FLIES

SUBMITTED TO,
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE
LUCKNOW
 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF
DIPTERA

HEAD
THORAX
•It has compound
•One pair of
eyes 3 ocelli , a membranous wings ABDOMEN
pair of antennae. ,the 2nd pair of wings •Its contain other
•Mouth part represented only by key organs
sponging type. an insignificant pair include an egg
•Probascis consist of knobbed rodlike laying ovipositor
3 pair a basal appendages know as (in female ) and a
large rostrum HALTERS. sperm
•The legs consist of
middle houstellum deposisting
the usual segment
and a distal generally with long aedeagus ( in
labella or oral coxae. males )
lobes. •The tarsi are usually •Both remain
•Food channel is terminated by retracted when
formed by labrum twoclaws with pad not in use.
–epipharynx like pulvilli.
&
hypopharynx.
 150-200 eggs /sitting
1m m long pearly
white 2
longitudinal ridges in
dorsal side.

EGG
White
Body divided segmented 13
Head , thorax ,
Abdomen.
LIFE CYCLE OF FLIES footles ,
worm like ½
A pair of inch , narrow
compound eyes. anterior end
Antenna-small & broad
& 3 segmented. posterior end
Eyes are closer White in early stages , .no eyes and
in males &for a later appendages
part in female. it become dark Brown.
ADUL Barrel shaped.
LARV
T A
PUP
 PHLEBOTOMUS (SAND FLY)

GENRAL MORPHOLOGY
• The female feed exclusively on blood p.minutus feeds
partially entirely on cold blooded animals.

•The are found in nearly all worm and tropical climates of the world
with the word with the exception of Australia and the East Indian
island.

• The sand flies are small dull colored insect yellowish or buff ,
slender
in build with long & lanky legs.

• They are easily recognized by the characteristic wing venation

• It has long proboscis and suck blood.
• A blade like hypopharynx containing the salivary duct.
• The male genitalia consist of three appendages .
• Identification especially of females is difficult.
 Egg are elongated dark LARVA
shiny brown colour , Caterpillar like
40-60 in number creature with a
,viscid and adhere to relatively large
the surfaces with which head and heavy
they come in contact. jaws & 2 pair
EGG of long bristles.
Body is
provided with
LIFE CYCLE OF SAND FLY numberous
toothed spine .
Larva feed on
decay
Body part
material .
divided
Rough cuticle , Larva requires
Head thorax
identified by last from 2 week or
abdomen like a
larval skin . 2 months .
tiny moths
The pupae are less Hibernation
occur in its
very hairy
suspetiple to stage
bodies .
drying than larva
Wings venation
6-10 days.
ADUL Long
T
proboscis. PUPA
 Disease

OROYA FEVER
LEISHMANIASIS It is proveded by Bartonella
•SAND FLY –
The disease can present bacilliformis.
•It was
in 3 main ways 1- It is named after Daniel
experimentally
shown by Doerr cutaneous- from present Alcides Carrion.
with skin ulcers ACUTE PHASE-Its also called
in 1908 to be
the hematic
transmitted by 2-mucocutaneous-from
phase .temperature 102 degree F
Phlebotomus no greater than
presents with ulcers of skin CHRONIC PHASE-its also
papatasi 3-visceral from skin called the eruptic phase or tissue
ulcers
and then later presents with phase in which patients develop a
fewer low red blood cutaneous cell and is also know
cells and enlarged as peruvian warts or verruga
spleen and liver. peruana.

CONTROLE – Sand flies are very easily controlle locally

by DDT.
 BITTING MIDGES
GENRAL MORPHOLOGY
• The tiny flies size 1 to 2 mm in length.

• The can usually be distinguished from allied insect by peculiar

venation of the wings.

• The proboscis is never long even in the bloodsuckers and one

marvels at the irritation which can be inflicted by such a small
organ.

• Most species have characteristically mottled wings.

• The great majority of the species that attack man

and animal belong o the genus .

• Culicoides but there are annoying pest in the genera

leptoconops ceratopogon & forciponyia also
LIFE CYCLE OF
MIDGES
 LIFE CYCLE OF MIDGES
The egg of culicoides ,several hundred in number are deposited in
gelatinous masses like miniature masses of frog egg and are usually
moore to some object under wate in swamps or ponds , many sps
favour brackish or salt water.
After few days the egg hatch and give rise to minute slender
wormlike larvae which burrow in we mud or sand eiteher in or out
of water their movement suggest giant spirochetes.
Culicoides larvae , unlike chironomid larvae do not have
pseudopodia on the first or last segment of abdomen.

The pupa rather resembles that of a mosquito except that the

abdomen.
Both larvae and pupa are hard to find
The presence of breeding place is more frequently discovered by
finding the floating pupa cases from the adult larva emerged.
Life cycle occupied 2 week.
MIDGES AS DISEASE CARRIERS

• Blood sucking midges have been accused of transmitting a Peruvian form of dermal
leishmanisis
.
•They serve as intermediate hosts for two human filarial worms .Acanthochelionema
perstans & man sonella ozzardi.

CULICOIDES AND FILARIAL INFECTION –

Sharp proved two species of culicoides ,c.grahami and c.austeni to be the
intermediate hosts of the filarial worm Acanthocheilonema perstans.

CONTROL
• Dorsey used 12 to 15 lb DDT per acre to control culicoides breeding in tidal
mangrove
swamps

• BHC or phenothiazine give better results.

BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO (GNATS )
GENRAL MORPHOLOGY
• The blackflies as annoyers of domestic animals and man , are among
the most important of insect pest since they often appear in over
whelming hordes.
•The female are most vicious bloodsuckers they may kill large no of
animals.
• These small insect.
• Instead of the usual slender log legged ,midge like flies of this group
.we have in the black flies small robust hump backed creatures with
short legs and broad wings.
•The antennae are composed of 11 segment but they are short and
stocky and have no hairs at the joints,
• The proboscis in the female is short but hevy and powerful in the
males which are not bloodsuckers it is poorly developed.
•The mouthpart consisting of toothed daggerlike mandibles and
maxillae and also a hypopharynx and labrum epipharynx resembles in
genral those of phlebotomus.
LIFE HISTORY OF BLACK FLIES
EGG
•The egg which have a peculiar slimy coating are laid in large masses up to many
thousands by a number of females.
•They are deposited by some sps on leaves or blades of grass which
are ocasionally licked by running water.
•The weight of the egg sufficing to submerge them other species dart into the
water and ovipost directly on the slimy surfaces of submerged stones or
twings .
•The egg require 4 to 5 days or longer to hatch.

LARVA-
•the larva attaches itself to a stone or other submerged object by means of
concentric circles of minute hooklets at the blunt posterior end of the
body.
•The hooks hold fast to glutinous silken threads spun by the larvae.
•The mouth fans which are very delicate and elegant are used for
sweeping microscopic particle into the mouth as they are brought by
running water
•The stump of a leg on the first segment is used in conjuction with the posterior
suckers for creeping the larva looping along like a measuring worm . It is
always constructing the silkeen cocoon from the secreation of the salivary
glands.
•Larva r always found in colonies , sometimes forming veritable carpets on
boords or stones.
•After 2 or 3 week or longer the larvae spin for themselves a partial cocoon
which is variously shaped like a jelly glass , slipper wall pocket etc.open at the
upper end for the extrusion of branching gill filament which are used as breathing
organ.
PUPA
• The general form of the pupae can be seen in diagram. The breathing filament
vary greatly in different species and may have from 4-to 6 branches.
ADULT
•The adult emerge in from 3 days to week days to week or more and are carried
to the surface by a bubble of air which has been collected inside the old pupal
skin .
• The adult are short lived and lay their eggs soon after emergence.
•Time period of whole life cycle from egg to adult is 6 weeks to 2 months or
more.
LIFE CYCLE OF BLACK FLIES
 DISEASE
ONCHOCERCIASIS-
It is known as river blindness is a disesase caused by infection with
parasitic worm onchocera volvulus symptoms include severe
itching bumps under the skin and blindness .
It is the second most comman cause of blindness due to infection after
trachoma.

LEUCOCYTOZO INFECTION OF BIRD- O,Roke found simulium venustum

to be the intermediate host of leucocytozoon simondi which cause a
malaria like disease.

CONTROL
DDT has proved a very effective insectiside for destruction of black fly
larvae.
 HORSE FLY

GENRAL MORPHOLOGY

•The leptidae are easily distinguished by the long tapering abdomen

and the form of antennae,the tabanids know as godflies , horseflies
•The tabanids are the large size and heavy build huge eyes are
brown or black colour.
• The head is large in male.
•The antennae are of characteristic shape varying somewhat in the
different genra.
•The mouth part are almost exactly like those of the blackflies on
large exactly like scale
• Thorax is realativel long and the wing are large.
• The marking of wings give a easiest identification.
•Haematopota is of moderate size and has wings with profuse scroll
like marking.
 EGG MASS

LIFECYCLE OF HORSE
FLIES

ADULT

LARV
A
PUP
 LIFE CYCLE OF HORSE FLY
EGG LARVA PUPA ADUL
T
• The newly hatch • The pupa often
•The egg several • The adult flies are
larva fall into the resembles the
hundred in no are water or to wet chrysalis of strictly diurnal and
laid in definitely ground. butterfly in form. are often active in
shaped masses on • Larva ae the clear sunlight
the leaves of cylindrical legless • The pupal is of a summer day ,
marsh or water creatures relatively brief though many forest
tapering at each according to dwelling forms.
plants on the
leaves or twing end. Cameron 1926 it
• The body has seldom extends • They are strong
of trees fly.
eleven segment beyond 2 week
overhanging
exclusive of and may be as
water or in the very small short as 5 days. • They don't go in
crevices of rock and often swarms as do many
along the sides of retracted head. other insect but
stream. • The larva are are usually
• Hatch in 4-7 voracious feeders. solitary in habit.
days
 TABANIDS AND DISEASE

• TRYPANOSOMA
• TRANSMISSION OF OTHER DISEASE BY INTERRUPTED FEEDING
• ANAPLASMOSIS
• ANTHROX
• TULAREMIA
• LOA-LOA

CONTROL
•Prevention of bites from tabanids . Especially during an epidemic of
anthrax or where disesase which may be transmitted by tabanids are
prevalent
• DDT , BHC , Phenothiazine is better.
 TSETSE FLIES (Glossina)
GENRAL MORPHOLOGY
•Sometimes spelled tzetze and also know as tik-tik are large biting
flies that inhabit much of tropical africa.

•Tsetse flies include all sps in the genus Glossina which are placed in
Glossinidae.

• It is obligate parasite

• These flies are multivoltine

•The tsetse fly are elongated dark brown or yellowish –brown flies ,
some species so larger than blowflies.

• The mouth parts and antennae is characterstic given below

•The thorax is relatively large and quadrangular with a characterstic

pattern which however in conspicuous in some species .

• Tsetse are diurnal.

 Tsetse have a distinct proboscis
a long thin structure attached
Proboscis to the bottom of the head and
pointing forward.

When at rest tsetse fold

Folded their wings completely one
wings on top of the other.

The distal medial (middle) cell of

Hatchet
cell the wing has a characterstic
hatchet shape resembling a meat
cleaver or a hatchet

Branched
arista The antennae have arista with
hairs hairs which are themselves
branched
 LIFE CYCLE OF TSETSE FLY
The don’t lay egg and the single developing larva is retained
with body being nourished by special milk gland on the wall of
uterus while lying with its stigmal plates containing the
spiracles close to the genital opening of the mother.

The larva is a yellowish white creature about 8 to 10mm in length

immediately after birth it hides it self at a depth of 1 to 2 m in
louse soil or under dead leaves and transform to pupa.

This turns a dark purplish brown colour .

It is shaped like a small olive and has at the tip of the body the
blackish knobs which are so characterstic of the larval stage also.
The duration of pupal stage may be from 17 days to nearly 3
months,

Adult