirted her fan.
她急速挥动着扇子。
She flirts with every man she
meets.
她同她遇到的每个男人调情。
She is a flirt.
她是个卖弄风情的女人。
 flirt
 a. If you flirt with someone, you behave as
if you are sexually attracted to them, in a
not very serious way.
 b. If you flirt with the idea of doing or
having sth. , you consider doing or having
it, without making any definite plans.
 colossal
a colossal monument
 巨大的纪念碑
 by a colossal accident
 由于异常事故
 in one's colossal ignorance
 因为丝毫不知道
rebuff: from ri- "back" (from Latin re-, see re-) +
buffo "a puff,“
 get an awkward rebuff
 碰了一鼻子灰
 Her kindness to him is meet with a cruel rebuff.

 她一片好心却遭到他冷酷的拒绝。
 Facts are the most powerful rebuff to
rumormongers.
 事实是对造谣者最有力的回答。
rebuff:
refuse unkindly and
contemptuously
The friendly dog was rebuffed by
a kick.
He refused / rebuffed the suggestion.
He can't refuse (vi.) / *rebuff (vt.)
if you ask politely.
 he flirted with the colossal wealth..,
and was rebuffed
 It is a metaphor. Words like flirt, lucky,
persistent, rebuff are often associated
with love.
 He tried but not very hard or
persistently enough to get the
enormous wealth available to those
lucky and persistent ones, and he
failed.
 broke: (informal)having completely run
out of money( 非正式 ) 一文不名的；破
产的
 总是一个子儿也没有真让我厌烦。
 这家公司破产了吗 ?
 broke: (informal)having completely
run out of money( 非正式 ) 一文不
名的；破产的
 I’m tired of being broke all the time.
 总是一个子儿也没有真让我厌烦。
 Has the firm gone broke?
 这家公司破产了吗 ?
He accepted a job as reporter
with the Virginia City Terrritorial
Enterprise,…
with: employed by
为…所雇用；作为…的成员
She's with the Inland Revenue
now.
她受雇于国内税收局。
Para.7
1.Explain the metaphorical meaning
in "succumbed to the epidemic of
gold and silver fever".
2.What is the figurative meaning in
"flirted with"?
3.Why did he fail as a prospector?
4.What is the implied meaning of "
to literature's enduring
gratitude"?
 para.8
 Para.8
1.Paraphrase the second
sentence. And identify the figure
in " his pen would prove mightier
than his pickax".
2.What is the metaphorical
meaning of "hotbed"?
 mining strike: sudden discovery of mine
 strike: sudden discovery of oil, gold,etc.
) 走运，交好运
 strike it rich ( 非正式 ) 发横财，暴富
hit pay dirt
发现矿藏 , 找到富矿
strike pay dirt
发现矿藏 , 找到富矿
strike oil
发现油矿 ; 暴富 ; 飞黄腾达
pickax: pike+ ax= pointed ax
 formaking money, his pen would prove
mightier than his pickax :his reporting
brought him more money than his
unsuccessful mining might have
 The figure of speech used here is
 metonymy
Hotbed: a place that fosters rapid
growth or extensive activity,
often used of something evil, e.g.
a hotbed of war, crime
hotbed:
a hotbed of war 战争的温床
it was a hotbed of vice.
这里是罪孽的滋生地。
 Para.8
1.Paraphrase the second
sentence. And identify the figure
in " his pen would prove mightier
than his pickax".
2.What is the metaphorical
meaning of "hotbed"?
 para. 9
1.Explain the metaphorical meaning of "honed"
and "muscles" in the first sentence.
2.why did he have to leave San Francisco?
3.Who did his satirical articles attack?
4.Paraphrase " His descriptions of the rough
country settlers... on the West Coast".
5.What was Twain's opinion about the people
in the West? Why?
6.Explain " for getting up astonishing
enterprises and rushing them through with
a magnificent...smiles as usual".
7.Paraphrase " Well, that's California all
over.".
 hone: make sharper
 1969-1975, 7years, 延安梁家河村 ,
13villagers, cave-house
 Mark Twain honed and experimented
with his new writing muscles: Mark
Twain exercised and experimented
with his new writing ability.

scathing: severely critical,
scathing satire
 scathing remarks
 scathing columns: severe and
harsh articles.
A column is one of a series of
feature articles appearing
regularly under a fixed title in a
newspaper or magazine, written
by a special writer or devoted to a
certain subject, cf. columnist
 the Sacramento Valley: or the
Sacramento River, some 70 miles
north of San Francisco, formerly a
colony set up by John Sutter from
Switzerland in 1839, where gold
was found in 1848 and the gold
rush started the following year
be accustomed to: be in the habit of,
be used to, be familiar with
He is accustomed to working hard.
You will soon get accustomed to
that kind of thing.
He was not accustomed to LEAVE
home during the winter.
Notice:
a. Be accustomed to can be followed
by a verb.
He was not accustomed to leave
home during the winter.
He is not accustomed to work under
such noisy condition.
ringfamiliarly in modern world
accustomed to trend setting on the
West Coast:
 producea familiar impression on people
in modern world. People in the modern
world (people in the settled United States,
people on the East coast and along the
Mississippi River) are now used to
following the ways of doing things of the
West Coast.
trend:a general direction or course of
development, fashion, tendency
Today's trend is toward less formal
clothing.
Young women are always interested
in the trends of fashion.
splendid: brilliant
a splendid scene 壮丽的景象
a splendid victory 辉煌的胜利
a splendid idea 极好的主意
That's splendid. 那可太好了 !
splendid: brilliant
a splendid scene
a splendid victory
a splendid idea
That's splendid.
 population ： a particular section,
group, or type of people or animals
living in an area or country
 adult population 成年人口
 aged population 老年人口
 aging population 老年人口
 agricultural population 农业人口
 alien population 外侨 , 侨民
 animal population 动物种群
sluggish---sluggard 懒汉 ---
slow+lag--laggard
sloth: from slow + -th
 惰能致贫。
 没有竞争会导致懒惰。
sloth: from slow + -th
 Sloth is the key of poverty.
 惰能致贫。
 Absence of competition makes for
sloth.
 没有竞争会导致懒惰。
 The sloth spends most of its time hanging
upside down from the branches.
 大部分时间里树獭都是倒挂在树枝上。
 -th
 bear 生 -birth 出生 long 长的 -length 长度
broad 宽（广）阔的 -breadth 宽（广）度
merry 欢快的 -mirth 欢快
deep 深的 -depth 深度，深处
strong 强（壮）的 -strength 强度，力量
foul 肮脏的 -filth 污秽
true 真实的 -truth 真理，真情
weal 富裕的（ well" 好 " 同源） -wealth 财富

grow 生长 -growth 生长
hale 健康的（ heal" 治愈 " 同源） -health 健康

wide 宽的 -width 宽度
young 年轻的 -youth 青春，青年（们）
 get something up:
 prepare or organize a project or
piece of work
 准备，组织（项目，工作）
 we used to get up little plays.
 以前我们常组织一些短剧演出。
enterprise: from entre- "between"
(see entre-) + prendre "to take,"
有事业进取心的人
进取精神
创办事业
a man of enterprise
有事业进取心的人
a spirit of enterprise
进取精神
undertake [take on] an enterprise
创办事业
 dash: a combination of bravery and
style, enthusiasm and courage
She conducted the orchestra with a
great deal of fire and dash.
 other meanings:
100-meter dash
The dash is longer than the hyphen.
reckless: regard+less
毫不顾及后果
乱花钱
鲁莽驾驶
reckless: regard+less
be reckless of the consequences
毫不顾及后果
be reckless of expenditure
乱花钱
reckless driving.
鲁莽驾驶。
 consequence: from consequent- 'following
closely', from the verb consequi
 1 ） result 泛指结果本身，使用频率高
例一： The result of the game was five-nil. 比
赛结果是五比零。
2 ） consequence 强调因果关系和前因后果的
逻辑性
例二： As a consequence of being in hospital,
Shelly decided that she wanted to become a
nurse. 由于在医院的缘故，谢莉决定当一名护
士。
3 ） outcome 强调一件事情的结局
例三： The outcome of the election was in
doubt then.
当时大选的结果还看不准。
It was these pioneers that brought
California a reputation.
California was made famous for
organizing surprising businesses
and developing them with great
bravery and courage, without caring
cost or result.
allover: in every respect,
thoroughly
She is her mother all over.
That sounds like my sister all
over.
 Questions
1.Explain the metaphorical meaning of "honed"
and "muscles" in the first sentence.
2.why did he have to leave San Francisco?
3.Who did his satirical articles attack?
4.Paraphrase " His descriptions of the rough
country settlers... on the West Coast".
5.What was Twain's opinion about the people
in the West? Why?
6.Explain " for getting up astonishing
enterprises and rushing them through with
a magnificent...smiles as usual".
7.Paraphrase " Well, that's California all
over.".
Para.10-11
1.Which work brought Twain
national fame?
2.How do you understand " the
wild humorist"?
 dreary: original sense of "dripping blood."
 cheer a dreary mind
 使忧郁寡欢的心情振作起来
 a drearyday
 阴沉的天
 His speech was dreary.
 他的讲演枯燥乏味。
 dreary:dull, bleak, and lifeless;
depressing
 His speech was dreary.
 他的讲演枯燥乏味。
 cheer a dreary mind
 使忧郁寡欢的心情振作起来
 a dreary day 阴沉的天
entry: an item written or printed in a
diary
 word entry
 entry visa
 No entry!
 The door was locked, but he forced
an entry.
entry: an item written or printed in a
diary
 word entry( 词典中的 ) 词条
 entry visa 入境签证
 No entry! 请勿入内 !
 the door was locked, but he forced an
entry.
 门锁着，但他强行闯入。
Shot: lead shot, tiny lead pellets used
in quantity in a shotgun against birds
and animals 铅沙弹
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County: 《卡拉韦拉斯县
有名的跳蛙》 梗概 ：讲一个爱用自
己养的动物打赌的人的故事，打赌时
总是用某种方法使得自己赢，但后来
用跳蛙跟人打赌的时候被别人耍了 .
Lesson 3
 在寓意上，《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》
通过描述小说主人公斯迈雷嗜赌成性屡战
屡胜运气不减，然而最后却败在了一个以
欺骗手段获胜的陌生人手中的故事，以幽
默诙谐的口语形象的再现了美国强烈的本
土文化特色，讽刺了人们极度空虚接近绝
望的精神生活，呈现给我们 “我”和叙
事者西蒙· 维勒之间东西方文化的强烈的
对比与激烈的碰撞。另有评论家认为受过
教育的跳蛙输给一只无名蛙意在暗指在
淘金热的背景下人们取得胜利完全靠运气
的一种社会风气。这些都是出自现实，再
现现实，然而却超越现实，反映现实，批
判现实。
Slope: to slip away," from a- "away" + slupan "to
slip"
Para.10-11
1.Which work brought Twain
national fame?
2.How do you understand " the
wild humorist"?
 Para.12
1.Explain " take a distinctly American
look at the Old World"
2.What does the Holy Land refer to?
3. Why was the journey by Quaker
City called "a milestone"?
4.What task did Twain get as a
reporter?
5. What is " glowing travelogue"?
 quaker: [ 美 ] (Philadelphia 费城 ) 市的
别名
 教友会徒之城 (Quaker City)
 贵格会教徒
 from quake + -er, perhaps alluding to
George Fox's direction to his followers
to tremble at the name of the ‘Lord’
the Holy Land : Region on the east
coast of the Mediterranean, the
country of the Jews in Biblical times.
 Jerusalem, holy city for both Islam
and Judaism, now capital claimed by
both Israel and Palestine.
 The region where the stories in the
Bible are based and Jesus Christ
preached and lived.
 milestone:
 Milestone is something marking a
new stage in history
 of sorts = of a sort, here in a sense,
in a way. It suggests that what is
referred to here does not really
deserve the name.
 Example: He is a historian of sorts.
 glow:
 His cheeks glowed after the race.
 glow with health
 the glow of happiness
 If your ears glow, someone is talking
of you.
 glow:

 His cheeks glowed after the race.

 赛跑后他满脸通红。
 glow with health

 脸色红润 , 容光焕发
 the glow of happiness 幸福的喜悦

 If your ears glow, someone is talking of

you. 耳朵发烧，有人念叨。
 Travelogue
 log
 dialogue 对话
 eulogy [eu- 美好 ] 颂词，赞扬

apology [apo- 分开 - 说开 ] 道歉，辩

解
 prologue [pro- 前， ] 前言，序言
 monologue [mono- 单独 ] ( 戏剧 ) 独
白
 pseudology [pseudo- 假 ] 假话
 Para.12
1.Explain " take a distinctly American
look at the Old World"
2.What does the Holy Land refer to?
3. Why was the journey by Quaker
City called "a milestone"?
4.What task did Twain get as a
reporter?
5. What is " glowing travelogue"?
 para.13
 Para.13.
1. What was his impression about the
king of Turkey?
2.What was his attitude towards
revered artists and art treasures?
3.what did he do about the Holy Land
in his reports?
4.Identify the figure in the sentence"
America laughed with him".
5. How was The Innocents Abroad
received by Americans? Why?
 unimpressed:

If you are unimpressed by sb. or sth,

you do not think they are very good,
or worth your attention.
 impress: ~ sb (with sth) have a
favourable effect on sb
debunk:de （ away)+ bunk (bunker 掩体
— bank)
 (infml) to point out the truth about
(over-praised people, ideas, etc).
If you debunk an idea or belief, you
show that it is false or not important.

 Some advertising slogans should be
debunked.
 某些夸大的广告用语应予揭露。
 Comedy takes delight in debunking
heroes.
 喜剧总喜欢嘲弄英雄的名不符实。
 Stop talking. I don't want to debunk
you!
 少说几句，我不想揭穿你 !
Casually he debunked revered
artists and art treasures: He
exposed the pretensions of
respected artists and the false
glamour of art treasures. He did
this as if unintentionally and in a
nonchalant( 若无其事的）
manner.

 The Innocents Abroad
 In this book Twain combined serious
passages (history, statistics,
descriptions, explanations and
argumentation) with humorous ones.
The chief attraction of the book to
the American readers was its
humour.
 The author sharply satirized tourists who
had no ideas of the lands they saw except
what the guide books fed them. He
assumed the role of a sharp-eyed shrewd
westerner with grass-roots common sense
who was refreshingly honest and vivid in
describing foreign scenes and his reactions
to them. It is probable that Americans liked
the implication that an unsophisticated
Yankee could judge the Old World as well
as any man.
 Para.13.
1. What was his impression about the
king of Turkey?
2.What was his attitude towards
revered artists and art treasures?
3.what did he do about the Holy Land
in his reports?
4.Identify the figure in the sentence"
America laughed with him".
5. How was The Innocents Abroad
received by Americans? Why?
Para.14,15
1.How did Tom Sawyer come into
being?
2. How is the book evaluated?
3.Paraphrase " Tom's mischievous
daring, ingenuity, and the sweet
innocence of his affection for
Becky ".
 mischievous: eager to have fun, esp. by
playing harmless tricks
 cf:

 naughty: behaving badly & disobediently

A mischievous child is often naughty but

does not do any real harm.
He was called in before the principal for
his mischievous deeds.
 ingenuity: cleverness in arranging things
The boy showed ingenuity when solving

the difficult maths problem.

Para.14,15
1.How did Tom Sawyer come
into being?
2. How is the book evaluated?
3.Paraphrase " Tom's
mischievous daring, ingenuity,
and the sweet innocence of his
affection for Becky ".
 Para.16
Para.16
1. How is Par.16 linked with Par.
15 ?
2.How did he establish his
literary position?
3.From this paragraph, how would
you comment on Twain's language
style in Huckleberry Finn?
 .-ard 表名词，“不好的人”
drunkard n 醉汉，酒鬼（ drank 醉
的）
laggard n 落后者（ lag 落后）
coward n 懦夫，胆怯者（ cow 吓
唬）
niggard n 吝啬鬼
（ nigg[=niggle 小气地做事 ]+ard ）
sluggard n 懒鬼（ slug 一种爬得很
慢的虫子）

Fleeing a respectable life…
Douglas…: Huck was adopted by
the kind-hearted widow Douglas
who was determined to have him
and turn him into a respectable”
boy. But Huck could not stand it.
Eventually he ran away to seek
his freedom.
 puritanical:
extremely or excessively
strict in matters of morals and
religion
"All modern American literature
comes from one book by Mark
Twain called Huckleberry
Finn. ...It’s the best book we’ve
read.”
------ Ernest Hemingway
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,
generally considered Twain's
greatest work, was published in
Great Britain in 1884 and in the
United States in 1885. Twain
had begun the book in 1876 as a
sequel to Tom Sawyer.
 Huckleberry Finn is Mark
Twain's finest creation, a
symbol of simple honesty
and conscience. Huck
lacks Tom's imagination.
He is a simple boy with
little education, cheerful
in his rags, suspicious of
every attempt to civilize
him. Huck has none of
the unimportant virtues
but all the essential ones.
 The school of hard
knocks has taught him
skepticism, but nature
give him hostile towards
bullies and all shapes of
overmastering power. He
is obviously a universal
character, the free soul
that every boy would
wish to be before the
world breaks him.
 The book is a loosely-strung
series of adventures, and
can be viewed as the story
of a quest for freedom and
an escape from what
society requires in
exchange for success.
Joined in flight by a Negro
companion, Jim, who seeks
freedom from slavery, Huck
discovers that the
Mississippi River is
peaceful, but the world
along its shores is marred
by deceit and cruelty and
 Huckleberry is one of wildest plants in
America. Why did he choose this plant’s name
as the hero? And why did he choose the
Mississippi river as the setting of the story?
 Why did Mark Twain employ the colloquial
language as the main language of the book?
 Renegade to the traditional and formal
grammar , challenging to the regulation
 Moreover, both Jim and Huck are “traitors”.
The former is the turncoat of slavery, the latter,
of the regulation and doctrine.
 In his language deep social issues are
implied such as female right, human’s nature
and racism.
Para.16
1. How is Par.16 linked with Par. 15 ?
2.How did he establish his literary
position?
3.From this paragraph, how would
you comment on Twain's language
style in Huckleberry Finn?
Para.17,18
1.Explain "swept the nation", " was given a
life of its own".
2.What is the significance of this book?
3.Paraphrase" presents a moving
panorama for exploration of American
society".
4.Explain "Twain found the ultimate
expression... for success."
 sweep: range, speed
 She swept out of the room.
 His glance swept from right to left.
 The plane sweeps across the sky.
She swept out of the room.
她大模大样地走出房间。
His glance swept from right to
left.
他从右到左扫视了一下。
The plane sweeps across the sky.
飞机掠过空中。
 panorama:

a. a complete view of a wide stretch of

land
b. continuously changing view or scene
c. a thorough representation in words or
picture
This book gives a panorama of life in
Shenzhen.
A vast panorama of the valley lay
before us.
 a panorama of American history
 look at the vast panorama of problems
A vast panorama of the valley lay
before us.
 山谷的广阔全景展现在我们面前。
 a panorama of American history
 美国通史
 look at the vast panorama of
problems
 全面地观察各种问题
ltimate: superlative of *ulter "beyond" (see ultra-).
ultra-
① 表示“极端”
ultrapure 极纯的（ ultra ＋ pure 纯的）
ultramilitant 极端好战的（ ultra+militant 好斗的）
ultraclean 极洁净的（ ultra+clean 干净的）
ultra-reactionary 极端反动的（ ultra+reactionary
反动的）
ultraliberal 极端自由主义的（ ultra+liberal 自由
的）
Ultimate: superlative of *ulter "beyond" (see ultra-
).
 ultra-
 ② 表示“超出，超过”
ultrasonic 超音速的（ ultra+sonic 声音的）
ultramodern 超现代化的（ ultra+modern 现代
化的）
ultramundane 超俗的（ ultra+mudane 俗气
的）
ultrared 红外线的（ ultra+red 红色的）
ultraviolet 紫外线的（ ultra+violet 紫色的）
Para.17,18
1.Explain "swept the nation", " was given
a life of its own".
2.What is the significance of this book?
3.Paraphrase" presents a moving
panorama for exploration of American
society".
4.How was the book important for Twain?
5.Explain "Twain found the ultimate
expression... for success."
 Para.19
 1.According to Mark Twain, what
was missing in the American
ambition?
 2. Note the use of subjunctive mood
in the quotation. What kind of
personal feeling is conveyed by the
subjunctive mood? /What effect is
achieved by the subjunctive mood?
 3. How do you understand “ to lay
ourselves on the shelf” and “renew
our edges”?
 ingredient: from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + gradi "to step, go" (see grade).
 grad=step ， go ， grade 步，走，级

gradual [grad 步， -ual 形容词后缀，…的 ] 逐步的，逐渐的
retrograde [retro- 向后， grad 步，行走 ;’ 向后走” ] 后退，退步，逆行
retrogradation [ 见上， -ation 名词后缀 ] 后退，退步，逆行
graduate [grad 步，级， -u- ， -ate 动词后缀 ;’ 在学业上走完某一步”，’在学业上完成某一级” ] 毕
业 ;[ 转为 ] 毕业生
graduation [ 见上， -ation 名词后缀 ] 毕业
undergraduate [under- 低于，不够，不到，不足， graduate 毕业生 ] 沿未毕业者，大学肄业生
postgraduate [post- 后，在…之后，见上 ] 大学毕业后的 ; 研究生
degrade [de- 下，向下， grad 步，走，级 ;’ 往下走”，’降级” ] 下降，堕落，退化，使降级，贬黜
degradation [ 见上， -ation 名词后缀 ] 堕落，退化，降级，贬黜
grade 等级，年级，级别，阶段，程度
gradation [ 见上， -ation 名词后缀 ] 等级，分等，分级
upgrade [up 上， grad 步，级 ] 上升，升级，提升，上坡
downgrade [down 下， grad 步，级 ] 降低，贬低，降级，下坡
gradine [grad 步，级→阶梯， -ine 名词后缀 ] 阶梯的一级，阶梯座位的一排
 This is an additive ingredient.
 这是一种添加成分
 Enthusiasm is a vital ingredient in all human
endeavour.
 热情是促使人们奋斗的一个关键因素。

 Hard work is a vital ingredient for success.

 努力工作是获得成功至关重要的因素。
 robust:
a robust young man
 robust work
 robust coffee
 robust:
a robust young man
 一个精力充沛的年轻人
 robust work
 强体力劳动
 robust coffee
 浓咖啡
 1.According to Mark Twain, what
was missing in the American
ambition?
 2. Note the use of subjunctive mood
in the quotation. What kind of
personal feeling is conveyed by the
subjunctive mood?
 3. How do you understand “ to lay
ourselves on the shelf” and “renew
our edges”?
 para. 20
haunt: distantly related to home
 He haunts street markets.
 他经常去街市转悠。
 The area was a haunt of criminals.
 这个地区是罪犯经常出没的地方。
 The sight haunted me for years.
 这景象在我心里经年萦绕。
 Spinal---spine---spike
 spinal injuries. 脊柱受伤。
 spinal canal 脊管 , 椎管
 the building of a new spinal road.

 新干道的修建。
-itis:
disease or inflammation
bronchitis
appendicitis
pharyngitis
1. Identify the figures of speech used in
the first sentence and paraphrase it.
2. What is the general difference between
Mark
 Twain’s para.21
writing styles of his earlier
and later writings?
3.Explain the idiom embedded in "
Now the gloves came off with biting satir
e
."
4. In his book The Mysterious Stranger,
what ideas did he express? What is his
attitude to religion?
 Bitterness
fed on the man who…
Bitterness exhausted, used up all the
energy of the man…
 pad: ped--foot
 pad:to make more comfortable by filling
with soft material
a jacket with padded shoulders
He padded the seat of the chair with
some foamed plastics.
 a pad of cotton wool. 棉垫。
 she padded along the corridor.
 她沿着走廊轻轻走去。
 Now the gloves came off with biting
satire
the gloves are off: ready for a
fight ,deriving from the idiom” an iron
hand in a velvet glove”( ruthlessness
concealed by good manners, soft
speech.
Now Mark Twain threw away the
pretended softness and gentleness he
used to adopt and became
outspoken, bitter and sarcastic.
 massacre
a massacre by rebel soldiers
 叛军进行的大屠杀
 a wholesale massacre of jobs
 大批冗职裁员
 the bowl of a volcanic crater—bowl shaped
 lud,lus =play, 表示“玩，戏剧”
 elude 逃避 , 躲避 =e 出 +lude→ 玩出去→躲出去
 delude 欺骗，迷惑 , 蛊惑 =de(=off)+lus
 prelude 序幕 , 前奏，预兆 =pre+lude 玩，演奏→
先演奏→序曲
 elusive 难懂的 , 难捉摸的 =e 出 +lus+ive→ 把人玩
出去→让人难懂的
 collude 串通 , 共谋 =col(=con 一起 ) + lud 玩 = 串
通

para.22
 Crumble---crumb(a small fragment of bread,
cake, or biscuit)
 This cake crumbles too easily.
 这种蛋糕太容易碎了。
 He crumbled the bread in his fingers.

 他用手指把面包捻碎。
 Our hopes crumbled when the business went
bankrupt.
 商行破产了 , 我们的希望也破灭了。
lament: from PIE root *la- "to
shout, cry," probably ultimately
imitative
a song full of lament and sorrow.
一首充满哀伤的歌。
We lamented his absence.
我们对他的缺席感到非常遗憾。
Para.22
1. What is the main idea of the last
paragraph?
2. What figure is used in "men's final rele
ase from earthly struggles"? Explain it
.
3. Identify the figures used in “they
vanish … had existed”.
4. Explain “
lament
5. Whatthem a day
is Mark andview
Twain’s forget them foreve
of human
rexistence? Do you agree with Mark Twain’s
”.
view?
 Reference answer 2

1) humorous and light tone

2) frequent use of metaphors to make language
vivid
3) hyperboles employed to emphasize his
meaning and convey strong emotions ----
mainly the author's respect for Twain and his
works
4) direct quotations used to lend authenticity,
authority and force
 6. Rhetoric devices
A lot of figures of speech are used in this lesson.
Besides metaphor, metonymy and alliteration,
personification, hyperbole, euphemism and
antithesis are also used.

1) Metaphor 2) Metonymy
3) Personification 4) Alliteration
5) Hyperbole 6) Euphemism
7) Antithesis
 3)Personification
By definition, personification is a
figure of speech which attributes
human qualities to inanimate objects
or abstract ideas. It is closely related
to metaphor and is sometimes called
personal metaphor . The following
sentences are examples of
personification:
 Personification
1) Youth is hot and bold,
Age is weak and cold.
Youth is wild, and Age is tame.
.---- William Shakespeare
2) This time fate was smiling to him.
3) The wind whistle through the trees.
4) Thunder roared and a pouring rain started.
5) Dusk came stealthily
 Personification
6) Overhead the stars winked mischievously at
us.
7) I watched the moonlight dancing on the
ripples of the lake.
8) She listened to the brook murmuring through
the hills.
9) The ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone
days.
10) The gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and
soothed my anger.
 6. Euphemism
Euphemism is a figure of speech in which
indirect words or phrases are used instead
of those that are strictly required by truth,
or in which mild words and phrases are
used instead of unpleasant ones.
For example:
1) If you will allow me , I will call your
carriage for you .
2) He is a bit off his head.
3) He was now living at government’s expense.
4) He is a bit slow for his age.
5) He passed away for a few years.
6) I am getting on years.

7) The child is a slow learner( under-achiever).

8) Excuse me, I’v got to answer the nature’s call.
(use the bathroom;wash one’s hands=go to the
toilet.)
9) military action=invasion, raid
lay off, ease out = dismiss, sack
out of pocket, badly off = penniless
in embarrassing obligation = in debt
senior citizens = old people
 Euphemism
sanitation worker; environmental engineer =
dustman
emotional disturbed = mad
strategic hamlets –concentration camp
weight-watchers = fat people
business girl = prostitute
 7. Antithesis
Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of
contrasting words or ideas in balanced
structural forms to achieve force and
emphasis. The form of the expression is very
important for the effect, for the force of
emphasis, whether for profundity of
judgment, or humor or for satire, depends
chiefly on the juxtaposition of direct opposites,
of glaring contrasts:
 Antithesis
For example,
1) Crafty men condemn studies; simple men
admire them; and wise men use them.
2) Speech is silver, silence is golden.
 Antithesis
3) It was the best of times; it was the
worst of times; it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness, it was the
epoch of belief, it was the epoch of
incredulity, it was the season of Light, it
was the season of Darkness, it was the
spring of Hope, it was the winter of
Despair, we had everything before us, we
had nothing before us, we were all going
direct to Heaven, we were all going direct
the other way. (Dickens ----- A Tale of Two
Cities)
 Antithesis
「这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是一个最聪
明的时代。也是一个最愚昧的时代；这是一个相信
的时代，也是一个怀疑的时代，这是一个光明的时
代，也是一个黑暗的时代 ...... 这是主后一千七百七
十五年的时代。

4) The wicked flee when no one pursues, but the

righteous are bold as a lion.( 邪恶之人， 即使无
人追踪， 也会心虚奔逃；方正之人，则坦然无畏，
胆壮如狮。
8. Exercise and Homework

Comment on the language style

of this essay by supplying evidences
from the text.
 9. Understanding of the text
 1. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the
world laugh. The moralizing of his earlier
writing had been well padded with humor. Now
the gloves came off with biting satire. He
pretended to praise the U.S. military for the
massacre of 600 Philippine Moros in the bowl
of a volcanic crater. In The Mysterious
Stranger, he insisted that man drop his
religious and depend upon himself, not
Providence, to make a better world.
 Question: What’s the difference between his
earlier writing and his later writing? How did he
appeal to the people in terms of religion?
 2. Mark Twain suggested that an
ingredient was missing in the American
ambition when he said:” What a robust
people, what a nation of thinkers we
might be, if we would only lay ourselves
on the shelf occasionally and renew our
edges.’
 Question: What did Mark Twain expect
Americans to do?
 3. He went west by stagecoach and
succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver
fever in Nevada’s Washoe region. For eight
months he flirted with the colossal wealth
available to the lucky and the persistent, and
was rebuffed. Broke and discouraged, he
accepted a job as reporter with the Virginia
City Territorial Enterprise, to literature’s
enduring gratitude.
 (1) Why was Mark Twain broke and
discouraged?
 (2)What is the implied meaning of “ to
literature’s enduring gratitude”?
 4. Steamboat decks teemed not only with
the main current of pioneering humanity,
but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and
thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain
gained a keen perception of human race,
of the difference between what people
claim to be and what they really are. His
four and half years in the steamboat
trade marked the real beginning of his
education, and the most lasting part of it.
 (1) What do “the main current” and “the
flotsam” refer to respectively?
 (2) How was Mark Twain’s steamboat
trade important to his writing?
 Background information for Unit 10

1) The Author--John Scopes （ 1900 －

1970 ）
2) Social background and The ‘ Monkey
Trial’
3) Fundamentalists and modernists
4) Charles Darwin and his theory
‘evolution’
5) William Jennings Bryan and Clarence
Darrow