Power Tranformer

POWER TRANFORMER
High Voltage & Insulation-(EEL 1512)
Group-A( Odd Enrollments )

Enrollment No. :- 1,7,11,13,15,19,21,27,29,31,35
Submitted To :-Prof. Saibal Chatterjee ,Professor

(Dept. of EEE)
CONTENT:-
 Introduction to Power Transformers
 Working Principle of Power Transformers
 Types of Power Transformers
 Transformer Core Construction
 Transformer Windings
 Transformer Cooling Methods
 Transformer Efficiency and Losses
 Transformer Efficiency Improvement Techniques
 Transformer Protection and Monitoring
 Transformer Standards and Regulations
 Transformer Applications
 Conclusion
 References
Introduction to Power Transformers
Power transformers are electrical devices that

transfer electrical energy from one circuit to
another.
They are used to step up or step down voltage

levels in power transmission and distribution
systems.
Power transformers play a crucial role in

ensuring efficient and reliable electricity supply.
Working Principle of Power Transformers
Power transformers work based on the principle

of electromagnetic induction.
The primary winding is connected to the input

voltage source, while the secondary winding is
connected to the output load.
When alternating current flows through the

primary winding, it creates a changing magnetic
field that induces voltage in the secondary
winding.
Types of Power Transformers
Distribution Transformers: Used in power

distribution systems to step down voltage levels
for consumer use.
Power Transformers: Used in power

transmission systems to step up voltage levels
for long-distance transmission.
Auto Transformers: Used to step up or step

down voltage levels in a single winding.
Transformer Core Construction
Transformer cores are typically made of

laminated silicon steel sheets to reduce eddy
current losses.
The laminations are insulated from each other

to minimize power losses due to hysteresis and
eddy currents.
The core provides a low-reluctance path for the

magnetic flux, ensuring efficient power transfer.
Transformer Windings
Power transformers have primary and

secondary windings that are insulated from each
other.
The number of turns in the windings determines

the voltage transformation ratio.
High voltage windings have fewer turns, while

low voltage windings have more turns.
Problem(01).
A 10 kVA, 6600/220 V, 50 Hz transformer is rated at 2.5 V/turn of the winding coils.
Assume the transformer to be ideal, calculate:
a) Step up transformation ratio
b) Step down transformation ratio
c) Total turns of the high voltage coils
d) Total turns of the low voltage coils
e) Primary current as a step down transformer
f) Secondary current as a step down transformer
Solution :-
a) As a step-up transformer, the primary voltage is Vp= 220 V
Turn ratio (n)= Vp /Vs= 220/6600=1/3
b) As a step-down transformer, the primary voltage is Vp= 6600 V

Turn ratio (n)= Vp /Vs= 6600/220=30
Contd.
c) The number of turns of the high voltage coil is:
Rated voltage/ voltage per turn= 6600/2.5= 2640
d) The number of turns of the low voltage coil is:

Rated voltage/ voltage per turn= 220/2.5= 88
e) The primary current as a step-down transformer is:

(kVA × 103 )/6600= (10 × 103 )/6600=1.5 A
f) The secondary current as a step-down transformer is:

(kVA × 103 )/220= (10 × 103 )/220=45.4 A
Problem(02).
A 2.0 kVA, 400/200 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has the following parameters
as referred to primary side: R=3.0 Ohm, X=4.0 Ohm.
Determine the regulation of transformer, when operating at:
a) Full load with 0.8 pf lagging
b) Full load with 0.8 pf leading
c) Half load at 0.8 pf lagging.
Solution:-
a) Primary current at full load, I= 2000/400=5A
Contd.
b) Regulation at full load with 0.8 pf leading
c) Half load at 0.8 pf lagging.

At half load, I=2.5 A
Transformer Cooling Methods
Air Cooling: Transformers can be cooled by

natural convection or forced air circulation.
Oil Cooling: Transformers are immersed in oil

to enhance cooling and provide insulation.
Water Cooling: Used for large power

transformers to achieve efficient cooling.
Transformer Efficiency and Losses
Transformer efficiency is the ratio of output

power to input power.
Losses in transformers include copper losses in

the windings and core losses due to hysteresis
and eddy currents.
Efficient transformer design and proper

maintenance help minimize losses and improve
overall efficiency.
Transformer Efficiency
Improvement Techniques
Several techniques can be employed to
improve transformer efficiency.
Using high-quality core materials with low

hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Optimizing the design for reduced winding

resistance and stray losses.
Problem(03)
A 100 kVA, 440/220 V, 50 Hz core type transformer has an efficiency of 98.5 %, when
supplying full load at 0.8 power factor lagging and an efficiency of 99 %, when
supplying half load at unity power factor. Find the iron and copper losses at full load.
Solution:-
Output of transformer at half load with unity power factor

Transformer Protection and Monitoring
Transformers are protected by devices such as

Buchholz relay, oil level indicator, and pressure
relief valves.
Monitoring systems are used to measure

parameters like temperature, oil level, and
winding currents to ensure safe operation.
Regular maintenance and inspections are

essential to detect potential faults and prevent
transformer failures.
Transformer Standards and Regulations
Power transformers are subject to various

international standards and regulations to ensure
safety and performance.
Standards like IEC and IEEE provide guidelines

for transformer design, testing, and installation.
Compliance with these standards is crucial for

reliable and efficient operation of power
transformers.
Transformer Environmental
Impact
Power transformers, like all electrical
equipment, have an environmental impact.
Measures are being taken to reduce losses and

improve energy efficiency to minimize their
carbon footprint.
Recycling and proper disposal of retired

transformers and their insulating oil are also
important for environmental sustainability.
Transformer Applications
Power transformers are used in various applications,
including power generation plants, substations, industrial
facilities, and commercial buildings.
They are crucial for transmitting and distributing electrical

energy efficiently and safely.
Transformers also play a role in voltage regulation, power

quality improvement, and isolation of different electrical
systems.
Conclusion
Power transformers are critical components in

power transmission and distribution systems.
They enable efficient voltage transformation

and contribute to reliable electricity supply.
Continuous advancements in transformer

technology ensure energy-efficient and
environmentally-friendly solutions.
References
IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2020
IEEE Standard General Requirements for

Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and
Regulating Transformers.
IEC 60076-1:2011

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POWER TRANFORMER

High Voltage & Insulation-(EEL 1512)

Group-A( Odd Enrollments )

Submitted To :-Prof. Saibal Chatterjee ,Professor

Power transformers are electrical devices that

They are used to step up or step down voltage

Power transformers play a crucial role in

Power transformers work based on the principle

The primary winding is connected to the input

When alternating current flows through the

Distribution Transformers: Used in power

Power Transformers: Used in power

Auto Transformers: Used to step up or step

Transformer cores are typically made of

The laminations are insulated from each other

The core provides a low-reluctance path for the

Power transformers have primary and

The number of turns in the windings determines

High voltage windings have fewer turns, while

b) As a step-down transformer, the primary voltage is Vp= 6600 V

d) The number of turns of the low voltage coil is:

e) The primary current as a step-down transformer is:

f) The secondary current as a step-down transformer is:

c) Half load at 0.8 pf lagging.

Air Cooling: Transformers can be cooled by

Oil Cooling: Transformers are immersed in oil

Water Cooling: Used for large power

Transformer efficiency is the ratio of output

Losses in transformers include copper losses in

Efficient transformer design and proper

Using high-quality core materials with low

Optimizing the design for reduced winding

Output of transformer at half load with unity power factor

Transformers are protected by devices such as

Monitoring systems are used to measure

Regular maintenance and inspections are

Power transformers are subject to various

Standards like IEC and IEEE provide guidelines

Compliance with these standards is crucial for

Measures are being taken to reduce losses and

Recycling and proper disposal of retired

They are crucial for transmitting and distributing electrical

Transformers also play a role in voltage regulation, power

Power transformers are critical components in

They enable efficient voltage transformation

Continuous advancements in transformer

IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2020

IEEE Standard General Requirements for

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