INTRODUCTION OF

PHARMACOLOGY
BY

Prof Dr. SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM

M.PHARM, Ph.D., M.B.A, PhD
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Able to define and discuss basic concepts of pharmacology

2. Able to understand the history of pharmacology and other
therapy's
3. Able to describe the pharmacokinetics (absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion)
4. Able to explain the pharmacodynamic and mechanisms of
drug actions
5. Able to demonstrate the drug discovery and drug development
6. Able to define and explain the various terminology used in
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
2
 TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO TITLE PAGE
1 DIFINITION OF HEALTH, DISEASE AND
TREATMENT
4
2 VARIOUS TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE
TREATMENT/ MEDICINE
5
3 WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY 7
4 WHAT IS DRUG 9
5 PRIMARY BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY 12
6 WHAT IS RECEPTOR 18
7 TYPES OF RECEPTOR 19
8 AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) 23
9 TERMINOLOGY ELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS 25
10 DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 30
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
3
 1. DEFINITION OF HEALTH, DISEASE AND TREATMENT
HEALTH
 The World Health Organization claims that health is “a
complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.
DISEASE:
  An abnormal condition of an organism’s part, organ or
system resulting from various causes, such as infection,
inflammation, environmental factors, or genetic defect, and
characterised by an identifiable group of signs,
symptoms, or both.
TREATMENT
 Medical care is given to a patient for a disease, illness or
injury.
 The application of medicines, surgery, psychotherapy
etc, to a patient or to a disease or symptom.
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
4
 2. VARIOUS TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE
TREATMENT/ MEDICINE

1. SIDDHA
2.AYURVEDIC
3. HOMOEOPATHY
4. UNANI
5. YOGA
6. CHINESE
7. NATUROPATHY
8. ACUPRESSURE
9. ACUPUNCTURE
10. MALAY TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
5
 HISTORY OF ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE

Allopathy: The system of medical practice

which treats disease by the use of remedies
which produce effects different from those
produced by the disease under treatment.
MDs practice allopathic medicine.

Time: Early to mid-1800s-1900s

Title: Allopathic medicine emerges as the

primary Western medical model
HIPPOCRATES (460B.C.-377B.C.)

“THE FATHER OF Event: Allopathy is the type of medicine most

MEDICINE” was the first
to attempt to separate the familiar to Westerners today. Allopathy is a
practice of medicine from
biologically based approach to healing.
religion”
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
6
3. WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY?

STUDY OF DRUGS
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
7
 Pharmacology (from pharmakon, the Greek word for drug)
is the study of drugs (substances that produce
changes in the body) and the characterization of their:

 is the science of the interaction of chemical agents (drugs)

with living systems. It encompasses the study of the

biochemical and physiologic aspects of drug effects,
including absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination,
toxicity, and specific mechanisms of drug action..
 (Pharmacology: Study of drugs; their action on
living organisms)

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]

8
 4. WHAT IS DRUG

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine,

Medication or medicament, can be loosely defined as

any chemical substance intended for use in the

1 Prevention of disease,

2 Medical diagnosis,

3 Cure the disease,

4 Treat the disease, and

5 Enhance mental well-being.

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
9
 SOURCES OF DRUG

 Natural products
1. http://hubpages.com/education/Where-do-dru
 Plants gs-come-from-Sources-of-Drugs
 Animals 2. http://howmed.net/pharmacology/sources-of-d
rugs/
 Minerals
 Bacteria and fungi 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product

 Human

 Chemical development
 Synthetic / Semi synthetic of drug
 Manipulation of genetic information

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]

10
 DRUG FROM - PLANT SOURCE

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 11

5. PRIMARY BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 12

 PRIMARY BRANCHES PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACODYNAMICS

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 13

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 14
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 15
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 16
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 17
 6. WHAT IS RECEPTOR

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 18

 7. TYPES OF RECEPTOR

Transmembrane signalling mechanisms. A. Ligand binds to the extracellular

domain of a ligand-gated channel. B. Ligand binds to a domain of a
transmembrane receptor, which is coupled to a G protein. C. Ligand binds to
the extracellular domain of a receptor that activates a kinase enzyme. D. Lipid-
soluble ligand diffuses across the membrane to interact with its intracellular
receptor. R = inactive protein.

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 19

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 20
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 21
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 22
 8. AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC)
In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the area
under the curve (mathematically known as definite integral) in a plot of the
concentration of drug in blood plasma against time. 

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 23

 AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC)

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 24

 9. TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS
1. PHARMACOKINETICS
The study of the bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.

2. DRUG ABSORPTION
The movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration.

3. DRUG DISTRIBUTION
The movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body (for
example, fat, muscle, and brain tissue) and the relative proportions of drug in the
tissues.

4. DRUG METABOLISM
The process by which the body breaks down and converts medication into active 
chemical substances.

5. ELIMINATION (OR) EXCRETION

The elimination or excretion of a drug is eliminated from an organism either in an
unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.

elimination pathways:
Urine, Tears, Perspiration(SKIN), Saliva, Respiration, Milk, Faeces, Bile.
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 25
 TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS
6. LOADING DOSE (OR) INITIAL DOSE
Comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to start getting the
effect of a drug.
7. VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION
The volume of distribution (Vd), also known as apparent volume of distribution, is the
total amount of administered drug would have to occupy (if it were uniformly
distributed), to provide the same concentration as it currently is in blood plasma. 
Vd= A/C
A= amount of drug in the body
C= plasma concentration
8. RATE OF INFUSION
The rate of infusion (or dosing rate) refers not just to the rate at which a drug is
administered, but the desired rate at which a drug should be administered to achieve
a steady state of a fixed dose which has been demonstrated to be therapeutically
effective.
 9.COMPARTMENT
volume of body fluids is distinguished from anatomic compartments.

Example : There are five major body compartments:

Blood plasma , Interstitial fluid, Fat tissue , Intracellular fluid, Tran-cellular fluid
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected]
26
 TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS
10. BIOAVAILABILITY.
Subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged
drug that reaches the systemic circulation (blood).
11. BIOEQUIVALENCE
The relationship between two preparations of the same drug in the same
dosage form that have a similar bioavailability.
12. BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE  (OR ) TERMINAL HALF-LIFE 
A substance is the time it takes for a substance (for example
a metabolite, drug, signalling molecule, radioactive nuclide, or other substance) to
lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.
13. THERAPEUTIC INDEX (TI)  (OR ) ( THERAPEUTIC WINDOW 
(OR ) SAFETY WINDOW  (OR ) THERAPEUTIC RATIO)
A drug is the range of drug dosages which can treat disease effectively while staying
within the safety range.
14. ONSET OF ACTION 
The duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to prominence upon
administration. 
15. DURATION OF ACTION
Therapeutics The length of time that a particular drug is effective.
Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 27
TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO
PHARMACOKINETICS

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 28

TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO
PHARMACOKINETICS

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 29

10. DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 30

 DRUG DISCOVERY AND APPROVAL:
PRECLINICAL RESEARCH AND PHASES 1-4

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 31

DRUG DISCOVERY, DEVELOPMENT AND
APPROVAL: CLINICAL TRIAL

Professor Saminathan Kayarohanam - [email protected] 32

 DISCLAIMER!
This channel does not Promote or encourage

any illegal activities and all contents provided by

this channel are meant for educational purposes

only. Any copyrighted material on these slides is

included as fair use for educational purposes only.

It will be removed at the request of copyright owners(s)