MMC-PPT-001-C

CONTEMPORARY WORLD- Module # 4

Name of Instructor: Prof. Supriano D. Gatdula, MA.Ed
Presentation Date: August ,2023
Zeroing in expectations
STUDYING GLOBALIZATION

• Helps in understanding differences

and similarities among various
nations of the world.

• Improves overall human interaction

in the global market.

• Minimizes barriers among people

from different cultures and
religions.
 Contents

1. The changes that lead to the emergence of

globalization according to:
1.1 hardwired
1.2 cycles
1.3 epoch (time)
1.4 events
1.5 broad changes
 Contents

2. The global demography, demographic

transition and global migration
3. The four models of migration and
differentiate each
4. The reasons why people migrate
5. The diasporas and their examples of
diasporas
 Objectives

1. Analyze the changes that lead to the emergence

of globalization according to:
1.1 hardwired
1.2 cycles
1.3 epoch (time)
1.4 events
1.5 broad changes
 Objectives

2. Define global demography, demographic

transition and global migration
3. Enumerate the four models of migration and
differentiate each
4. Trace the reasons why people migrate
5. Define diasporas and list down examples of
diasporas
HARDWIRED
Nayan Chanda (2007), globalization starts because of our
basic human need to improve our lives, which made
globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning
of globalization to our ancestors in Africa who walked out from
the said continents in the late Ice Age. This long journey finally
led them to go all known, continents today roughly after 50,000
years. He also mentioned that commerce, religion, politics, and
warfare are the urges of people toward a better life. These are
connected to four aspects of globalization and can be traced
throughout the history: trade, missionary work, adventures,
and conquest.
CYCLES
Globalization is a long-term cyclical process and
thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task.
Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence
to the idea that that other global ages have
appeared. There is also the notion to suspect
that this point of globalization will soon disappear
and reappear.
EPOCH
Ritzer (2015) cited Therbon’s (2006) six great epochs of globalization. These are called “waves”
and each has its own origin.
1.Globalization in Religion
 Religion much more than culture has the most difficult relationship with globalism.
 First, the two have entirely contrasting belief systems.
 Religion is concerned with the sacred, while globalism places values on material wealth.
 Religion follows divine commandments, while globalism abides by human-make laws.
 Religion assumes that there is “the possibility of communication between humans and the
transcendent”.
 Globalism’s yardstick, however, is how much human activity can lead to the highest material
satisfaction and subsequent wisdom that this new status produces.
 Religious people are less concerned with wealth and all that comes along with it.
They are ascetics precisely because they shun anything material for complete simplicity from
their domain to the clothes they wear to the food they eat, and even to the manner in which
they talk.
EPOCH
Ritzer (2015) cited Therbon’s (2006) six great epochs of globalization. These are called “waves”
and each has its own origin.
The religious; military-political; economic; cultural. It is not difficult to see that each such wave is
associated with a change in the institutional structure of society.
2. Military- political- politics are thought and fought, policies forged and implemented, political
ideas wax and wane within a global space. The diminished role of the State and State bound
society.
 The space itself decides nothing: only actors and their actions can do that.
3. Socio-economic, laying out the preconditions for the social and economic orientation of politics
—in other words, for Left and Right.
4. Cultural- highlighting globalization as cultural flows, cultural encounters, and cultural hybridity
5. Environmental- ecological discourse and of planetary environmental concern.
EPOCH IN GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION 1.0:
Globalization 1.0 refers to the rapid growth in world
trade, mainly during the nineteenth century or it can be
called the pre-1914 period. It was driven by innovations
in transport and communications, including the railways,
steamships and the electric telegraph which further
reduced the cost of global transport and enabled the
separation of production and consumption across
international borders
EPOCH IN GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION 2.0:
Globalization 2.0 or post 1945 era refers to the
international industrialization
after the Second World War. It is driven by greater
international cooperation. The post-war period saw
less protectionism and a rapid growth in world
trade, at least in western economies
EPOCH IN GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION 3.0:
The third wave of globalization (globalization 3.0) is thought to
have started around 1990.
Which was driven by advances in technology, including the
spread of the internet. During this wave:
It was easy for different stages of production to be based in
various locations across the globe, leading to the emergence of
modern supply chains.
Firms were enabled to further cut the cost of producing
products and delivering services by moving their operations to
cheaper locations, known as offshoring
EPOCH IN GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION 4.0
The current wave, Globalization 4.0, is a set to be
driven by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is
happening right now. In 2011, the term Industry
4.0 was introduced by the German government
and Siemens. Industry 4.0 shifts manufacturing
away from analog and mechanical technologies
and toward all things digital.
EPOCH IN GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION 5.0
Globalization 5.0. The new wave of globalization is more pragmatic,
and less ideology driven, more multilateral and less imperialistic than
those that came before. This is more or less created as the effect of the
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on globalization, and how the Chinese
government and state-owned media choose positive frames while
promoting BRI to international communities. The BRI, with its massive
infrastructure projects covering the continents of Asia, Europe, Africa,
and the Americas, creates this new wave of globalization
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Stage 1 (Coal in 1765)

The original Industrial Revolution transformed our economy from

agriculture to industry. Processes became mechanized and
products were manufactured for the first time. During this period,
the discovery of coal and its mass extraction, as well as the
development of the steam engine and metal forging completely
changed the way goods were produced and exchanged.
Inventions such as spinning machines and looms to make fabric
were making their appearance. Canal transportation began
replacing wagon and mules for moving around these goods.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Stage 2 (Gas in 1870)

As the first industrial revolution was driven by coal, the second

Industrial Revolution revolved around the discovery of electricity, gas
and oil. The invention of the combustion engine went hand-in-hand
with these fuel sources. Both steel- and chemically based products
entered the market during this time. Developments in communication
technology got a jump start with the telegraph and later the telephone.
Transportation grew by leaps and bounds with the invention of the
plane and car. Mechanical production grew in speed through the advent
of mass production.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Stage 3 (Electronics and
Nuclear in 1969)

After another hundred years, the third Industrial

Revolution revolved around the discovery of
nuclear energy and electronics enter the
landscape. Nuclear power began in Europe, grew
in both Great Britain and the United States, went
into remission for years, and grew in Asia
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Stage 4 (Internet and
Renewable Energy in 2000).
As we continue moving through the fourth industrial revolution, we see a
shift to renewable energy such as solar, wind and geothermal. However, the
momentum comes not from the shift in energy but from the acceleration of
digital technology. The internet and the digital world mean a real-time
connection within more and more components of a production line, both
inside and outside facility walls. As the development of the Industrial
Internet of Things, cloud technology and artificial intelligence continue, a
virtual world will merge with the physical world. Predictive maintenance and
real-time data will lead to smarter business decisions and
work order solutions for a myriad of companies around the world.
EUROPEAN COLONIAL CONQUEST
There were two great waves of colonialism in recorded history.

The first wave began in the 15th century, during Europe’s Age of
discovery. During this time, European countries such as Britain, Spain,
France, and Portugal colonized lands across North and South
America. The motivations for the first wave of colonial expansion can
be summed up as God and Glory.

The first wave of European expansion involved exploring the world to

find new revenue and perpetuating European feudalism. The second
wave focused on developing the mercantile capitalism system and the
manufacturing industry in Europe.
INTER-EUROPEAN WARS
The French Revolution was a period of time in France when the people
overthrew the monarchy and took control of the government. The French
Revolution lasted for 10 years from 1789 to 1799. It begun on July 14, 1789,
when revolutionaries stormed a prison called Bastille. The revolution came to
an end in 1799 when a general named Napoleon overthrew the revolutionary
government and established the French Consulate (with Napoleon as the
leader). The French Revolution completely changed the social and political
structure of France. It put an end to the French monarchy, and feudalism, and
took political power from the Catholic Church. It brought new ideas to Europe
including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolition of
slavery and the rights of women. Although the revolution ended with the rise
of Napoleon, the ideas and reforms did not die. These new ideas continued to
influence Europe and helped to shape many of Europe’s modern-day
governments.
HEYDAY OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
The period between the 18th and 20th centuries in European history is known
as the Age of Imperialism. The most active European countries in terms of
imperialism were Britain, France, and Germany.
The Golden Age of Imperialism was the 19th century, during which European
nations held empires that covered much of the world. During this period,
Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Russia, and Great Britain all relied on
imperialism to build the wealth. Imperialism adversely affected the colonies.
Under foreign rule, native culture and industry were destroyed. Imported
goods wiped out local craft industries. By using colonies as sources of raw
materials and markets for manufactured goods, colonial powers held back the
colonies from developing industries.
FEUDALISM-The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in
which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for
military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles,
while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their
lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the
produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
VASSALS- a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions
of homage and allegiance
SERFS- an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to
work on their lord's estate. an agricultural laborer bound under
the feudal system to work on their lord's estate.
GUILD SYSTEM- a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often
having considerable power.
MERCANTILISM- the economic theory that trade generates wealth and
is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government
should encourage by means of protectionism.
CAPITALISM- an economic and political system in which a country's trade and
industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
SOCIALISM- a political and economic theory of social organization
which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange
should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
COUP d’ ETAT- a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by
force or a military takeover.
PURPOSE OF COLONIALISM
The purposes of colonialism included economic exploitation of
the colony's natural resources, creation of new markets for the
colonizer, and extension of the colonizer's way of life beyond its
national borders.
Colonialism is where one country physically exerts complete
control over another country and Imperialism is formal or informal
economic and political domination of one country over the other.
In a nutshell, colonialism can be thought of as the practice of
domination and imperialism as an idea behind the practice.
POST WORLD WAR II PERIOD
World War II conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the
years 1939-45. The principal belligerents were the axis powers- Germany,
Italy, and Japan and the Allies- France, Great Britain, the United States, the
Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent, China. The war was in many respects a
continuation after an uneasy 20-year hiatus of the disputes, left unsettled by
World War I. The 40,000,000-50,000,000 deaths incurred in World War II
make it the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest war in history.
Along with World War I, World War II was one of the great watersheds of the
20th century geopolitical history. It resulted in the extension of the Soviet
Union’s power to nations of Eastern Europe, enabled a communist
movement to eventually achieve power in China, and marked the decisive
shift of power in the world away from the states of Western Europe and
toward the United States and the Soviet Union.
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
By the early part of 1939, the German dictator, Adolph Hitler had
become determined to invade and occupy Poland. Poland for its part,
had guarantees of French and British military support should it be
attacked by Germany. Hitler intended to invade Poland anyway, but
first he had to neutralize the possibility that the Soviet Union would
resist the invasion of its western neighbor. Secret negotiations led on
August 23-24 to the signing of the Soviet German Non-Aggression
Pact in Moscow. In a secret protocol of this pact, the Germans and the
Soviets agreed that Poland should be divided between them with the
western third of the country going to Germany and the eastern two-
thirds being taken over by the USSR.
THE COLD WAR
 The Cold War was a period of East-West competition,
tension, and conflict short of full-scale war, characterized
by full perception of hostile intentions between military-
political alliances or blocs.
 There were real wars, sometimes called proxy wars,(a
proxy war is an armed conflict between two states or non-state
actors, one or both of which act at the instigation or on behalf of
other parties that are not directly involved in the hostilities)
because they were fought by soviet allies rather than the
USSR itself- along with competition for influence in the
Third World, and major superpower arms race.
EVENTS
Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origins of
globalization. If this case, then several points can be treated as the start of globalization.
The recent years could also be regarded as the beginning of globalization with reference to
specific technological advances in transportation and communication.
BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES
Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the last half of
20th century. Scholars today point to these three notable changes as the origin of
globalization that we know today. They are as follows:
1. The emergence of the United States as the global power (post World War II).
2. The emergence of multinational powers (MNCs).
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
The capitalist victors in World War II were determined to avoid a
return to Depression-era conditions. They forged a set of
agreements and institutions (the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund) that laid the foundations for postwar
globalization.
Greater bilateral economic interdependence limits the military
incentive for interstate belligerency. A state that is more trade-
dependent is less likely to fight a partner when a larger trade-
derived gain is at stake.