2nd Year UG Lecture

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
DENTAL MATERIALS
STRESS
• When a force acts on body, tending to produce deformation, a
resistance is developed within the body to this external force.
• The internal resistance of the body to the external force is called
stress.
TYPES OF STRESSES
1. Tensile stress:
 Results in a body when it is subjected to two sets of forces that are directed away from each
other in the same straight line.
 The load tends to stretch or elongate a body.
2. Compressive stress:
 Results when the body is subjected to two sets of forces in the same straight line but directed
towards each other.
 The load tends to or shortens a body.
3. Shear stress:
 Shear stress is a result of two forces directed parallel to each other.
 A stress that tends to resist a twisting motion, or a sliding of one portion of a body over
another is a shear or shearing stress.
STRAIN
Strain is expressed as change in length per unit length of the body

when a stress is applied.
It is a dimensionless quantity and may be elastic or plastic or a
combination of the two.
COMPLEX STRESSES
• These may be a combination of tensile, shear or compressive

stresses.
• For example, when a wire is stretched the predominant stress is
tensile, but shearing and compressive stresses will also be present
because the wire is getting thinner (compressed in cross-section)
as it elongates.
POISSON’S RATIO:
• If we take a cylinder and subject it to a tensile stress or
compressive stress, there is simultaneous axial and lateral strain.
• Within the elastic range the ratio of the lateral to the axial strain is
called poisson’s ratio.
PROPORTIONAL
LIMIT:
Defined as the greatest stress

that may be produced in a
material such that the stress
is directly proportional to
strain.
ELASTIC LIMIT:
• Defined as the maximum stress that a material will withstand
without permanent deformation (change in shape).
YIELD STRENGTH:
• Defined as the stress at which a material exhibits a specified
limiting deviation from proportionality of stress to strain.
• It is the limit of tolerable permanent strain
DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH:

By selecting the desired offset and drawing a line parallel to the linear
region of the stress strain curve. The point on the stress-strain curve
where the offset meets is the yield strength.
WHAT IS OFFSET?
• An offset is an arbitrary value put for a material.
• It represents the percent of total permanent deformation that is
acceptable for the material.
• In dentistry 0.1% (1% offset) and 0.2% (2% offset) are most
commonly used.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY/ YOUNG’S
MODULUS
• It represents the relative stiffness or rigidity of the material within

the elastic range.
• Ratio of stress to strain
• Since stress is proportional to strain (up to the proportional limit),
the stress to strain ratio would be constant.
Application:
The metal frame of a metal-ceramic bridge should have a high
stiffness. If the metal flexes, the porcelain veneer on it might crack or
separate.
FLEXIBILITY
• The strain that occurs when the material
is stressed to its proportional limit.
Application:
• It is useful to know the flexibility of elastic
impression materials to determine how easily
they may be withdrawn over undercuts in the
mouth.
RESILIENCE
• Resilience can be defined as the amount of energy absorbed by a

structure when it is stressed not to exceed its proportional limit
• Springiness
• Resilience is also measured

by the area under the
straight line portion of the
stress-strain curve
IMPACT
• It is the reaction of a stationary object to collision with a moving

object.
• Impact resistance of a material = Modulus of elasticity
• Stiffer materials will have less impact resistance

• Increase in volume leads to an increase in impact resistance.
PERMANENT DEFORMATION
• Once the elastic limit of a material is crossed by a specific

amount of stress, the further increase in strain is called
permanent deformation, i.e. the resulting change in dimension is
permanent.
• Permanent deformation is
higher in hydrocolloids than in
elastomers.
STRENGTH
• It is the maximal stress required to

fracture a structure.
• The three basic types of strength are:
1. Tensile strength
2. Compressive strength
3. Shear strength
TENSILE STRENGTH
• The maximal stress the structure will withstand before

rupture.
• ‘Diametral compression test’ is used for brittle

materials
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• ‘Crushing strength’
• Determined by subjecting a
cylindrical specimen to a
compressive load.
• The strength value is obtained
from the cross sectional area
and force applied.
SHEAR STRENGTH
• It is the maximum stress that a material can withstand

before failure in a shear mode of loading.
• It is tested using the punch or pushout method.
Where,
F = force
D = punch diameter
H = thickness of the specimen.
• Used to study the interface between two materials, e.g.,

porcelain fused to metal
TRANSVERSE OR FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
• Also termed as modulus of rupture, or bend strength

• Obtained when a load is applied in the middle of a beam
supported at each end. This test is also called a 3 point
bending test (3PB)
• Used to test denture base resins and long span bridges
FATIGUE
• A structure subjected to repeated or cyclic stresses below its

proportional limit can produce abrupt failure of the structure. This
type of failure is called fatigue.
• Restorations in the mouth are often subjected to cyclic forces of

mastication. In order to last, these restorations should be able to
resist fatigue.
STATIC FATIGUE
• It is a phenomenon exhibited by some ceramic materials.

• These materials support a high static load for a long period of
time and then fail abruptly.
• This type of failure occurs only when the materials are stored
in a wet environment and this property is related to the effect
of water on the highly stressed surface of the material.
TOUGHNESS
• It is defined as the energy required to fracture a material.

• Toughness is also measured as the total area under the
stress-strain curve
BRITTLENESS
• A brittle material fractures at or near its proportional limit.
• Many dental materials are brittle, e.g., porcelain, cements,
dental stone, etc
DUCTILITY
• It is the ability of a material to withstand permanent deformation
under a tensile load without rupture.
• A metal that can be drawn readily into a wire is said to be ductile.
Methods of measurement:
1. By measuring the percentage elongation after fracture.
2. By measuring reduction in cross-sectional area of fractured ends
in comparison to the original area of the wire or rod and the method
is called reduction in area method.
3. By using the cold bend test.
MALLEABILITY
• It is the ability of the material to withstand rupture under

compression, as in hammering or rolling into a sheet.
• Malleability with Temperature
• Toughness of a material is dependent upon the ductility (or malleability)
of the material than upon the flexibility or elastic modulus.
HARDNESS
• In mineralogy the hardness is described as the ability of a
material to resist scratching.
• In metallurgy and in most other fields, the resistance to
indentation is taken as the measure of hardness.
BRINELL Hardness Test:

• 10 mm diameter steel ball as an indenter
• Applying a uniform 3000 kgf (29 kn) force
• The load is divided by the area of the surface of the indentation
• Used for measuring hardness of metals and metallic materials
ROCKWELL HARDNESS NUMBER (RHN):
• Steel ball or a conical diamond point is used
• Depth is measured directly by a dial gauge on the
instrument.
VICKERS HARDNESS TEST (VHN):

• A diamond in the shape of a square pyramid is used.
• The impression is square instead of round. The load is
divided by the area of indentation.
• Used in the ADA for dental casting golds.
• This test is suitable for brittle materials and so is used
for measuring hardness of tooth structure.
KNOOP HARDNESS TEST:
• A diamond indenting tool is used.
• Knoop hardness values is independent of the ductility
• Values for both exceedingly hard and soft materials
can be obtained from this test.
THE SHORE AND THE BARCOL:
• These are less sophisticated tests.
• A metal indenter that is spring loaded is used.
• The hardness number is based on depth of penetration
and is read directly from a gauge.
• Used for measuring the hardness of rubber and plastics.
ABRASION RESISTANCE
• Hardness has often been used to indicate the ability of a material

to resist abrasion
• It is useful for comparing materials in the same class, e.g., one
brand of cement is compared to another and their abrasion
resistance is quoted in comparison to one another.
• The only reliable test for abrasion is a test procedure which
simulates the conditions which the material will eventually be
subjected to, e.g., toothbrush abrasion tests.

2nd Year UG Lecture

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

Strain is expressed as change in length per unit length of the body

• These may be a combination of tensile, shear or compressive

Defined as the greatest stress

DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH:

• It represents the relative stiffness or rigidity of the material within

• Resilience can be defined as the amount of energy absorbed by a

• Resilience is also measured

• It is the reaction of a stationary object to collision with a moving

• Impact resistance of a material = Modulus of elasticity

• Stiffer materials will have less impact resistance

• Once the elastic limit of a material is crossed by a specific

• It is the maximal stress required to

• The maximal stress the structure will withstand before

• ‘Diametral compression test’ is used for brittle

• It is the maximum stress that a material can withstand

• Used to study the interface between two materials, e.g.,

• Also termed as modulus of rupture, or bend strength

• A structure subjected to repeated or cyclic stresses below its

• Restorations in the mouth are often subjected to cyclic forces of

• It is a phenomenon exhibited by some ceramic materials.

• It is defined as the energy required to fracture a material.

• It is the ability of the material to withstand rupture under

BRINELL Hardness Test:

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST (VHN):

• Hardness has often been used to indicate the ability of a material

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