CS-101-Chapter 4 All Part
CS-101-Chapter 4 All Part
CS-101-Chapter 4 All Part
CS-101
FCST
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Principle of Information
Technology
Textbook: Using Information Technology, A Practical
Introduction
to Computers & Communications
Edition: Eleventh Edition
Authors: Brian K. Williams, Stacey C. Sawyer
2
FCST
Contents Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
3
FCST
Processing: The System Unit,Dr.Microprocessors,
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY & Main Memory (UCSY)
[1] https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-a-circuit/all
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/v/vacuum-tube.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistorer_(cropped).jpg 4
FCST
Microchips, Miniaturization, &San,
Dr. Cho Cho Mobility
L, UCSY (UCSY)
The Since the early 1970s, microchips have gotten smaller and smaller yet more and
more powerful and faster.
A transistor is a tiny electronic switch that can be turned “on” or “off” millions of times per
second.
Transistors form part of an integrated circuit — an entire electronic circuit, including wires,
formed on a single “chip,” or piece, of special material, usually silicon, as part of a single
manufacturing process.
Integrated circuits were developed by Jack Kilby.
Integrated circuits are solid state (no moving parts).
In a solid-state device, the electrons travel through solid material with no moving parts -
silicon.
6
FCST
Miniaturization Miracles: Dr.
Microchips & Microprocessors
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
7
FCST
Miniaturization Miracles: Dr.
Microchips & Microprocessors
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
8
FCST
Miniaturization Miracles: Dr.
Microchips & Microprocessors
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
https://4.imimg.com/data4/OS/WH/MY-10100220/
9
processor-500x500.jpg
FCST
Miniaturization Leads toDr. Mobility
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
10
FCST
System Unit Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
The system unit is a case that contains the computer’s electronic components used to
process data.
The system unit, also called the chassis, is the metal or plastic case housing a computer’s
electronic components used to process data.
Desktop PC System Units
The processor and some secondary-storage devices appear inside the
system unit.
Such input and output devices as the keyboard, mouse, monitor,
speakers, and microphone normally appear outside the system unit.
11
FCST
System Unit Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
12
FCST
System Unit Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Hybrid tablets/PCs: A hybrid tablet or hybrid PC, also known as a detachable PC.
14
FCST
Representing Data Electronically
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
15
FCST
Binary System Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Measuring Capacity
Capacity is denoted by bits and bytes and multiples thereof—kilobytes, megabytes,
gigabytes, and so on:
Bit: each 0 or 1 is a bit
Byte: a group of 8 bits = 1 character, digit, or other value
Kilobyte (KB): 1,000 (1,024) bytes
Megabyte (MB): 1 million (1,048,576) bytes
Gigabyte (GB): 1 billion (1,073,741,824) bytes
Terabyte (TB): 1 trillion (1,009,511,627,776) bytes (1012)
Petabyte (PB): 1 quadrillion bytes (1015)
Exabyte (EB): 1 quintillion bytes
yottabye, xenottabyte, shilentnobyte, domegemegrottebyte, icosebyte, monoicosebyte.
16
FCST
Binary System (Measuring
Dr. Cho Capacity)
Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
17
FCST
Binary Coding Schemes
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Letters, numbers, and special characters are represented within a computer system by
means of binary coding schemes.
The off/on 0s and 1s are arranged in such a way that they can be made to represent
characters, digits, or other values.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Pronounced “ask-ee”
Requires 7 or 8 bits per character, depending on the version
8-bit Extended ASCII provides 256 characters
Commonly used for microcomputers
18
FCST
Binary Coding Schemes Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Unicode
Unicode uses 2 bytes (16 bits) for each character
Unicode can handle 65,536 character combinations.
19
FCST
Binary Coding Schemes
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
20
FCST
Machine Language Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
21
FCST
Inside The System Unit Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
22
FCST
Inside The System UnitDr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
23
FCST
Bays, Buttons, & Boards
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Bay : Opening in the computer cabinet used for the installation of electrical equipment.
Buttons: The number of buttons on the outside of the computer case will vary, but the
on/off power switch will appear somewhere, probably on the front.
Boards: Various electric circuit boards contain inside the case, (e.g. motherboard)
24
FCST
Power Supply Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
The power supply unit provides power for the motherboard and other main
components of the computer.
This converts AC to DC to run the computer.
Surge Protector
A surge protector, or surge suppressor, is a device that protects a computer
from being damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage.
The computer is plugged into the surge protector, which in turn is plugged
into a standard electric outlet.
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
Battery-operated device that provides power for a limited time when there is
a blackout.
25
FCST
Motherboard Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
26
FCST
Expansion Slots and Microprocessor
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY Chip (UCSY)
Transistors are tiny electronic devices that act as on/off switches, which process the on/off
(1/0) bits used to represent data.
The chipset—chips for controlling information among system components:
The chipset consists of groups of interconnected chips on the motherboard that are
designed to work together to control the flow of information between the microprocessor
and other system components connected to the motherboard.
28
FCST
Traditional Microcomputer Microprocessors
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Intel-type processors for microcomputers—Intel and AMD chips: Intel-type chips have
a similar internal design and are made to run microcomputers.
Processors for portable devices: Chip makers have been rushing to produce
processors for portable devices, from smartphones to tablets to handheld game systems.
Graphics processing units—specialized processors for 3-D graphics: A graphics
processing unit (GPU) is a specialized processor used to manipulate three-dimensional
(3-D) computer graphics.
Processors for data centers: A data center, or datacenter, sometimes called a server
farm, is a facility that holds servers and related network equipment.
29
FCST
Traditional Microcomputer
Dr. Cho Microprocessors
Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Processing Speeds
Every microprocessor contains a system clock, which controls how fast all the operations
within a computer take place (the chip’s processing speed).
Older CPU processing speeds are in megahertz.
1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second
Current CPU processing speeds are in gigahertz.
1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second
The faster a CPU runs, the more power it consumes, and the more heat it generates.
30
Comparison of Some Popular Recent
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY
Microcomputer FCST
(UCSY)
Processors
Page 209
31
FCST
Central Processing UnitDr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
The CPU, for central processing unit, is the “brain” of the computer; it follows the
instructions of the software (program) to manipulate data into information.
The CPU consists of two parts—(1) the control unit and (2) the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU),
both of which contain registers, or high-speed storage areas.
The control unit deciphers each instruction stored in the CPU and then carries out the
instruction.
In the machine cycle, the CPU (1) fetches an instruction, (2) decodes the instruction, (3)
executes the instruction, and (4) stores the result.
32
FCST
Central Processing UnitDr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
33
FCST
Control Unit & MachineDr.Cycle
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
The control unit deciphers each instruction stored in the CPU and then carries out the
instruction.
It directs the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the arithmetic/
logic unit.
It also directs these electronic signals between main memory and the input and output
devices.
For every instruction, the control unit carries out four basic operations, known as the
machine cycle.
In the machine cycle, the CPU (1) fetches an instruction, (2) decodes the instruction, (3)
executes the instruction, and (4) stores the result.
34
FCST
Control Unit & MachineDr.Cycle
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Each time the central processing unit executes an instruction, it takes a series of steps.
The complete series of steps is called a machine cycle.
35
FCST
Arithmetic/Logic Unit Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and
controls the speed of those operations.
Arithmetic operations are the fundamental math operations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
Logical operations are comparisons.
That is, the ALU compares two pieces of data to see whether one is equal to (=), greater
than (>), greater than or equal to (>=), less than (<), less than or equal to (<=), or not
equal to (≠) the other.
36
FCST
Registers Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
The control unit and the ALU also use registers, special CPU areas that enhance the
computer’s performance.
Registers are high-speed storage areas for temporarily storing data during processing.
The control unit and the ALU also use registers, special CPU areas that enhance the
computer’s performance.
Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily store data during processing.
37
FCST
Registers Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
38
FCST
Buses & Word Size Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Buses are data roadways for transferring data within the CPU and to the motherboard.
Buses, or bus lines, are electrical data roadways through which bits are transmitted within
the CPU and between the CPU and other components of the motherboard.
A bus resembles a multilane highway: The more lanes it has, the faster the bits can be
transferred.
The bus width is the same as the computer’s word size, the number of bits that the
processor can process at any one time.
The more bits in a word, usually the faster the computer.
A 32-bit-word computer will transfer data within each microprocessor chip in 32-bit
chunks.
A 64-bit-word computer is faster, transferring data in 64-bit chunks at a time.
39
FCST
Memory Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
40
FCST
Memory Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
The four principal types of memory chips are RAM, ROM, CMOS, and flash.
41
FCST
RAM Types Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
DRAM
It must be constantly refreshed by the CPU or it will lose its contents.
Faster variations on the basic DRAM include SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM),
which is synchronized by the system clock;
DDR-SDRAM (double-data rate synchronous dynamic RAM), and its later variations
DDR2 and DDR3; and
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM), which is much faster than SDRAM.
42
FCST
RAM Types Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
SRAM
The second type, static RAM, or SRAM, is faster than DRAM and retains its contents
without having to be refreshed by the CPU.
MRAM
The third and newer type is MRAM (magnetoresistive RAM), which stores data using
magnetic charges rather than electric charges and is faster and stores more data than
electronic RAM.
MRAM retains its contents when the power is shut off.
43
FCST
Cache Memory Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Virtual Memory: It is unused hard disk or optical (CD) space that the processor uses to
extend the capacity of RAM.
45
FCST
Read-only Memory (ROM)
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
In computer terminology, read means to transfer data from an input source into the
computer’s memory or CPU and write means to transfer data from the computer’s CPU or
memory to an output device.
Thus, with a ROM chip, read-only means that the CPU can retrieve programs from the
ROM chip but cannot modify or add to those programs.
A variation is PROM (programmable read-only memory), which is a ROM chip that allows
the user to load read-only programs and data.
However, this can be done only once.
46
FCST
Flash Memory Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
47
FCST
Complementary Metal-oxide
Dr. Cho ChoSemiconductor
San, L, UCSY (CMOS) (UCSY)
CMOS chips are powered by a battery and thus don’t lose their contents when the power
is turned off.
Used for some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other memory chips, CMOS chips
contain flexible start-up instructions—such as time, date, and calendar— that must be
kept current even when the computer is turned off.
Unlike ROM chips, CMOS chips can be reprogrammed, as when you need to change the
time for daylight saving time.
48
FCST
Expansion Cards, Bus Lines, & Ports
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Expansion cards plug into slots on the motherboard that are connected by buses to ports
that the user can access.
Expansion cards are circuit boards that provide more memory or that control peripheral
devices (for graphics, sound, video, network interface, wireless connection, etc.).
Buses connect the expansion cards to ports.
A port is a connecting socket or jack on the outside of the computer unit or device into
which are plugged different kinds of cables that connect peripheral devices.
49
FCST
Expansion Slots & Cards
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard into which you can plug expansion
cards.
Expansion cards—also known as expansion boards, adapter cards, interface cards,
plug-in boards, controller cards, add-ins, or add-ons—are circuit boards that provide more
memory or that control peripheral devices.
New computers support Plug and Play, a set of hardware and software standards that
allow the computer to automatically configure expansion cards and other peripherals
while they are being installed.
Graphics cards—for monitors: Also called a video card, video RAM (VRAM), or video adapter, a
graphics card converts signals from the computer into video signals that are displayed as images on
a monitor.
Sound cards—for speakers and audio output: A sound card is used to convert and transmit
digital sounds through analog speakers, microphones, and headsets.
Network interface cards—for remote communication via cable: A network interface card (NIC),
or network adapter card, allows the transmission of data over a cabled (wired) network, which
connects various computers and other devices such as printers.
Wireless network cards—for through-the-air connections: A wireless network card, which often
has an antenna, enables wireless data transmission.
52
FCST
Types of Expansion Buses
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI): High-speed bus that has been widely used
to connect PC graphics cards, sound cards, modems, and high-speed network cards.
PCI Express: Doubles the speed of the original PCI bus . PCIe is the latest standard for
expansion cards available on mainstream personal computers.
Accelerated Graphics: Transmits data at twice the speed of a PCI bus and is designed
to support video and 3-D graphics.
Universal Serial Bus (USB): Does away with the need to install cards in expansion slots.
USB devices can connect one to another outside the system unit, and then the USB bus
connects to the PCI bus on the motherboard.
Firewire: Resembles the USB bus but is used for more specialized purposes, such as to
connect audio and video equipment to the motherboard.
53
FCST
Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
A port is a socket for some kind of plug, of which there are many types.
A port is a connecting socket or jack on the outside of system unit into which are plugged
different kinds of cables.
A port allows the user to plug in a cable to connect a peripheral device, such as a monitor,
printer, scanner, or microphone, so that it can communicate with the motherboard or with
cards inserted into slots of the motherboard
54
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Dedicated Ports
Standard Ports
Other Ports
Dedicated Ports
Dedicated ports are ports for special purposes, such as
the ports for connecting the keyboard and the mouse,
the monitor port,
the audio ports (green for speakers or headphones, pink for microphone, yellow for
home stereo connection),
the modem port to connect your computer to a phone line, and
a network port for a high-speed Internet connection.
55
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
56
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Standard Ports
USB ports: Universal Serial Bus high-speed hardware standard
for interfacing peripheral devices, such as scanners and printers,
to computers without a need for special expansion cards or other
hardware modifications to the computer. USB is replacing many
varieties of serial and parallel ports.
FireWire Port: Intended for multiple devices working with lots of
data and requiring fast transmission speeds, such as DVD drives,
digital video cameras, and gaming consoles.
Ethernet Port: Supports a network standard for linking a wired
local area network and connecting it to a DSL or a cable modem
for high-speed Internet access. 57
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Graphics Port: Graphics ports include DVI (Digital Video Interface) ports for connecting
digital monitors and multimedia digital devices, such as TVs and DVD players.
They also include the older VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) ports for connecting analog
monitors.
58
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Other Ports
Serial ports—for transmitting slow data over long distances: Used to transmit data slowly
over long distances
a) Sends data sequentially, one bit at a time
b) Used to connect older keyboards, mouse, monitors, dial-up modems
Parallel ports—for transmitting fast data over data over short distances: For transmitting
data quickly over short distances
a) Transmits 8 bytes simultaneously
b) Connects printers, external disks, tape backups
59
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
eSATA ports—for connecting fast external hard disks: External Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment; allows the attachment of an eSATA hard disk, which has fast data transmission
speeds.
Bluetooth : Connects devices that use short-range radio waves that transmit up to 30 feet.
eSATA port
60
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
IrDA ports—for transmitting data via infrared light waves: IrDA stands for Infrared Data
Association.
IrDA ports transfer data via infrared light waves between directly aligned devices, as
between a smartphone and a desktop computer.
IrDA is still used in certain business and professional contexts, but wireless technology
has basically superseded it.
61
FCST
Types of Ports Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
HDMI ports—for high-definition video and audio: HDMI stands for High Definition
Multimedia Interface.
HDMI ports can carry both video and audio signals and are used for connecting HDTVs,
DVD players, and game consoles to computers, laptops, and other devices.
MIDI ports—for connecting electronic musical instruments: Short for Musical Instrument
Digital Interface, MIDI ports are used to connect electronic musical instruments to a sound
card that converts the signals to digital instructions that can be saved or manipulated.
62
FCST
Secondary Storage Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Secondary storage is all data storage that is not currently in a computer’s primary storage
(main memory, or RAM).
Hard disks
Optical disks: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray
Flash and solid-state memory: solid-state drives, flash memory cards, and USB flash
drives
Smart cards
Cloud storage
63
FCST
Hard Disks Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
64
FCST
Hard Disks Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
When the disk spins, the read/write head moves back and forth over the data access area
on the disk.
66
FCST
Hard Disks Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
67
FCST
Hard Disk Types Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Nonremovable hard disk – Also known as a fixed disk; is housed in the microcomputer
system unit and is used to store nearly all programs and most data files.
Usually consists of several metallic or glass platters, from 1 to 5.25 inches (most
commonly 3.5 inches) in diameter, stacked on a spindle, with data stored on both sides.
Read/write heads, one for each side of each platter, are mounted on an access arm that
moves back and forth to the right location on the platter.
External hard disk – Freestanding disk drive (portable); usually connected via USB.
RAID – redundant array of independent disks; for large computer systems.
68
FCST
Optical Disks Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
CDs (compact disks) and DVDs (digital versatile/video disks) are optical disks.
DVDs hold more data then CDs do.
Data is written and read using lasers, not a disk read/write head.
69
FCST
Optical Disks Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Blu-ray is an optical-disk format used to record, rewrite, and play back high-definition (HD)
video, as well as to store large amounts of data.
70
FCST
Flash & Solid-State Memory
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Flash memory has no moving parts; it is “solid state.” Flash memory is also nonvolatile
Flash memory and solid-state memory have become the most important form of mobile
secondary storage.
Flash memory media are available in three forms:
solid-state drives,
flash memory cards, and
USB flash drives.
71
FCST
Flash & Solid-State Memory
Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Solid-state Drives
Instead of hard-disk drives, some tablets, laptops, desktops, and servers
feature a solid-state drive (SSD), which uses flash memory to store data,
instructions, and information.
Flash Memory Cards
Flash memory cards, or flash RAM cards, are removable and reusable
storage media that are inserted into a flash memory slot in a digital camera,
notebook, smartphone, or other mobile device.
USB Flash Drives
A USB flash drive, also called a thumb drive, keychain drive, or key drive,
consists of a finger-size module of reusable flash memory that plugs into
the USB ports of nearly any microcomputer. 72
FCST
Smart Cards Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
73
FCST
Cloud Storage Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Sign up with a vendor and receive access to software and applications that allow you to
upload your data to that company’s server
74
FCST
Future Developments InDr.Processing
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
Nanotechnology : molecules are used to create tiny machines for holding data or
performing tasks.
Optical computing : Uses lasers and light, not electricity
DNA computing : Potentially, biotechnology could be used to grow cultures of bacteria
that, when exposed to light, emit a small electrical charge,
Quantum computing : Based on quantum mechanics and stores information using
particle states
Better batteries : Wireless charging of batteries, longer-lasting batteries
75
FCST
Future Developments inDr.Secondary
Cho Cho San, L, UCSY Storage (UCSY)
Higher-density disks
Perpendicular recording technology: stacking magnetic bits vertically on the surface of
a platter (instead of horizontally, as usual)
Molecular electronics– storage at the subatomic level
New Image-compression Technology - The technology uses a sensor that uses special
materials (called metamaterials) that can bend light and radio waves in unusual ways to
compress both still and video images.
76
FCST
References Dr. Cho Cho San, L, UCSY (UCSY)
77