Course Lecturer

Dr Dejan Vukobratovic
Full Professor
University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Email: [email protected]

Homepage: https://sites.google.com/view/vukobratovic
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=
MugUYHgAAAAJ&hl=en
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Course Structure

Course Evaluation Structure

• Quizzes: 20%
• Literature Review: 20%
• Final Project: 60%

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Course Literature
• Dahlman, E., Parkvall, S. and Skold, J., 2013. 4G: LTE/LTE-advanced
for mobile broadband. Academic press. (4G Book)
• Dahlman, E., Parkvall, S. and Skold, J., 2020. 5G NR: The next
generation wireless access technology. Academic Press. (5G Book)
• Zarrinkoub, H., 2014. Understanding LTE with MATLAB: from
mathematical modeling to simulation and prototyping. John Wiley
& Sons. (4G MATLAB Book)
• Liberg, O., Sundberg, M., Wang, E., Bergman, J. and Sachs, J., 2017.
Cellular Internet of things: technologies, standards, and
performance. Academic Press. (NB-IoT Book)
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 Introduction to Cellular Technologies
Part 1: 3GPP Standardization and Evolution of Mobile
Cellular Standards

Dejan Vukobratovic, Professor

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Outline of the Lecture
• Overview of 3GPP Standardization in Mobile Cellular
Networks

• 3GPP Standardization of 4G and 5G Technology

• Evolution of Mobile Cellular Standards – From 1G to 5G

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Standardization of Communication Networks
• Standardization organizations create technical standards that
guarantee interoperability between equipment of the standardized
network technology among different equipment vendors
• They provide a forum where all relevant players and stakeholders
voice their opinion regarding the directions of the development of
communication network technology
• Technical standards enable expanding commercial business, faster
technology progress and end users enjoying wider choice range,
richer functionality and lower costs

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Standardization of Communication Networks
• The domain of Communication Networks is too complex to define
one-solution-fits-all standards
• Technical standards for interoperability are a must
• The standardization interdependencies accelerate the collaboration
between standards development organizations (SDOs) due to fixed-
mobile convergence.
• Explosive increase in end user network utilization requires
satisfactory and coherent user experience across heterogeneous
networking technologies.

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Major Standardization Bodies and Forums
• 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
• Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
• European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)
• The Broadband Forum (BBF)
• Open Networking Foundation (ONF)
• and many others…

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3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
rd

• Formally, not an SDO, not a legal body, but a

collaborative project established in 1998. between six SDOs
• ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC
• 3GPP is in charge for developing mobile cellular standards since third
generation UMTS system (that explains its name)
• 3GPP standardization periodically outputs new Releases for mobile cellular
standards
• The current Release 3GPP is working on is Release 17/18
• More details on 3GPP standardization will come soon…
• 3GPP technical documents are freely available on the link below
https://www.3gpp.org/

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Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)

• IEEE Standards Association is an organization

within IEEE that develops global standards
• IEEE-SA is formally not a standard organization
• IEEE standardization is best known for IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group
• IEEE 802 is a family of standards for PAN, LAN and MAN networks
• Among the remaining active standardization groups within IEEE 802, the
most important are: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (Wireless LAN), 802.15
(Wireless PAN), 802.15.4 (Low-Rate Wireless PAN), 802.15.6 Wireless
Body Area Networks
• IEEE standards are not freely available
https://standards.ieee.org/

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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• IETF is an open standards organization, which
develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards
• IETF develops TCP/IP protocol suite – basis of Internet
• IETF is a part of Internet Society (ISOC)
• Request for Comments (RFC) are documents published by ISOC
• IETF adopts some of the RFC documents as Internet standards
• Most of the RFC documents are not standards, some are actually comical
• IETF RFC documents are freely available online

https://www.ietf.org/

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International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
• ITU is a specialized organization within United Nations
• Responsible for Inform. and Comm. Technologies (ICT)
• Established in 1865 as International Telegraph Union
• One of the oldest international organizations
• Comprises three sectors: ITU-T (standardization), ITU-R (radio
communication, ITU-D (development)
• ITU-T responsible for global telecommunications (not radio)
• Examples: G.711, JPEG 2000, H.264/AVC, H.265/HEVC, V-series modems,
ISDN, SS7 Signaling, SDH, DSL, WDM technologies, etc.
https://www.itu.int/

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European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)

• ETSI is an independent, non-profit standards

organization in ICT industry
• ETSI produces specifications, standards, reports and guidelines
• ETSI is one of the founders of 3GPP project
• ETSI is leading development in the domain of Network Function
Virtualization (NFV) - https://www.etsi.org/technologies/nfv
• ETSI also supports development of Multi-Access Edge Computing -
https://www.etsi.org/technologies/multi-access-edge-computing
https://www.etsi.org/

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Standards in Your Mobile Phone

“Understanding ETSI Standardization: Principles and Practice”, https://www.etsi.org/standardization-education

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 Standardization in Mobile Cellular Communications

• Standard Developing Organizations (SDO)

• Develop and agree on technical standards to ensure global interoperability
• SDOs are usually non-profit and not govermentally controlled
• 3GPP is global organization mandated by 7 regional and national SDOs
• Regulatory Bodies and Administrations
• Government-led organizations that set regulatory and legal requirements
• Control RF spectrum use and set licencing conditions
• Industry Forums
• Industry-led groups for technology promotion and lobbying for specific
technologies or other interests (e.g., GSMA)

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 Standardization: The main actors

• Regulatory bodies
• Define requirements
• Standardization organizations
• Develop standards
• Product vendors
• Develop standard-compliant
products
• Network operators
• Provide services using
standard-compliant equipment

Figure: E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Technology,” Academic Press (Elsevier), 2018
(Figure 2.1, page 9)
 International Telecommunications Union

• ITU is international Standard Developing Organization

• ITU-R is the ITU sector for radio communications
• ITU-R responsible for ensuring efficient and economical spectrum usage
• ITU-R implements international Radio Regulations, and international
binding treaties on how RF spectrum is used
• Radio regulations are revised and updated every 3-4 years at the ITU World
Radio Conference (WRC)
• The last one is held in 2019 in Sharm El-Sheikh in Egypt
• While the technical specs are developed by 3GPP, ITU-R responsibility is to
make them global standards

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 International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) Systems

• IMT Systems are ITU-R terminology for mobile cellular systems

• ITU-R workgroup WP5D is responsible for IMT radio system aspects
• WP5D does not create technical specification for IMT
• WP5D maintains the set of Radio Interface Specifications (RSPC) based on
specific Radio Interface Technologies (RIT)
• IMT-2000: ITU-R M.1457 containing six different RITs including 3GPP 3G
technologies such as WCDMA/HSPA
• IMT-Advanced: ITU-R M.2012 containing two RITs dominated by 3GPP 4G LTE
• IMT-2020: A new ITU-R recommendation for 5G technology
• Inputs to updates of RSPCs is provided by SDOs or partnership projects,
nowadays mainly by 3GPP

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 Standardization: How does it work?

• First step: Technology Requirements

• Int’l Telecommunications Union – Radio Communications Sector (ITU-R)
• Technical requirements, evaluation guidelines and submission template
• IMT-2000 (3G), IMT-Advanced (4G), IMT-2020 (5G)

• Second step: Technology Standardization

• 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP): www.3gpp.org
• Contributions from industrial, operator and academic partners

• Third step: Spectrum allocation

• Organized by ITU-R during World Radio Conference (WRC)

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3GPP Standardization Groups
• 3 technical specification groups (TSGs)
divided into 6 working groups (WGs)
• RAN WG1 – Physical layer
• RAN WG2 – L2 and L3 radio interface
• RAN WG3 – Interface Radio Access
Network (RAN) – Core Network (CN)
• RAN WG4 – Radio Frequency (RF) and
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• RAN WG5 – Device Conformance Tests
• RAN WG6 – Legacy Technologies

Figure: E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Technology,” Academic Press (Elsevier), 2018
(Figure 2.9, page 23)
 3GPP Standardization Process
• Developing technical specifications
• Long and iterative process, consists of four phases:
• Requirements: What is designed?
• Architecture: Main building blocks.
• Detailed Specifications: Detailed description of each block.
• Testing and Verification: Testing in real-world environment.

Figure: E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Technology,” Academic Press (Elsevier), 2018
(Figure 2.8, page 22) 21
Outline of the Lecture
• Overview of 3GPP Standardization in Mobile Cellular
Networks

• 3GPP Standardization of 4G and 5G Technology

• Evolution of Mobile Cellular Standards – From 1G to 5G

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 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Standardization
• 3GPP docs divided into releases
• Rel. 8: 4G LTE (2008)
• 6 LTE Releases (updates) since then
• Rel. 10: LTE-Advanced (2010)
• Rel. 13: LTE-Advanced Pro (2015)
• Rel. 15: 5G New Radio (NR)

Figure: These figures are taken from E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Technology,”
Academic Press (Elsevier), 2018 (Figures 4.1 and 4.2, pages 41/42) 23
 IMT-2020

Figure: E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Technology,” Academic Press (Elsevier), 2018
(Figure 2.4, page 13) 24
IMT-2020 Service Requirements

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eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband

 Future evolution of 4G concept

 Increased data rates to mobile terminal
 Multimedial services (UHD, 3D/360, VR/AR)
 Entertainment industry (TV, movies, music) and gaming
 Technical requirements
 Downlink > 20 Gb/s; Uplink > 10 Gb/s
 100 Mb/s everywhere (> 95% ćelije); 10.000 x more traffic volume
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eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband

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https://www.accton.com/
 URLLC: Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications
 Ultra-reliability and low latency
 5G for industrial applications (robot control)
 5G for medical applications (tele-surgery)
 5G for autonomous vehicles (vehicular control)

 Requirements
 Latency: ~ 1 ms
 PLR < 10-5
 Greatest challenge for
wireless tehnology

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URLLC: Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications
https://www.t-mobile.com/

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URLLC: Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/cellular-v2x

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 mMTC: massive Machine-Type Communications
 Massive connectivity for billions of devices
 5G for Smart City
 5G for Smart Agriculture
 5G for Smart Energy

 Requirements
 No of devices: > 106 / km2
 It is much easier to provide 1
Gb/s to a single user than 1
Mb/s to 1000 users!
 First and important steps in 4G:
NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT)
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 Key Capabilities of IMT-2020

Figure: E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Technology,” Academic Press (Elsevier), 2018
(Figure 2.6, page 16) 32
 Capabilities of IMT-2020 per Service Categories

Figure: E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Technology,” Academic Press (Elsevier), 2018
(Figure 2.7, page 17) 33
Outline of the Lecture
• Overview of 3GPP Standardization in Mobile Cellular
Networks

• 3GPP Standardization of 4G and 5G Technology

• Evolution of Mobile Cellular Standards – From 1G to 5G

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 Evolution of Mobile Cellular Standards
• Development of new G
• Research phase starts
10 years before the
standard is adopted
• We are at the beginning
of 6G research that will
be standardized in 2030
• From 3G the process is
defined under
3GPP standardization

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GSM/EDGE Networks

• GSM deployment started in 1992

• GSM is most widely deployed cellular standard in the world
• 2.5 billions of subscribers today
• EDGE: Enhancement of GSM
• Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
• GSM/EDGE evolution done under 3GPP releases
• GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)
• Some countries removed GSM from their mobile radio network

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 GSM/EDGE Networks (2G)

Figure: This figure is taken from E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband,” Academic
Press (Elsevier), 2011 (Figure 19.5, page 395) 37
 WCDMA/HSPA Networks (3G)
• Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) is dominant 3G technology
• Originally developed by 3GPP in Release 5 of standards
• High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is evolution of WCDMA
• HSPA has been improved through 3GPP Releases from Release 5 to 10

Figure: This figure is taken from E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skoll: “4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband,” Academic
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Press (Elsevier), 2011 (Figure 19.1, page 390)
Takeaway Message
• We explained the basics of 3GPP standardization process in
charge of development of mobile cellular technologies

• We explained the current state of 3GPP 4G and 5G

technology standardization and recalled of evolution of
previous mobile cellular standards

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Further Reading
• 5G Book, Chapter 1 and 2

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 Introduction to Cellular Technologies
Part 1: 3GPP Standardization and Evolution of Mobile
Cellular Standards

Dejan Vukobratovic, Professor

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