Review of Related Literature

and Studies
PART 1: SELECTING RELEVANT RRL
PART 2: CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE
 Part 1:
SELECTING RELEVANT
RRL
 Overview: Terms to Remember

• Literature: is an oral or written record of

man’s significant experiences that are
artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.
• Review of Related Literature: It is a
detailed review of existing literature
related to the topic of a thesis or
dissertation.
Literature
Review
 Literature Review
• Is a process of studying what has
already been written on a particular topic.
• The process involves identifying,
locating, and analyzing documents
that contain information related to
a researcher’s research topic.
Why do Literature
Review?
 Purposes of Literature
●Review
1. Define and limit a problem
-helps to identify the parameters of a study.

● 2.Place your study in perspective

-Unless you are aware of the work of
others, you cannot build upon an established
foundation.

● 3. Avoid unintentional replication of previous studies

Sometimes it is appropriate to replicate a previous
study, but this should be done intentionally and for a
particular purpose.
 Purposes of Literature
●Review
4. Select methods and measures
-You can assess what has worked before (or
not worked) in previous contexts and why.

●5. Relate findings to previous knowledge and

suggest areas for further research
-The findings on one’s own research need to be
related back to earlier studies. This places one’s work
and can point to areas that need further investigation.
TYPES OF LIT REVIEW
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
LIT REVIEW
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LIT
REVI
E W
Materials must be as recent as possible.
1.

-This is importantbecause of the

changes that are going on. (2017- Up to
date)

2. Materials must be objective and

unbiased as possible.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LIT
REVI
3. EW must be relevant to the study.
Materials
-have a bearing/ support/ relevant on
your study.

4. Materials must not be too few & not

too many.
- there should be enough materials to
offer insights on the study.
TYPES OF
SOURCES
 What am I Citing?
• ╠Journal- a scholarly work, published periodically
containing highly classified research.
• ╠Film- a motion picture or movie, can be fictional,
documentary, or even youtube videos.
• ╠Magazines- a popular work published periodically
(weekly, monthly, etc,) focusing on a specific subject of
interest..
• ╠Newspaper- periodical publication containing news,
events, interview, and opinion article.
• ╠Computer- a collection of electronic materials that
provides information about a certain topic.
 TYPES OF SOURCES
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
- Publications in which researchers
report the results of their studies.
- Findings are communicated by
the authors directly to the readers.
- Ex: Journals that are published
monthly, quarterly or bi-annually.
 TYPES OF SOURCES

2. SECONDARY SOURCES
- Publications in which authors describe
the work of others.
- Ex: Textbooks, encyclopedias,
research reviews, and yearbooks.
 TYPES OF
Note on theSOURCES
Use of Secondary Sources
Try to keep their use to a minimum by getting
hold of and reading the primary source. It is
acceptable to use secondary sources if:
a.) You can't get hold of the original source.
b) The original source is a language you
in understand. can't
c) The original is very complex.
CONDUCTING A REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
 CONDUCTING A REVIEW
OF LITERATURE

STAGE 1. Finding relevant materials

(Search for Literature).

STAGE 2. Actual

reading. STAGE 3.

Note-taking.
 -R R L -
Stage 1: “Search” for the Literature
Stage 1: “Search” for the Literature

-a stage of RRL where you devote much of

your time in looking for sources to
answer your research questions or to
support your assumptions.
Stage 1: “Search” for the Literature

-you can have access to various

sources of data in two methods:
a)Manually- getting hold of the
printed form of the material
b)Electronically- having a computer
or online reading of the sources of
knowledge.
Stage 1: “Search” for the Literature

*Pointers you have to remember in

searching for the best sources of info
or data: (Fraenbell, 2012)
1. Choose previous research findings that
are closely related to your research.
2.Give more weight to studies done
by people possessing expertise or
authority in the field of knowledge to
which the research studies belong.
Stage 1: “Search” for the Literature

3. Consider sources of knowledge that

refer more to primary data (direct)
than to secondary data (indirect).
4. Prefer getting info from peer-
reviewed materials than from general
reading materials.
 Search for the Li t Rev

-Our Resources:
1. https://
scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
-Our Resources:

3. www.academia.edu
4. science direct
5. https://doaj.org/
Stage 2: Reading the Source
Material
Stage 2: Reading the Source Material
-Reading, understanding, or making the
materials meaningful to you is what will
pre-occupy you on the second stage of
reading RRL.

-On top of these should be your ability to

criticize or evaluate, apply, and create
things about what you have read.
Stage 3: Note-Taking
 Stage 3: Note-Taking
-establish a system of note-taking to
save time and effort.
-The researcher must take notes, putting
only the important data in his or her own
words.
-It is suggested that the researcher
prepare index cards on which he or she
can take down notes before gathering or
searching for reference materials for the
review of literature.
 Part 2:
CITING RL USING
STANDARD STYLE
CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE

● An important skill that you need to learn when

writing the literature review is “proper citation”.

● This is to avoid plagiarism in your work.

● Acknowledge or recognize the owners of any

form of knowledge you intend to include in your
research paper.
CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE

The following are the three terms used to express

your appreciation for or recognition of people’s
ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp 2012):
1.Acknowledgment – the beginning portion of the
work that identifies individuals who have
contributed something for the production of the
paper;
2.References or Bibliography – a complete list of
all reading materials, including books,
journals, periodicals, etc. from where the
borrowed ideas came from; Found at the end of
CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE

3. Citation or In-text Citation – references within

the main body of the text, specifically in
Review of Related Literature;
• In parenthetical citations , author name and
the
publication date appear in (separated by
parenthesesExample: Falsely balanced news coverage
comma).
can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on
an issue (Koehler, 2016).
•In narrative citations, the author name is incorporated
into the text as part of the sentence and the year
follows in parentheses. Example: Koehler (2016) noted the
dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE

3. Citation or In-text Citation

•In rare cases, the author and date might both appear
in the narrative. In this case, do not use parentheses.
Example: In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely
balanced news coverage.
CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE

Purposes of Citation:
• To give importance and respect to other people;
• To give authority, validity, and credibility to
other
people’s claims, conclusions, and arguments;
•To prove your broad and extensive reading of
authentic and relevant materials about your topic;
• To help readers find the sources of ideas easily;
• To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work;
• To save yourself from plagiarism;
CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE

Plagiarism:
•is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of
the writer and passing the quoted words off as your
own words.
•using the words of the original text in expressing
your understanding of the reading material.
•The right way to avoid plagiarism is to express
the borrowed ideas in your own words (Ransome 2013).
CITING RL USING STANDARD STYLE

TIP!!!

Everything you have cited in text appears

in your reference list and likewise...
everything that appears in your reference
list will have been cited in text!
REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH (IN-TEXT
CITATION)
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
CITATION]
● Modern Language Association (MLA)
Style;
● American Psychological Association
(APA) Style;
● Chicago Style or Turabian.
Avoid mixing or combining referencing
style.
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
CITATION]
Modern Language Association
● (MLA) is an American professional organization for
scholars of literature and language based in New York
City.
●Commonly used within the liberal arts and
humanities disciplines, the MLA format follows the
author-page method of in-text citation (e.g. Palomar
20-21).
● the complete bibliographic information appears on

the
"Works Cited" page.
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
● “APA”, most commonly used within the social
sciences discipline.
● 1st edition- published 1952.

●Latestedition- 7th APA Referencingstyle

October 2019.
●it follows the author-date system of citation

(e.g., Avilla, 2009).

● complete bibliographic information should appear

on the "Reference List" page.

 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN- TEXT
CITATION]
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
● emphasis is placed on the author and the date of
a piece of work to uniquely identify it.
●nowadays, regardless of their area
of specialization, the most preferred is the APA style
format.
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
1. ■ Work by Single Author:
--The last name of the author and the year of publication
are placed in text. When the name of the author is part of
the narrative, only the date is placed in the parentheses.
*Ex: Santos (2014) asserted that education
alleviates poverty.
--When both information are in the parenthesis, the year is
separated from the surname with a comma.
*Ex: … education alleviated poverty (Santos, 2014)
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
2. ■ Work by Two Authors
--Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the
parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word “and”
between the authors’ names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses.
*Ex: Santos and Reyes (2014) explained that….
*Ex: … as has been shown (Santos & Reyes, 2014)

Note: When entering more than one author in in-text

citation within the same parenthesis, enter them in the same
order as it appears on their work.
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
3. ■ Work by Three to Five Authors
--List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses
the first time you cite the source. Use the word “and”
between the authors’ names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parenthesis.
*Ex: David, Garcia, and Isabelo (2014) discussed that…
*Ex: . . . .(David, Garcia, & Isabelo, 2014)
--In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last
name followed by “et al.” in the signal phrase or
parentheses. Ex: (David et al., 2014)/ David et al. (2014)
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [INTEXT-
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

4. ■ Work by Six or more Authors

---Use the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in the
signal phrase or parentheses.
*Ex: McMillan et al. (2014) argued that . . .
*Ex: . . . (McMillan et al., 2014)
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
5. ■ Unknown author
--If the work does not have an author, cite the source by
its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in
the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are
italicized or underlined; “titles of articles, chapters, and Web
pages are in quotation marks”.
*Ex: A similar study was done of students learning to
format research papers (“Using APA”, 2011).
Note: In the rare case the “Anonymous” is used for
the author, treat it as the author’s name (Anonymous, 2001).
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
6. ■ Organization as an Author
--If the author is an organization or a government
agency, mention the organization in the signal
phrase or in parenthetical citation the first time you cite
the source.
*Ex: First citation: According to the Department of
Trade and Industry (2017). . .
Second citation: . . . (DTI, 2017)
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
7. ■ Two or more references within the same parentheses.
(In- text citation)
--Order the citations of two or more works by different
authors within the same parentheses alphabetically in the
same order in which they appear in the reference list.
Separate the citations with semicolons.
*Ex: Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske &
Mahoney, 1998).
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
NOTES:
-Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations,
principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant to the
problem should be cited.
-A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so
perfectly stated and is not too long.
Example:
According to Felipe, “pregnancy is a condition where
women should take extra care of themselves, there is also a
need to consult with a doctor to check if everything, if both
the mother and the baby are doing fine” (Felipe, 2015).
 REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH [IN-TEXT
AMERICANCITATION]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

NOTES:
-Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations,
principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant to the
problem should be cited.
-A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so
perfectly stated and is not too long.
REFERENCING STYLES IN
RESEARCH (REFERENCE
LIST)
 REFERENCE LIST
● Reference list- consists of all sources cited
in the text of a paper.

Bibliography- may include resources

●

that were consulted but not cited in the text

as well as an annotated description of
each one. Bibliographies may be organized
chronologically, or by subject, rather than
alphabetically.
 REFERENCE LIST
●Reference list is the list of the sources
you used with your paper. Place list at the
end of your paper. Observe the following:
* Title your list of sources References
*List your sources alphabetically by
author’s
surname;
* Double-space your reference list.
* End every entry with a period.
 REFERENCE LIST
JOURNAL ARTICLE in
Print
Last Name, Initial. (year
published).
Article Title. Name,
(Issue), Journal Volume
pages.
 REFERENCE LIST
JOURNAL ARTICLE in Print

Entry Sample (One Author):

Querol, M. B. (2010). College students’
use of affective and social
language learning strategies: A
classroom-based research. Philippine
ESL Journal, 5, 22-
37.
 REFERENCE LIST
JOURNAL ARTICLE in Print

Entry Sample (Two Authors):

Knotts, H.G. & Haspei, M. (2006). The
impact of gentrification on voter
turnout. Social science quarterly, 87
(1),
110-121.
 REFERENCE LIST
JOURNAL ARTICLE in Print

Entry Sample (Three Authors):

Salim, W., Subramaniam, V., &
Termizi,
A.
(FLA) (2017). Foreign language
in English classroom.
anxiety
ternational Journal of Languages,
language
In
Literature and Linguistics, 3(1), 5-
12.
 REFERENCE LIST
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Online
Last Name, Initial. (year
published).
Article
Title. pages.Journal
(Issue), doi:#xxxxx or retrieved
Name,
from URLxxxxxx.
Volume
 REFERENCE LIST
JOURNAL ARTICLE Online

Entry Sample (One Author):

Poland, U. G. (2017). Roc ‘n’ roll,
female sexuality, and k war
battle over German The
Journal
identities.of Modernthe
History, 68(3), 577.
doi:10.1086/245343
Cold
REFERENCE LIST
 REFERENCE
NOTE: LIST
When citing a reference, another researcher has cited
or you need to refer to a work that has been cited
in a paper you have read, but not the work cited,
then the cited work is only referred to as part of
the in-text citation. The reference list is for the
paper you have read.
In-Text
O’Reilly (as cited in Bryme, 2008) argues that….
Reference list
Bryme, A. (2008) Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and
information services. The Australia Library Journal,
57(4), 365-376.
 REFERENCE LIST
BOOKS in
Print
Reference
Last name,listFirst
format: (year). Book
Subtitle (Edition). Place:
Initial title:
Publisher.
 REFERENCE LIST
Reference List:
Examples:
Corpuz, B. & Salandanan, G.
(2013). Principles of teaching 1 (5th Ed.).
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Vega, V., Prieto, N., & Carreon, M.
(2009). Social dimensions of education
(12th Ed.). Quezon City: Lorimar
Publishing Inc.
 REFERENCE LIST
BOOKS Electronic Version
*If possible use DOI over URL
Reference list format:
Author, A. A. (year). Book title (Edition).
doi:xxxxxxxxxx or Retrieved from URL
of publication’s homepage
 REFERENCE LIST
Thesis/ Dissertation- from a
commercial database (E.g.
Proquest)
Reference
Last name,list format:
First (year). Title
dissertation/thesis
Initial of (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from Name
of database. (Accession or Order
Number).
 REFERENCE LIST
Thesis/ Dissertation- from a
commercial database (E.g.
Proquest)
Reference
Cooley, list sample:
(2009). Design,
T. and implementation
development, of a Wireless
Local Area Network (WLAN): The
Hartford Job Corps Academy case
study (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations
and Theses database. (UMI No.
 REFERENCE LIST
Thesis/ Dissertation- Unpublished/
Print
version
Reference
Last name, list First
format: (year). Title
Initial of
dissertation/thesis
dissertation or Unpublished master’s
(Unpublished
thesis). Academic Institution, City,
State or Country.
 REFERENCE LIST
Thesis/ Dissertation- Unpublished/
Print
version
Reference
Considine, list Sample:
(2019). Australian
M. politics in the 1970s: Two case
insurance
(Unpublished
studies. doctoral dissertation).
University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Australia.
 REFERENCE LIST
YOUTUBE VIDEOS
Author’s last Name, First [Scree
Initial n
Name]. (Year, month, day of upload).
Title of Retrieved
from
http://youtube.com/xxxxxxx
video.

Note: in-text citations include

Theautho name the outside of
(whichever
r that may be) and the
brackets
date.
 REFERENCE LIST

Example:
Greenland B. [bryangreenland]
January (2012,Funn library montag
[Video 17).File].
y Retrieve e
d
https://www.youtube.com/watch?=7_a70
from
TEnLg
 REFERENCE LIST
WEBSITES
For a passing reference to a website in-
text, the URL is sufficient, no reference
list is needed.
Example:
Gussie-Fink-Nottie has set up a discussion
forum for the new financiers.
(http://gfnnfg.livejournal.com)
 REFERENCE LIST
●However, when you are citing a particular document or
piece of information from a website, include both
a reference list entry and an in-text citation. The key
to creating the reference list entry is to determine the
type of content on the web page. Basically, you
should provide the following pieces of information.
Example:
Author, A. (date). Title of document [format
description].
Retrieved from http://xxxxxx

The in-text citation includesthe author and date (Author,

date), as with any other APA Style citation.
 REFERENCE LIST
E-BOOKS
The reference list entries for an e-book for
a whole e-book and a chapter in an
e- book are exemplified as:

Whole e-book
Author, Initial. (date). of
Title Retrieved from book.
http://xxxxx
 REFERENCE
LIST
Chapter in an e-book
Author, Initial. (date). Title of Chapter. In
E. Editor (Ed.), Title of Book (pp xx-
xx). Retrieved from http://xxxxx

The in-text citation includes the author

and date or with any other APA style.
 REFERENCE LIST
Magazine Article

Entry Sample:
White, C. (2008, April). The spirit
of disobedience, Atlantic, 312
(1871), 31-40.
 REFERENCE LIST
Encyclopedia

Entry Sample:
Melzshack, R. (2010) Pain Theories.
In
I.B. Weiner & W.E Craighead (eds.),
The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
(4th ed.) Vol. 3, pp. 1139-1141 Habeoken,
N.J., Wiley.
 REFERENCE
LIST

Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative

content analysis in nursing research: concepts,
procedures and measures to achieve
trustworthiness. Nurse education today, 24(2), 105-
112. doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001
 REFERENCE
LIST

Dzeng, E., Colaianni, A., Roland, M., Chander, G.,

Smith, T. J., Kelly, M. P., Barclay, S. & Levine, D.
(2015). Influence of institutional culture and
policies on do-not-resuscitate decision making at the
end of life. JAMA internal medicine, 175(5), 812-
819. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0295
REFERENCE LIST
REFERENCE LIST
Tips in Writing Literature Review
1. A good approach to writing an
excellent review is adopting good opening
sentences of articles that should
chronologically appear in the paper.
xxx Opening an article with a
bibliographical list that begins with the
author’s name like the following example
is not good:
Tips in Writing Literature Review

x Aquino (2016)
said . . . x Roxas (2017)
stated . . .
x Mendoza (2018)
asserted . . .

√ Examples of better article openings

manifesting critical thinking through
analysis, comparison, and contrast of
Tips in Writing Literature Review

√ One early work by Castro (2017)

proves that…
√ The latest study by (Gomez,
2018) reveals that…
√ Another study on the topic by
Torres (2017) maintains that…
√ A research study by (Rivera,
2017) explains that…
Tips in Writing Literature Review
2. Coming from various books on literature
review writing are the following transitional
devices and active verbs to link or express
authors’ ideas in your paper (Transitional
devices).
√ For Words that links similar ideas/opinions:
additionally, similarly, a similar opinion;
√ For differing ideas/ results:
however, conversely, on the other hand, a
contrasting opinion, a different approach, in
comparison;
Tips in Writing Literature Review

√Other transitional devices- nevertheless,

moreover, consequently, furthermore,
further, etc.
Tips in Writing Literature Review
√Active verbs- analyze, assert, argues,
assume, claim, compare, contrast,
debate, defend, demonstrate,
conclude, criticize, discuss,
distinguish, differentiate, imply,
examine, emphasize,
evaluate, expand, explain,
exhibit, identify, illustrate, indicate, judge,
justify, narrate, outline, persuade, propose,
question, relate to, report, review, suggest,
summarize, etc.
Tips in Writing Literature Review

3. Remember: Your review must be

formal, academic. Keep your writing clear and
concise.

4. Aim to be objective and respectful of

others’
opinions use words tactfully.
APA 7th ed Update
APA 7th ed Update
APA 7th ed Update
APA 7th ed Update
APA 7th ed Update
APA 7th ed Update