BIOLOGY

PROJECT
CLASS XI
N.PREDEEP
11-B
roll no-19
 INDEX
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF DIABETES
• CAUSES
• SYMPTOMS
• RISK FACTORS
• PREVENTIONS
• TREATMENTS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher MS.EMIMAL SIMON and
the CBSE BOARD who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic DIABETES MELLITUS , which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and has helped me in
increasing my knowledge and skills. Secondly, I
would like to thank DR. K.KARTHIKEYAN who had
helped me in clearing my queries within the limited
 INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS DIABETES
The problem created because of the metabolic disorder, where the
metabolism has an abnormality is called diabetes or hyperglycemia
[ hyper-above optimum, Glycaemia-glucose in blood] characterized by
high levels of sugar in blood

The blue circles is the universal symbol for diabetes . It was introduced in
2006 to give diabetes a common identity.
The symbol aims to : Support all exiting efforts to rise awareness about
diabetes
 TYPES OF DIABETES
• THERE ARE THREE TYPED OF DIABETES
1. Type 1 diabetes
2. Type 2 diabetes
3.Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[GTM]
WHEN THE PANCREAS
DOS’NT PRODUCE INSULIN
IT IS TYPE 1 DIABETES
WHEN THE PANCREAS
DOS’NT PRODUCE INSULIN
[OR THE INSULIN CANNOT BE PRODUCED]
IT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES

WHEN THE INSULIN IS LESS

EFFECIVE DURING PREGNANCY
IT IS GESTATIONALDIABETES
 CAUSES OF DIABETES
• Different causes are associated with each type of diabetes

CAUSES OF TYPE 1 DIABETES

Type 1 Diabetes occurs when our

immune system , the body’s system for fighting infection ,
attacks and
destroys the insulin producing beta cells f The pancreas
 Causes of TYPE 2 DIABETES
• Over weighting, obesity and inactive lifestyle are the three
common cause of type 2 diabetes

cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin.

Because these cells don’t interact in a normal with insulin ,
they don’t take in enough sugar. The pancreas is unable to
produce enough insulin to manage blood sugar levels
Causes of GESTATIONAL DIABETES
• Women produce different hormones during
pregnancy.

• Sometimes these hormones affect the pancreas .

• The pancreas produce less effective

insulin

• This leads the woman to have higher blood

sugar
 SYMPTIOMS OF DIABETES
• SYMPTIOMS FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES
>WEIGHT LOSS
This can effect people with type 1 diabetes and cold be a
warning sign if you’ve changed your diet or exercise routine

>FREQUENT URINATION
The constant urine urge to urinate even if you have
recently .This can be very uncomfortable

>IRRITABILITY
Some cases of thyr1 diabetes may cause confusion and
anxiety that make you testy
 BLURRY VISSION
This Is a sign that your diabetes is’nt under
control . When blood sugar levels are high for
long time . Water is pulled into lens, causig it
to swell .
 INCREASED THIRST
 FATIGUE
 SYMPTOMS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
>WEIGHT LOSS
>EXCESSIVE THIRST
>UNCEASING HUNGE
Comparable to being unsatisfied after you’ve eaten a full and
balanced meal over and over

>HEADACHES
Moderate to severe pain that may occur more frequently than
usual

>DRY MOUTH
That cottony feeling after accompanied by excessive thirst
 SYMPTOMS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES

• CONSTANT THIRST
• CONSTANT HUNGER
• CONSTANT URGE T URINATE
• NAUSEA AND VOMITING
• INFECTION IN BLADDER, VAGINA AND SKIN
 THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE 1
DIABETES
Family history : Having a pare8nt or a sibling with type
diabetes increases the risk of a person having the8 same
type . If both parents have type 1 diabetes, the risk is
even higher

AGE: Type 1 diabetes usually develops in younger adults

and children . It is the most common chronic conditions
that develop in childhood . Children are typically
younger than 14 years old when they receive a diagnosis
. Type 1 diabetes might occur at any age, although
developing type 1 diabetes late in life is rare
• Genetics : Having specific genes may increase
the risk of type 1 diabetes . A person’s doctor
can check this genes
 THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE 2
DIABETES
• Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of
diabetes . In this type 2, the body can still
make some insulin but is not able to use thee
hormone as effectively as it should .

• Insulin usually allows cells to absorb glcose .

However , the cells can become less sensitive
to insulin , a person may have developed type
2 diabetes .
 NON MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
• Family history of the diabetes
• Race, as African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino
Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, or Pacific Islanders
all have a higher risk for type 2 diabetes than other groups
• Being over45 years of age
• Acanthuses Nigerians, a condition where dark, thick,
velvety skin develops around the neck or armpits
• Depression
• Having a baby that’s weights over 9 pounds at birth
• Having polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS]
 NON MODIFIABLERISK FACTORS
• Getting little or no exercise
• Hypertension, or high blood pressure
• Obesity or overweight, especially having
excess weight around the midriff
• Heart or blood vessel disease and stroke
• Low levels of ‘good’ cholesterol, or high-
density lipoprotein[HDL]
• High levels of the fats called triglycerides
 THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
• Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that
develops when a person is pregnant .

Most women with gestational diabetes will not have had

any diabetes before .
Gestational diabetes resolves after the birth of the baby.
Once a women has had gestational diabetes, the
chances are that it will return in future pregnancies .Also
having gestational diabetes, the individual’s risk of
developing type 2 diabetes increases sevenfouth
• Risk factors affecting gestational diabetes
• A family or personal history of diabetes
• Pre diabetes
• Previous, unexplained stillbirths being
overweight or obese
• Unhealthful diet
• race
 PREVENTIONS
Preventions of type 1 diabetes
• There's no known way to prevent type 1
diabetes.
• But researchers are working on preventing
the disease or further destruction of the islet
cells in people who are newly diagnosed
 Preventions of type 1 diabetes

• You can help prevent or delay type 2-diabetes

by losing a modest amount of weight by
following a reduced-calorie eating plan and
being physically active most days of the
week.
• Some ways to prevent type 2 diabetes are as
follows:
• WAYS TO PREVENT TYPE 2 DIABETES
• Reduce your total cab intake
• Exercise regularly
• Drink water as your primary beverage
• Try to lose excess weight
• Quit smoking
• Reduce your potion size
• Cut back on sedentary behaviors
• Follow a high filter diet
PREVENTION OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES

• Before you get pregnant, you may be able to prevent

gestational diabetes by losing weight if you're
overweight and getting regular physical activity.
• women's can even lower their risk of gestational
diabetes by changing their diet with the help of a
professional dietitian or nutritionist.
• The dietary changes can reduce their blood sugar
levels and help them put on less weight in
pregnancy. In women who have a normal weight,
dietary changes don't have apreventive effect.
 Treatment for type 1 diabetes
• Taking insulin
• Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
• Frequent blood sugar monitoring
• Eating healthy foods
• Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight
• The goal is to keep your blood sugar level as close to
normal as possible to delay or prevent complications.
Generally, the goal is to keep your daytime blood sugar
levels before meals between 80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.2
mmol/L) and your after-meal numbers no higher than 180
mg/dL (10 mmol/L) two hours after eating.
 Treatment for type 2 diabetes
• Weight loss. Dropping extra pounds can help.
While losing 5% of your body weight is good,
losing at least 7% and keeping it off seems to
be ideal. That means someone who weighs
180 pounds can change their blood sugar
levels by losing around 13 pounds. Weight loss
can seem overwhelming, but portion control
and eating healthy foods are a good place to
start.
• Healthy eating. There’s no specific diet for
type 2 diabetes. A registered dietitian can
teach you about carbs and help you make a
meal plan you can stick with. Focus on:
• Eating fewer calories
• Cutting back on refined carbs, especially
sweets
• Adding veggies and fruits to your diet
• Getting more fiber
• Exercise. Try to get 30 to 60 minutes of
physical activity every day. You can walk, bike,
swim, or do anything else that gets your
heart rate up. Pair that with strength training,
like yoga or weightlifting. If you take a
medication that lowers your blood sugar, you
might need a snack before a workout.
• Watch your blood sugar levels. Depending on
your treatment, especially if you’re on insulin,
your doctor will tell you if you need to test
your blood sugar levels and how often to do it.
• Metformin (Fortamet, Glucophage, Glumetza, Riomet). This is
usually the first medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It
lowers the amount of glucose your liver makes and helps your
body respond better to the insulin it does make.
• Sulfonylureas. This group of drugs helps your body make
more insulin. They include glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (
Glucotrol, Metaglip), and glyburide (DiaBeta, Micronase).
• Meglitinides. They help your body make more insulin, and
they work faster than sulfonylureas. You might take
nateglinide (Starlix) or repaglinide (Prandin).
• Thiazolidinediones. Like metformin, they make you more
sensitive to insulin. You could get pioglitazone (Actos) or
rosiglitazone (Avandia). But they also raise your risk of heart
problems, so they aren’t usually a first choice for treatment.
• DPP-4 inhibitors. These medications -- linagliptin (
Tradjenta), saxagliptin (Onglyza), and sitagliptin (Januvia
) -- help lower your blood sugar levels, but they can also
cause joint pain and could inflame your pancreas.
• GLP-1 receptor agonists. You take these medications
with a needle to slow digestion and lower blood sugar
levels. Some of the most common ones are exenatide (
Byetta, Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), and semaglutide
(Ozempic).
• SGLT2 inhibitors. These help your kidneys filter out
more glucose. You might get canagliflozin (Invokana),
dapagliflozin (Farxiga), or empagliflozin (Jardiance).
Empagliflozin has also proven effectibve in reducing the
risk of hospitalization or death from heart failure.
• GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. Tirzepatide (
Mounjaro) is the first in its class and activates
both the GLP-1 and GIP receptors, which leads
to improved blood sugar control.
• Insulin. You might take long-lasting shots at
night, such as insulin detemir (Levemir) or
insulin glargine (Lantus).
Treatment for type GESTATIONAL diabetes

SELF CARE
• Exercise Regularly. Exercise is another way to keep
blood sugar under control
• Monitor Blood Sugar Often. Because pregnancy
causes the body's need for energy to change, blood
sugar levels can change very quickly.
• Take Insulin, If Needed.
• Get Tested for Diabetes after Pregnancy.
MEDICATION
• This may be tablets – usually metformin – or
insulin injections. Your blood sugar levels can
increase as your pregnancy progresses, so
even if they improve at first, you may need to
take medicine later in pregnancy. You can
usually stop taking these medicines after you
give birth.
 SOURCE
• endocrineweb.com
• My.clevelandclinic.org
• Cdc.gov.com
• pinterest.com
• webmd.com
• Dr. K.Karthikeyan [ Kumaran Hospital]
THANK YOU FOR
THIS
OPPORTUNITY