SLUM DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMMES
BY : N. SANDEEP ( 013)
K. MOHAN PAVAN KUMAR ( 014)
 CONTENTS
• DEFINITION
• FACTORS
• SLUM REHABILITATION
• SLUM REGENARATION
• SLUM RENEWABLE PROGRAMME
• POVERTY LINE
• IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMES BY GOI
• CONCLUSION
DEFINITION :
• A slum is defined as a run-down area of a city
characterized by substandardhousing and squalor
and lacking in tenure security.

• A compact area of at least 300 population or about

60-70 households of poorly built congested
tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with
inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper
sanitary and drinking water facilities.”

• Slums have come to form an integral part of the

phenomena of urbanization in India.
• A slum is a place where residents suffer
from some or most of the following:
– inadequate access to safe water,
– inadequate access to sanitation,
– overcrowding,
– poorly built and maintained homes and
insecurity of tenure or the threat of
eviction.
FACTORS :
• A lack of political will to address the growth of slums.
• A lack of resources and/or capacity at local government
level to plan for growing urban populations.
• Agencies responsible for providing affordable housing
solutions, either do not exist or lack of resources and
capacity to deliver.
• Private sector agencies cannot provide affordable
solutions or regard housing the poor as too risky
• Housing is not prioritised by international aid agencies
because it is complex and requires longterm
investment. This includes our own Department for
International Development (UKAid).
 REHABILITATION
• Solutions in the past
• Till 1970 Demolition of slums by treating them as illegal
squatters. Slums reappeared. Demolitions termed
inhuman by citizenry.
• 1970-1980 : Slum improvement works taken up. Census
of slums was carried out in 1976 and I-cards were
issued.
• 1980-1990 : Land occupied by slums was given on lease
to the slum dwellers. Soft loans were extended to slum
dwellers to take up slum upgradation works. The
scheme could be implemented only on non-reserved
govt. lands.
• 1990 till date : A new concept was evolved.
The underlying land of the slums was treated
as a resource. Incentive FSI for constructing
tenements for sale in open market was
allowed. The profits generated from the sale
of these tenements was to be used for cross-
subsidising the free houses to the slum
dwellers. (Special autonomous authority Slum
Rehabilitation Authority was established.)
 TYPES OF SCHEMES :
• Three types of SLUM REHABILITATION SCHEMES are
permissible.
• These types are as per the provisions of different
sections of Development Control Regulations (DCR)
under which they are approved. viz.
• under provisions of DCR 33(10) also called in-situ
scheme
• under provisions of section 3.11 also called PAP
scheme
• under provisions of DCR 33(14) also called transit
scheme
 Slum Regeneration
• It is a common refrain that houses allotted to
the urban poor are sold immediately after its
allotment, and the allottees then move to
another squatter settlement and become
applicants for housing again. The presence of
rennovated and in some cases fully
reconstructed housing units in weaker section
housing colonies are cited as a failure of
Government policy in preventing such
transactions. Such transactions and the
consequent renewal are inevitable and even
desirable, and therefore ought to be
welcomed.
• By replacing Slumland with any slum and the
external investors and FDI with outsiders purchasing
houses in these slums, and things fall into place.
The investment by outsiders, even if by purchasing
the houses allotted to urban poor, is desirable and
has many immediate and long-term multiplier
effects on the economy. In fact, it is even essential
for the development of the slum since such
economic activities cannot find local investment
from within the slum. And finally, as is the case with
FDI coming to Slumland, it is certainly important
that certain regulations govern the terms of these
housing transactions and its subsequent use.
 SLUM RENEWABLE PROGRAMME
• Urban renewal is a program of land
redevelopment in areas of moderate to high
density urban land use. Renewal has had both
successes and failures.
• Its modern incarnation began in the late 19th
century in developed nations and experienced
an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the
rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a
major impact on many urban landscapes, and
has played an important role in the history and
demographics of cities around the world.
• Urban renewal may involve relocation of
businesses, the demolition of structures, the
relocation of people, and the use of
eminent domain (government purchase of
property for public purpose) as a legal
instrument to take private property for city-
initiated development projects.
• In some cases, renewal may result in
urban sprawl and less congestion when areas
of cities receive freeways and expressways.
 POVERTY LINE
• Poverty line is indicating the income levels of
the family.
• According to the 2005 sensus, people who are
below 1.25$ i.e., 70 /- as daily wage are
treated as below poverty line.
• Generally we observe these kind of people in
slums.
• Mumbai Slums: Model for the World
• The Mumbai shanty town featured in the film Slumdog
Millionaire offers a better model than does western
architecture for ways to house a booming urban
population in the developing world, Prince Charles said
yesterday.
• Dharavi, a Mumbai slum where 600,000 residents are
crammed into 520 acres, contains the attributes for
environmentally and socially sustainable settlements for
the world's increasingly urban population, he said. The
district's use of local materials, its walkable
neighbourhoods, and mix of employment and housing add
up to "an underlying intuitive grammar of design that is
totally absent from the faceless slab blocks that are still
being built around the world to 'warehouse' the poor"
 Improvement programs by GOI
• India is urbanising very fast and along with this,
the slum population is also increasing. The slum
population has doubled in the past two decades.
The current population living in slums in the
country is more than the population of Britain.
India's slum-dwelling population rose from 27.9
million in 1981 to over 40 million in 2001.
• GoI has been initiating targeted schemes and
programmes to improve slum conditions since
1960s. But its policy focus has undergone a
change over a period of time.
• In the 1970s and 1980s, the Indian government
had a policy of 'no slums cities'. This warranted
forceful resettlement and rehabilitation of slum
dwellers. However, this didn’t help in making
cities slums-free. Then the Government started
implementing slum upgrade programmes under
which infrastructure development was
encouraged.
• Since 1972 the Government of India initiated a
programme called Environmental Improvement
of Urban Slums under which priority to drinking
water and sanitation was given.
• Again in 1996 government initiated the National
Slum Development Programme with substantial
fund allocation. It had a specified focus
on providing drinking water and community
toilets. After spending close to Rs3,100 crore in
nine years, it was discontinued. It was estimated
that 46 million slum dwellers benefited from it.
• In 2005 government started the Jawaharlal Nehru
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), an initiative
to encourage reforms and fast-track planned
development of certain cities. It has a financial
commitment of Rs1,50,000 crore during 2006-12.
• National Agenda of Governance (NAG) has
identified ‘Housing for All’, both in urban and
rural sectors, as a priority area with particular
emphasis on the needs of the vulnerable
groups. Although, shelters or housing for the
Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs), Low
Income Groups (LIGs), slum dwellers and
shelterless may be a common concern in both
these sectors alike, the problems of the
homeless are more acutely pronounced in the
urban sector, particularly in the wake of large
scale migration and the phenomena of rural-
urban transition.
 CONCLUSION :
• By this we can easily understand that
whenever poverty is removed then only slums
will vanish.
• Through the govt is trying to eradicate poverty
it is increasing day by day.
Thank you