AP PPT CH 5

AP*
Chapter 5
Gases
AP Learning Objectives
 LO 1.3 The student is able to select and apply mathematical relationships to

mass data in order to justify a claim regarding the identify and/or estimated
purity of a substance. (Sec 5.5, 5.7)
 LO 1.4 The student is able to connect the number of particles, moles, mass, and
volume of substances to one another, both qualitatively and quantitatively. (Sec
5.2-5.3)
 LO 2.4 The student is able to use KMT and concepts of intermolecular forces to
make predictions about the macroscopic properties of gases, including both
ideal and nonideal behavior. (Sec 5.1-5.3, 5.6)
 LO 2.5 The student is able to refine multiple representations of a sample of
matter in the gas phase to accurately represent the effect of changes in
macroscopic properties on the sample. (Sec 5.3)
 LO 2.6 The student can apply mathematical relationships or estimation to
determine macroscopic variables for ideal gases. (Sec 5.1-5.5)
AP Learning Objectives
 LO 2.12 The student can qualitatively analyze data regarding real gases to
identify deviations from ideal behavior and relate these to molecular
interactions. (Sec 5.8)
 LO 2.15 The student is able to explain observations regarding the solubility of
ionic solids and molecules in water and other solvents on the basis of particle
views that include intermolecular interactions and entropic effects. (Sec 5.8-5.9)
 LO 3.4 The student is able to relate quantities (measured mass of substances,
volumes of solutions, or volumes and pressures of gases) to identify
stoichiometric relationships for a reaction, including situations involving limiting
reactants and situations in which the reaction has not gone to completion. (Sec
5.4)
 LO 5.2: The student is able to relate temperature to the motions of particles,
either via particulate representations, such as drawings of particles with arrows
indicating velocities, and/or via representations of average kinetic energy and
distribution of kinetic energies of the particles, such as plots of the Maxwell-
Boltzmann distribution. (Sec 5.6)
Section 5.1
Pressure
AP Learning Objectives, Margin Notes and References

 Learning Objectives
 LO 2.4 The student is able to use KMT and concepts of intermolecular forces to make predictions about the
macroscopic properties of gases, including both ideal and nonideal behavior.
 LO 2.6 The student can apply mathematical relationships or estimation to determine macroscopic variables for
ideal gases.
Section 5.1
Pressure
Why study gases?
 An understanding of real world phenomena.

 An understanding of how science “works.”
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Section 5.1
Pressure
A Gas
 Uniformly fills any container.
 Easily compressed.
 Mixes completely with any other gas.
 Exerts pressure on its surroundings.

Section 5.1
Pressure
Pressure
force
Pr essure =
area
 SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)

 1 standard atmosphere = 101,325 Pa
 1 standard atmosphere = 1 atm =
760 mm Hg = 760 torr

Section 5.1
Pressure
Barometer
 Device used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
 Mercury flows out of the tube
until the pressure of the
column of mercury standing
on the surface of the mercury
in the dish is equal to the
pressure of the air on the rest
of the surface of the mercury
in the dish.

Section 5.1
Pressure
Manometer
 Device used for
measuring the
pressure of a gas in
a container.

Section 5.1
Pressure
Collapsing Can

Section 5.1
Pressure
Pressure Conversions: An Example

The pressure of a gas is measured as 2.5 atm. Represent
this pressure in both torr and pascals.
 760 torr 
 2.5 atm  
  = 1.9  10 3
torr
 1 atm 
 101,325 Pa 
 2.5 atm  
  = 2.5  10 5
Pa
 1 atm 

Section 5.2
The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro

 LO 1.4 The student is able to connect the number of particles, moles, mass, and volume of substances to one
another, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
ideal gases.
Section 5.2
Liquid Nitrogen and a Balloon

Section 5.2

 What happened to the gas in the balloon?
 A decrease in temperature was followed by a decrease
in the pressure and volume of the gas in the balloon.

Section 5.2

 This is an observation (a fact).
 It does NOT explain “why,” but it does tell us “what
happened.”

Section 5.2
 Gas laws can be deduced from observations

like these.
 Mathematical relationships among the
properties of a gas (Pressure, Volume,
Temperature and Moles) can be discovered.

Section 5.2
Boyle’s Law
 Pressure and volume are inversely related (constant T,
temperature, and n, # of moles of gas).
 PV = k (k is a constant for a given sample of air at a
specific temperature)
P1  V1 = P2  V2

Section 5.2
Boyle’s law
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Section 5.2
EXERCISE!
A sample of helium gas occupies 12.4 L at 23°C and

0.956 atm. What volume will it occupy at 1.20 atm
assuming that the temperature stays constant?
9.88 L

Section 5.2
Charles’s Law
 Volume and Temperature (in Kelvin) are directly related
(constant P and n).
 V=bT (b is a proportionality constant)
 K = °C + 273
 0 K is called absolute zero.
V1 V2
=
T1 T2

Section 5.2
Charles’s Law

Section 5.2
EXERCISE!
Suppose a balloon containing 1.30 L of air at 24.7°C is

placed into a beaker containing liquid nitrogen at
–78.5°C. What will the volume of the sample of air
become (at constant pressure)?
0.849 L

Section 5.2
Avogadro’s Law
 Volume and number of moles are directly related
(constant T and P).
 V = an (a is a proportionality constant)
n1 n2
=
V1 V2

Section 5.2
EXERCISE!
If 2.45 mol of argon gas occupies a volume of 89.0 L,

what volume will 2.10 mol of argon occupy under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure?
76.3 L

Section 5.3
The Ideal Gas Law

 LO 1.4 The student is able to connect the number of particles, moles, mass, and volume of substances to one
another, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
 LO 2.5 The student is able to refine multiple representations of a sample of matter in the gas phase to accurately
represent the effect of changes in macroscopic properties on the sample.
ideal gases.
Section 5.3
The Ideal Gas Law
 We can bring all of these laws together into one comprehensive

law:
V = bT (constant P and n)
V = an (constant T and P)
V = k (constant T and n)
P
PV = nRT
(where R = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K, the universal gas constant)

Section 5.3
The Ideal Gas Law
EXERCISE!
An automobile tire at 23°C with an internal

volume of 25.0 L is filled with air to a total
pressure of 3.18 atm. Determine the number of
moles of air in the tire.
3.27 mol

Section 5.3
The Ideal Gas Law
EXERCISE!
What is the pressure in a 304.0 L tank that contains

5.670 kg of helium at 25°C?
114 atm

Section 5.3
The Ideal Gas Law
EXERCISE!
At what temperature (in °C) does 121 mL of CO2 at

27°C and 1.05 atm occupy a volume of 293 mL at
a pressure of 1.40 atm?
696°C

Section 5.4
Gas Stoichiometry

ideal gases.
 LO 3.4 The student is able to relate quantities (measured mass of substances, volumes of solutions, or volumes and
pressures of gases) to identify stoichiometric relationships for a reaction, including situations involving limiting
reactants and situations in which the reaction has not gone to completion.
Section 5.4
Gas Stoichiometry
Molar Volume of an Ideal Gas

 For 1 mole of an ideal gas at 0°C and 1 atm, the volume of the gas
is 22.42 L.
V=
nRT
=
1.000 mol0.08206 L  atm/K  mol 273.2 K  = 22.42 L
P 1.000 atm
 STP = standard temperature and pressure

 0°C and 1 atm
 Therefore, the molar volume is 22.42 L at STP.

Section 5.4
Gas Stoichiometry
EXERCISE!
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 2.50 L at STP.

How many grams of O2 are present?
3.57 g

Section 5.4
Gas Stoichiometry
Molar Mass of a Gas
 g   L  atm 
  
dRT  L   mol  K  K
g
Molar mass = = =
P atm  mol
 d = density of gas
 T = temperature in Kelvin
 P = pressure of gas
 R = universal gas constant

Section 5.4
Gas Stoichiometry
EXERCISE!
What is the density of F2 at STP (in g/L)?
1.70 g/L

Section 5.5
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

 LO 1.3 The student is able to select and apply mathematical relationships to mass data in order to justify a claim
regarding the identify and/or estimated purity of a substance.
ideal gases.
Section 5.5
 For a mixture of gases in a container,

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . .
 The total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures
that each gas would exert if it were alone.

Section 5.5

Section 5.5
EXERCISE!
Consider the following apparatus containing helium in

both sides at 45°C. Initially the valve is closed.
 After the valve is opened, what is the pressure of
the helium gas?
2.00 atm
3.00 atm
9.00 L
3.00 L

Section 5.5
EXERCISE!
27.4 L of oxygen gas at 25.0°C and 1.30 atm, and 8.50 L of

helium gas at 25.0°C and 2.00 atm were pumped into a tank
with a volume of 5.81 L at 25°C.
 Calculate the new partial pressure of oxygen.
6.13 atm
 Calculate the new partial pressure of helium.
2.93 atm
 Calculate the new total pressure of both gases.
9.06 atm

Section 5.6
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

 LO 5.2: The student is able to relate temperature to the motions of particles, either via particulate representations,
such as drawings of particles with arrows indicating velocities, and/or via representations of average kinetic energy
and distribution of kinetic energies of the particles, such as plots of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
 Additional AP References
 LO 5.2 (see Appendix 7.2, “Thermal Equilibrium, the Kinetic Molecular Theory, and the Process of Heat”)
Section 5.6
 So far we have considered “what happens,” but

not “why.”
 In science, “what” always comes before “why.”

Section 5.6
Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory

1) The particles are so small compared with the distances between
them that the volume of the individual particles can be assumed
to be negligible (zero).

Section 5.6

2) The particles are in constant motion. The collisions of
the particles with the walls of the container are the
cause of the pressure exerted by the gas.

Section 5.6

3) The particles are assumed to exert no forces on each
other; they are assumed neither to attract nor to repel
each other.

Section 5.6

4) The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas
particles is assumed to be directly proportional to the
Kelvin temperature of the gas.

Section 5.6
Kinetic Molecular Theory

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
You are holding two balloons of

the same volume. One contains
helium, and one contains
He
hydrogen. Complete each of the
following statements with H2
“different” or “the same” and be
prepared to justify your answer.

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
The pressures of the gas

in the two balloons He
are __________.
H2

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
The temperatures of the

gas in the two balloons He
are __________.
H2

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
 The numbers of moles of

the gas in the two balloons He
are __________.
H2

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
The densities of the gas in

the two balloons are He
__________.
H2

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
Sketch a graph of:
I. Pressure versus volume at constant

temperature and moles.

Section 5.6
Molecular View of Boyle’s Law

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
Sketch a graph of:
II. Volume vs. temperature (°C) at constant

pressure and moles.

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
Sketch a graph of:
III. Volume vs. temperature (K) at constant

pressure and moles.

Section 5.6
Molecular View of Charles’s Law

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
Sketch a graph of:
IV. Volume vs. moles at constant temperature

and pressure.

Section 5.6
Molecular View of the Ideal Gas Law

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
Ne
VNe = 2VAr
Which of the following best
represents the mass ratio of Ar
Ne:Ar in the balloons?
1:1
1:2
2:1
1:3
3:1
Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
•You have a sample of

nitrogen gas (N2) in a
container fitted with a
piston that maintains a
pressure of 6.00 atm.
Initially, the gas is at 45°C
in a volume of 6.00 L.
•You then cool the gas
sample.

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
Which best explains the final result that occurs once

the gas sample has cooled?
a) The pressure of the gas increases.

b) The volume of the gas increases.
c) The pressure of the gas decreases.
d) The volume of the gas decreases.
e) Both volume and pressure change.

Section 5.6
CONCEPT CHECK!
The gas sample is then cooled to a temperature of

15°C. Solve for the new condition. (Hint: A moveable
piston keeps the pressure constant overall, so what
condition will change?)
5.43 L

Section 5.6
Root Mean Square Velocity
3RT
urms =
M
R = 8.3145 J/K·mol
(J = joule = kg·m2/s2)
T = temperature of gas (in K)
M = mass of a mole of gas in kg
 Final units are in m/s.

Section 5.7
Effusion and Diffusion

 LO 1.3 The student is able to select and apply mathematical relationships to mass data in order to justify a claim
regarding the identify and/or estimated purity of a substance.
Section 5.7
 Diffusion – the mixing of gases.

 Effusion – describes the passage of a gas through a tiny
orifice into an evacuated chamber.
 Rate of effusion measures the speed at which the gas is
transferred into the chamber.

Section 5.7
Effusion

Section 5.7
Diffusion

Section 5.7

Section 5.7
Graham’s Law of Effusion
Rate of effusion for gas 1 M2


Rate of effusion for gas 2 M1
 M1 and M2 represent the molar masses of the gases.

Section 5.8
Real Gases

 LO 2.12 The student can qualitatively analyze data regarding real gases to identify deviations from ideal behavior
and relate these to molecular interactions.
 LO 2.15 The student is able to explain observations regarding the solubility of ionic solids and molecules in water
and other solvents on the basis of particle views that include intermolecular interactions and entropic effects.
Section 5.8
Real Gases
 An ideal gas is a hypothetical concept. No gas exactly

follows the ideal gas law.
 We must correct for non-ideal gas behavior when:
 Pressure of the gas is high.
 Temperature is low.
 Under these conditions:
 Concentration of gas particles is high.
 Attractive forces become important.

Section 5.8
Real Gases
Plots of PV/nRT Versus P for Several Gases (200 K)

Section 5.8
Real Gases
Plots of PV/nRT Versus P for Nitrogen Gas at Three
Temperatures

Section 5.8
Real Gases
Real Gases (van der Waals Equation)
2
[ Pobs  a (n / V ) ]  V  nb  nRT
corrected pressure corrected volume
Pideal Videal

Section 5.9
Characteristics of Several Real Gases

 LO 2.15 The student is able to explain observations regarding the solubility of ionic solids and molecules in water
and other solvents on the basis of particle views that include intermolecular interactions and entropic effects.
Section 5.9
 For a real gas, the actual observed pressure is lower

than the pressure expected for an ideal gas due to the
intermolecular attractions that occur in real gases.

Section 5.9
Values of the van der Waals Constants for Some Gases

 The value of a reflects how
much of a correction must be
made to adjust the observed
pressure up to the expected
ideal pressure.
 A low value for a reflects weak
intermolecular forces among
the gas molecules.

Section 5.10
Chemistry in the Atmosphere
Air Pollution
 Two main sources:
 Transportation
 Production of electricity
 Combustion of petroleum produces CO, CO2, NO, and
NO2, along with unburned molecules from petroleum.

Section 5.10
Nitrogen Oxides (Due to Cars and Trucks)

 At high temperatures, N2 and O2 react to form NO,
which oxidizes to NO2.
 The NO2 breaks up into nitric oxide and free oxygen
atoms.
 Oxygen atoms combine with O2 to form ozone (O3).
Radiant
energy
NO2 (g ) 
 NO( g )  O( g )
O(g )  O2 ( g ) 
 O3 ( g )

Section 5.10
Concentration for Some Smog Components vs. Time of Day

Section 5.10
Sulfur Oxides (Due to Burning Coal for Electricity)

 Sulfur produces SO2 when burned.
 SO2 oxidizes into SO3, which combines with water
droplets in the air to form sulfuric acid.
S(in coal)  O2 ( g ) 
 SO2 ( g )
2SO2 (g )  O2 ( g ) 
 2SO3 ( g )
SO3 (g )  H2O( l ) 
 H2SO 4 (aq )

Section 5.10
Sulfur Oxides (Due to Burning Coal for Electricity)

 Sulfuric acid is very corrosive and produces acid rain.
 Use of a scrubber removes SO2 from the exhaust gas
when burning coal.

Section 5.10
A Schematic Diagram of a Scrubber

AP PPT CH 5

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AP*

 LO 1.3 The student is able to select and apply mathematical relationships to

AP Learning Objectives, Margin Notes and References

 An understanding of real world phenomena.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

 SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

Pressure Conversions: An Example

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

AP Learning Objectives, Margin Notes and References

Liquid Nitrogen and a Balloon

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

Liquid Nitrogen and a Balloon

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

Liquid Nitrogen and a Balloon

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

 Gas laws can be deduced from observations

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17

To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode

A sample of helium gas occupies 12.4 L at 23°C and

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode

Suppose a balloon containing 1.30 L of air at 24.7°C is

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

If 2.45 mol of argon gas occupies a volume of 89.0 L,

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

AP Learning Objectives, Margin Notes and References

 We can bring all of these laws together into one comprehensive

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

An automobile tire at 23°C with an internal

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

What is the pressure in a 304.0 L tank that contains

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

At what temperature (in °C) does 121 mL of CO2 at

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29

AP Learning Objectives, Margin Notes and References

Molar Volume of an Ideal Gas

 STP = standard temperature and pressure

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 2.50 L at STP.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 32

Molar Mass of a Gas

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 33

What is the density of F2 at STP (in g/L)?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 34

AP Learning Objectives, Margin Notes and References

 For a mixture of gases in a container,

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 36

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 37

Consider the following apparatus containing helium in

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 38

27.4 L of oxygen gas at 25.0°C and 1.30 atm, and 8.50 L of