Plant Hormone

Plant hormone
Naturally produced within plants, though very similar chemicals are produced by fungi and bacteria that can also affect plant growth. "phytohormone" was the commonly used term not nutrients, but chemicals that in small amounts promote and influence the growth, development, and differentiation of cells and tissues
Functions of Plant Hormone
regulate cellular processes in targeted cells locally determine the formation of flowers, stems, leaves, the shedding of leaves, and the development and ripening of fruit.
Plant hormones shape the plant, affecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, senescence of leaves and fruits. They affect which tissues grow upward and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, plant longevity, and even plant death.
TYPES of Plant Hormone
AUXIN
was the first plant hormone identified IAA moves in one direction only that is, the movement is polar and, in this case, downward. basipetal movement- downward movement in shoots acropetal movement- downward movement in roots
AUXIN FUNCTIONS:
o Activates the differentiation of vascular tissue in the shoot apex and in calluses; initiates division of the vascular cambium in the spring; promotes growth of vascular tissue in healing of wounds. o Activates cellular elongation by increasing the plasticity of the cell wall.
AUXIN FUNCTIONS:
o Activates a gene required for making a protein necessary for growth and other genes for the synthesis of wall materials made and secreted by dictyosomes. o Promotes initiation and growth of adventitious roots in cuttings. o Promotes the growth of many fruits (from auxin produced by the developing seeds).
AUXIN FUNCTIONS:
o Inhibits most flowering (but promotes flowering of pineapples). o Activates tropic responses. o Controls aging and senescence, dormancy of seeds.
CYTOKINS
o The cytokinins have a molecular structure similar to adenine. o are found in sites of active cell division in plantsfor example, in root tips, seeds, fruits, and leaves.
CYTOKINS
o transported in the xylem and work in the presence of auxin to promote cell division. o Differing cytokinin:auxin ratios change the nature of organogenesis. If kinetin is high and auxin low, shoots are formed; if kinetin is low and auxin high, roots are formed
CYTOKINS
o Cytokinins also delay the senescence of leaves and promote the expansion of cotyledons. o Cytokinins or CKs are a group of chemicals that influence cell division and shoot formation. o They were called kinins in the past when the first cytokinins were isolated from yeast cells.
GIBBERELLINS
o Gibberellic acid three (GA3) is the most widespread and most thoroughly studied. o Gibberellins or GAs include a large range of chemicals that are produced naturally within plants and by fungi. o gibberellins are carried by the xylem and phloem
GIBBERELLINS
o The gibberellins are especially abundant in seeds and young shoots where they control stem elongation by stimulating both cell division and elongation (auxin stimulates only cell elongation) o Gibberellins are important in seed germination, affecting enzyme production that mobilizes food production used for growth of new cells.
EXAMPLE OF GIBBERELLINS
Experimentation with GA3 sprayed on genetically dwarf plants stimulates elongation of the dwarf plants to normal heights. Normal-height plants sprayed with GA3 become giants.
ETHYLENE
o Ethylene is a simple gaseous hydrocarbon produced from an amino acid and appears in most plant tissues in large amounts when they are stressed. o Large amounts ordinarily are produced by roots, senescing flowers, ripening fruits, and the apical meristem of shoots.
ETHYLENE
o Auxin increases ethylene production, as does ethylene itselfsmall amounts of ethylene initiate copious production of still more. o stimulates the ripening of fruit and initiates abscission of fruits and leaves. o gibberellins and ethylene concentrations determine the sex of the flowers
ETHYLENE
o Flower buds exposed to high concentrations of ethylene produce carpellate flowers, while gibberellins induce staminate ones o produced at a faster rate in rapidlygrowing and -dividing cells, especially in darkness.
ABSCISIC ACID
o Abscisic acid also called ABA, was discovered and researched under two different names before its chemical properties were fully known, it was called dormin and abscicin II o The name "abscisic acid" was given because it was found in high concentrations in newly-abscissed or freshly-fallen leaves.
ABSCISIC ACID
o compounds that positively influence cell enlargement, bud formation and root initiation o also promote the production of other hormones and in conjunction with cytokinins, they control the growth of stems, roots, and fruits, and convert stems into flowers
ABSCISIC ACID
o ABA increases in developing seeds and promotes dormancy o If leaves experience water stress, ABA amounts increase immediately, causing the stomata to close
vaccines
uses of vaccines
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. Vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the bodys immune system to recognize the agents as foreign, destroy it, and remember it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
Vaccines are useful to us. Some of their uses are the following:
Functions of o To prevent an organism from Plant acquiring an infections. o To prevent pneumococcal Hormone diseases.
o To prevent an organism from acquiring an infections. o To prevent pneumococcal diseases.
Pneumovax is the vaccine usually used in older adults, while Prevnar 13 typically used in small children. People who fall into the recommended categories for both vaccines can (and should) receive both Pneumovax and Prevnar 13.
Functionsimmune of o They help your system to get used to the germ Plant and your white cells will know there is a kind of this germ. Hormone
Here is a table showing the uses of vaccines:

Pneumococcal Each year, about 70 children end up vaccine for babies in KK womens and Children hospital with a serious form of pneumonia Pneumococcal vaccine for adults and elderly Rotavirus Pneumonia is the third biggest killer here, killing over 2,000 people a year. Causes severe diarrhea in babies Causes cervical cancer in women
Human papillomavirus
Here is a table showing the uses of vaccines:

Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB) Seasonal flu

H1N1 vaccine
Causes meningitis or inflammation of the brain lining, especially in children under the age of five. Can cause severe illness and sometimes death Even though it is less deadly than initially thought, H1N1 spreads more rapidly.
THE END !!

Plant Hormone

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Plant Hormone

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Plant hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

TYPES of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Functions of Plant Hormone

Here is a table showing the uses of vaccines:

Functions of Plant Hormone

Here is a table showing the uses of vaccines:

Functions of Plant Hormone

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