Lesson E3 - Oxford Oregon

What is your burden?
What are the roles of the teams in a debate? What are the obligations of the teams? On whose shoulders fall the burden of proof? What is meant by presumptions and what is their nature?
The Burden of Proof

It is the duty or obligation of the affirmative side or the one making the assertion to prove what he asserts through the presentation of evidence, proofs, and arguments.
Purposes of the Burden of Proof

To buttress the case To prove, beyond the shadow of doubt, what is termed as a prima facie case (sufficient strength or strong foundation). To win without being refuted or denied substantially.
The Burden of Rebuttal

This refers to the duty of the opposing side or the negative side to present evidences, proofs, and arguments. The purpose is to overthrow the arguments advanced or forwarded by the affirmative side. This may shift from the negative to the positive side.
The Nature of Presumptions

This refers to the logical inferences of the truth or falsity of statements considered during disputes.
Two types of presumptions

Presumptions of facts- consists in simple inferences that are drawn from Logic. Presumptions of law- derived from the rules of the land. They have the effect of being binding in human conduct.
The Theory of Issues

This is the differences of opinions, assertions made by the affirmative or the sponsoring side and the denial made by the negative or the opposing side- are what we generally label as issues.
How does one team win in a debate through issues?

Analysis of the question Reasoning Quality of the language used Ability to talk to the audience Measure of preparation Application of the rules of argumentation
Fallacies
an error in reasoning an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support.
Examples of Fallacies
Inductive Argument Premise 1: Most American cats are domestic house cats. Premise 2: Bill is an American cat. Conclusion: Bill is domestic house cat.
Examples of Fallacies
Ad
hominem- "against the man" or "against the person. Ad hominem tu quoque- "You Too Fallacy Appeal to authority- Misuse of Authority, Irrelevant Authority, Questionable Authority, Inappropriate Authority, Ad Verecundiam
Ad baculum- appeal to fear Ad crumenun- appeal to money Ad ignorantiam- appeal to ignorance Ad numerum, ad populum- appeal to number of people All or nothing
Anecdotal evidence- Yeah, Ive read the health warnings on those cigarette packs and I know about all that health research, but my brother smokes, and he says hes never been sick a day in his life, so I know smoking cant really hurt you. Anthropomorphism- My dog is wagging his tail and running around me. Therefore, he knows that I love him.
Appeal to Authority- The moon is covered with dust because the president of our neighborhood association said so. Appeal to Vanity- My evidence is better because he is more good looking. Argumentum Consensus Gentium- You must believe me because over the generations, this has been practiced by the elders.
Logical Fallacies
http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/ http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/
THE OXFORD OREGON TYPE OF DEBATE
Oxford- Oregon Debate

First positive First negative First negative First positive Second positive Second negative Second negative Second positive Constructive, definition speech Interpellation Constructive, definition speech Interpellation Argumentative, burden of proof Interpellation Defensive, burden of rebuttal Interpellation *Two minute break* Rebuttal speech Negative house Rebuttal speech Positive house -
Allotted time
Speeches: 3 to 4 minutes Interpellation per speaker: 3 minutes Rebuttal speeches: 3 minutes
Criteria for Judging

A. Content Evidence/ Research Organization Language Use Delivery Visual Appeals Vocal Appeals Language use Quality of InterpellationRebuttal speech35%
B.
30%
C. D.
20% 15%
The Affirmative Speeches

First speaker: Definite the proposition, historicize the proposition (why is this being proposed, cite the parameters of the debate, state the necessity of the proposal Second speaker: Provide the proofs, evidences for the proposal (beneficiality, practicality, and timeliness)
The Negative Speeches

First negative speech- Questions the definitions of the affirmative, refuses the parameters (if necessary), state the nature and benefits of the status quo Second negative speechStates the strengths, practicality, necessity of the status quo, clarifies the downside of the proposal of the positive house
INTERPELLATION
Objectives:
To clarify points To expose errors To obtain admissions To setup arguments
RULES ON INTERPELLATION
1. Questions should primarily focus on
arguments developed in the speech of the opponent. However, matters relevant and material to the proposition are admissible. 2. Questioner and opponent should treat each other with courtesy. 3. Both speakers stand and face the audience during the Interpellation period.
4. Once the questioning has begun, neither the questioner nor the opponent may consult a colleague. Consultation should be done beforehand but as quietly as possible. 5. The questioner should ask brief and easily understandable questions that are only answerable by yes or no. The opponent should also only answer either way, and no follow-up explanations shall be allowed. 6. Questioner may cut off the follow-up explanation with a statement such as thank you, that is enough information, your point is quite clear or Im satisfied.
7. A questioner should not comment on the response of the opponent. 8. The opponent may refuse to answer ambiguous, irrelevant, or loaded questions by asking the questioner to rephrase or reform the question.
Guidelines on Asking Qs
Ask a short Q designed to get a short A. 2. Indicate the object of your Q. 3. Don't state questions and arguments in an obvious manner. 4. Don't ask a Q that the opponent would not be able to answer properly. 5. Make your Q seem important, even if it is just an attempt to clarify. 6. Be polite. 7. Approach things from a non-obvious direction. Then trap them. 8. Mark your flow/notes as to what you want to question them about. 9. Dont ask for explanations to support their A. 10. Face the judges/audience, not your opponent. 11. Your CX answers must be integrated into your constructive speeches (this is for both Second Affirmative and Negative speakers).
1.
Guidelines on Answering Qs
Keep in mind your teams position and your own arguments in your constructive speech as you respond to the opponents questions. 2. Answer only the relevant questions. 3. Address the judge. 4. Be cautious of hypothetical questions. If the opponent demands for an answer, then give a hypothetical answer in return. 1.
RULES ON REBUTTAL
The Rebuttal Speaker should point out the fallacies committed by the opposing team. Criticizing the opposing teams statement/s which hold the fallacies. If not familiar with the fallacies of logic, the speaker may criticize the arguments by directly referring to the statements that are incorrect or false. No new evidences or arguments may be presented at this point. Stick to the issues that have been raised earlier.
3 Issues to Consider in the Rebuttal

1. Which arguments have more weight at the end of the round? 2. Which evidences have significant weight that would debunk the claims of the opponent? 3. What about the quality of evidence?
Roles of the Moderator

To reveal the issue involve the debate; To rule on points of clarification about the issues or questions and answers made during the Interpellation; and To see to it that the debate is orderly and follows the rules of parliamentary procedures.
Roles of the Timer

To time the speakers and debaters accurately; To give the speakers a one-minute warning with the ringing of the bell once before his/her time is up. To prevent the debaters from exceeding the time allotted to them by ringing the bell twice.

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Lesson E3 - Oxford Oregon

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What is your burden?

The Burden of Proof

Purposes of the Burden of Proof

The Burden of Rebuttal

The Nature of Presumptions

Two types of presumptions

The Theory of Issues

How does one team win in a debate through issues?

THE OXFORD OREGON TYPE OF DEBATE

Oxford- Oregon Debate

Criteria for Judging

The Affirmative Speeches

The Negative Speeches

To clarify points To expose errors To obtain admissions To setup arguments

3 Issues to Consider in the Rebuttal

Roles of the Moderator

Roles of the Timer

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