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    Landslides Lecture v10

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    Slope instabilities and landslides are a widespread type of natural hazard that can be triggered by various causes. They involve the movement of surface materials down slopes due to gravity and can be affected by factors like water, earthquakes, and human activities. Common types of slope movements include falls, slides, flows, and creeps, which can cause severe damage and loss of life.

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    Landslides Lecture v10

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    api-3729409
    227 views21 pages
    Slope instabilities and landslides are a widespread type of natural hazard that can be triggered by various causes. They involve the movement of surface materials down slopes due to gravity and can be affected by factors like water, earthquakes, and human activities. Common types of slope movements include falls, slides, flows, and creeps, which can cause severe damage and loss of life.

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    Slope instabilities and landslides are a widespread type of natural hazard that can be triggered by various causes. They involve the movement of surface materials down slopes due to gravity and can be affected by factors like water, earthquakes, and human activities. Common types of slope movements include falls, slides, flows, and creeps, which can cause severe damage and loss of life.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    227 views21 pages

    Landslides Lecture v10

    Uploaded by

    api-3729409
    Slope instabilities and landslides are a widespread type of natural hazard that can be triggered by various causes. They involve the movement of surface materials down slopes due to gravity and can be affected by factors like water, earthquakes, and human activities. Common types of slope movements include falls, slides, flows, and creeps, which can cause severe damage and loss of life.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Natural Hazards

    tsunamis earthquakes

    hurricanes volcanoes

    Slope Instabilities
    and Landslides
    floods
    Slope Instabilities and Landslides
    Most widespread of Natural Hazard
    • Global Reach
     affects coastal and inland locations
     urban and rural populations

    • involves Mass Wasting


    movement of surface materials due to gravity
    continually sculpts Earth's landscapes
    not restricted to specific land areas

    • operates continually in rock, soil, ice/snow


    gradual build up
    slow to instantaneous movements
    Slope Instabilities I
    driving vs. resisting force Force diagram
    Fs vs. Fn
    (Fcrit vs. Rf crit)

    driving force (Fs = Fcrit)


    gravity

    driving stress: σs = Fs/A

    other factors slope-parallel component of


    excess loading block weight / block area
    water

    role of water: increases loading and reduces cohesion


    Slope Instabilities II
    shear stress

    resisting forces:
    strength
    friction
    cohesiveness

    Resisting stress
    Shear (yield) strength = shear strength of slip surface under no
    normal stress + frictional resistance (which depends on Fn!)
    τs = c + (Fn tan φ)/A
    c = cohesion; Fn = σ = normal stress
    Tape sticks to a vertical wall because of cohesion
    Dry sand has virtually no cohesion
    tan φ = coefficient of friction
    Angle of repose
    steepest slope at which loose material will sit without
    cascading down and depends on:
    particle shape size and size distribution (sorting),
    packing and moisture content of material

    Angle of repose Angle of repose depends on


    increases as size of amount of moisture between
    particles increases particles
    Causes I
    • often initiated by other hazards
    1. saturation by water (pore pressure; lubrication)
    heavy rains and rain following drought
    2. over steepening of slopes
    erosion by streams, waves (tsunamis), glaciers
    3. freeze and thaw cycles
    4. earthquakes
    shaking and vibrations
    5. volcanic eruptions
     steep slopes (landslides), loose debris (lahars),
    vegetation
    Causes II

    • more frequently initiated by human activity


    mining
    road cuts
    loading of slope
    deforestation
    irrigation
    water leakage
    drawdown of reservoirs
    skiing (snow avalanches)
    General types of mass movements

    1. expansion: movement through volume change


    2. fall: material moves through air, lands at base of slope
    3. slide: material moves in contact with underlying surface
    4. flow: materials breaks up and moves as a viscous fluid
    Expansion: expansive soils and solifluction

    expansive soils

    solifluction
    Fall: rock-fall and topple (talus slope)
    moves through air, lands at base of slope - rapid process

    Rock-fall (Utah) topple (Antarctica)


    Slide: rockslide, slump and landslide
    material moves in contact with underlying surface as
    cohesive blocks of material with no internal shearing

    Block Slide
    Rotational Translational

    slump

    1906, Frank, Alberta,


    over in 2 minutes,
    buried a whole town
    Slide Hazards
    Rockslides - most common on steep slopes (roadcuts, valleys)
    velocities of 100+ miles per hour
    Slumps - sliding of material along curved surface common in
    unconsolidated sediments, weaker rock units
    Landslide - moves rapidly as unit or series of units along plane
    material moves until Fn exceeds Fs

    Landslides and Earthquakes


    • 1971 San Fernando quake 100's of billions of dollars
    Caused 1000+ landslides in damages and l00's of
    thousands of deaths and
    injuries
    • 1994 Northridge quake
    Caused 9000+ slides
    Flow: creep, mud/debris flow; debris avalanche
    materials breaks up and moves as a viscous fluid ; has no distinct basal
    plane and velocity is greatest at upper surface
    wettest, driest, fastest and slowest types of landslides
    falls & slides can undergo transitions to flows

    mud flow

    Creep

    Debris flow
    debris avalanche
    creep
    very slow movement of soil down slope tell-tale indicators
    most important in terms of total volume
    initiation by: freeze-thaw cycles, wetting-drying cycles,
    biological displacement
    mud and debris flows
    rapid movement of soil and water; water = ~ 30% total
    volume (mudflows); lahars, flash floods

    Venezuela

    El Salvador
    mud and debris flows

    Construction: Coal slide tragedy


    • In Aberfan, South Wales
    – October 21, 1966
    – Pile of debris from coal mine
    • called a tip (was unconsolidated)
    • which had been weakened by rain
    – Slid 1 km
    • thru cottages, over a canal, then
    into Pantglas Junior High School
    • killed 144 people, 116 school kids
    debris avalanche
    unconsolidated debris moves rapidly down slope; highest
    velocities; semi-circular head and debris tongue or fan

    Blackhawk Alaska

    Socampa Volcano, Chile (7000 years ago)


    major collapse produced a massive debris avalanche (500 km2) due to
    large uplift thrust fault. Smaller fragments flowed rather than sliding
    Submarine debris avalanches - Hawaii

    Among the largest known mass wasting events in the solarsystem


    Nuuanu debris avalanche
    Volume: ~5,000 km3; Length: 235 km; Run-up height at distal end: 300m+
    Minimum speed at base of Hawaiian Deep:
    v= 2gh = 2(10)(300)m/sec = 80m/sec = 280km/hr
    Assessment

    Landslide potential maps - identify


    slide prone areas distribution and
    characteristics of past landslides
    identify potentially unstable slopes

    Susceptibility: the probable degree


    of response of rocks and soils to
    natural or artificial cutting or
    loading of slopes, or to extreme
    weather SLIDE INCIDENCE
    Low (<1.5% of area)
    Moderate (1.5%-15% of area)
    High (>15% of area)

    SLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY
    Moderate (low incidence)
    High (low incidence)
    High (moderate incidence)
    Prevention, and Mitigation

    1. slope drainage: interceptor drains - concrete lined drains which


    capture runoff and transport it away from slope perforated pipe -
    driven into slope to collect water and drain it away from slope wells
    driven into slopes - wells pumped to remove water rapidly

    2. slope reduction: reduce slope by grading or excavate terraces or


    benches into slope

    3. engineering structures
    seal crevices: prevents frost wedging
    retaining walls with drains: stabilize base of slope
    rock bolts: steel rods in cement stabilize inclined layers
    rockfalls: cable nets & wire fences, intercept ditches or berms
    landslides: rock sheds and tunnels
    berms

    Steep scar to
    rotational failure

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