Tanta university

Faculty of engineering

Cable Stayed Bridge

Prepared by :
maged salama
 Outline

• Introduction
• Examples
• Analysis
• Construction
• Maintenance
• Failure
• Conclusion
• References

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 Introduction

• Engineers constructed the first cable-stayed bridges in Europe following

the close of World War II, but the basic design dates back to the 16th
century.
• Today, cable-stayed bridges are a popular choice as they offer all the
advantages of a suspension bridge but at a lesser cost for spans of 500 to
2,800 feet (152 to 853 meters).
• A cable-stayed bridge, one of the most modern bridges, consists of a
continuous strong beam (girder) with one or more pillars or towers in the
middle.
• Cables stretch diagonally between these pillars or towers and the
beam .These cables support the beam
• The cables are anchored in the tower rather than at the end

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 Advantages of cable stayed bridges

• much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that

deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced
• can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the
cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the
bridge deck
• for a symmetrical bridge (i.e. spans on either side of the tower
are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large ground
anchorages are not required.

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 Classifications

Based on arrangements of the cables Based on the shape of pylon

• radial : cables connect evenly

throughout the deck,
but all converge on the top of
the pier

• harp : cables are parallel, and

evenly spaced along the
deck and the pier

• fan : a combination of radial

and harp types

• star-shaped : cables are

connected to two opposite
points on the pier
Shapes of pylon

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 Examples

Suez Canal Bridge

• The bridge, which has a 70-metre (230 ft.) clearance over

the canal and is 3.9 kilometers (2.4 mi) long, consists of a
400-metre (1,300 ft.) cable-stayed main span and two
1.8-kilometre (1.1 mi) long approach spans.
• The height of the two main pylons supporting the main
span is 154 meters (505 ft.) each. The towers were
designed in the shape of Pharaonic 
• he clearance under the bridge is 70 meters. Therefore,
the maximum height of ships that can pass through the
Suez Canal is 68 meters above the waterline
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 Russky Bridge Millau Viaduct

• The bridge to Russky Island is the world's longest • It is the tallest bridge in the world with one mast's
cable-stayed bridge, with a 1104 m long central summit at 343.0 meters (1,125 ft.) above the base
span. of the structure.
• The bridge also has the second highest pylons after • The cost of construction was approximately €400
the Millau Viaduct and the longest cable stays. million. It was formally inaugurated on 14
December 2004
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 Sutong Bridge Signature Bridge, Delhi

• With a span of 1,088 meters (3,570 ft.), it was the • The Signature Bridge near Wazirabad has a "final"
cable-stayed bridge with the longest main span in deadline of April 2017. The project, which was
the world in 2008-2012. Its two side spans are 300 conceptualized in 2004, has seen its deadline
meters (980 ft.) each, and there are also four extended numerous times
small cable spans. • Main Span 250 m , Pylon height 165 m
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 Tatara Bridge Pont de Normandie

• The steel towers are 220 meters (722 ft.) high and • Its total length is 2,143.21 meters (7,032 ft.) – 856
shaped like an inverted Y. The side-spans are 164.5 meters (2,808 ft.) between the two piers. It is also
meters (540 ft.) and 257.5 meters (845 ft.) the last bridge to cross the Seine before it empties
respectively, and there are also three very small into the ocean.
cable spans.

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 Load transfer

Deck Pylon

Tension
Cables

pylons
Stay Cable

Pile
cap
Deck
Compression
piles Pile cap
piles
soil
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 Analysis

Steps of cable stayed bridge analysis

Dynamic
analysis

Static
analysis

Assembling Non linear

analysis analysis

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• Height of the pylon is dictated by the stability analysis and economics of the
bridge. A tall pylon will minimize the compression introduced into the steel deck
system, but may increase the length of cable used while a short pylon will introduce
undesirable compressive forces into the steel deck structure.
• The cross section is sized for not only strength and deflection requirements, but
also to accommodate a stressing and inspection route.
• The cable-stayed bridge is to be analyzed for its dead-load static response and then
to two loadings corresponding to earthquakes.
• For the purpose of analysis, the towers are considered to be rigid.
• The cable is considered to have no stiffness in compression. An initial strain is
applied to the cable elements to provide the necessary prestress needed to keep the
deck from sagging under the dead load.
• using finite element analysis software creating a 3D model of the structure and
carrying out its modal analysis in STAAD Pro V8i/ Midas Civil/ Larsa4D.

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Model of the Bridge
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• Transverse beams are modeled with steel composite properties.
• RCC girders and slabs are modeled as beam elements with appropriate width and
depth as per their spacing.
• At pylon location and at the end on anchor span deck is integrated with
substructure. So the substructure is also modeled as part of grillage.
• The wall is divided in to longitudinal (vertical) and transverse members.
• The pile cap is modeled along with spring supports with the stiffness of piles.
• Pylon is represented using beam elements.
• Cables are modeled as 3D-bar elements which exhibits the axial stiffness in all the
three orthogonal directions.
• Self weight of decks is applied as body force to longitudinal members, and the
weight of cross girder is applied as UDL on corresponding member.
• The weight of steel stiffeners, diaphragms are precisely considered and their
respective loading locations are used. To account the weight of evenly distributed
stiffeners/studs, material density is modified appropriately.

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 Cable

• A cable may be composed of one or more structural ropes, structural strands,

locked coil strands or parallel wire strands.
• A strand is an assembly of wires formed helically around center wire in one or
more symmetrical layers.
• A strand can be used either as an individual load-carrying member, where radius or
curvature is not a major requirement, or as a component in the manufacture of the
structural rope.
• A rope is composed of a plurality of strands helically laid around a core. In contrast
to the strand, a rope provides increased curvature capability and is used where
curvature of the cable becomes an important consideration

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• Cables are made of high-strength steel, usually encased in a plastic or steel
covering that is filled with grout , a fine grained form of concrete, for protection
against corrosion.

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 Selection of cable configuration

• The selection of cable configuration and number of cables is dependent

mainly on length of the span, type of loadings, number of roadway lanes,
height of towers, and the designer’s individual sense of proportion and
aesthetics.
• Cost also plays important role in deciding the selection.
• Using less number of cables increases concentrated load at a single point
thereby requiring additional reinforcement for the deck slab as well as
pylon
• When the cables and tower lie within the cross-section of the bridge, the
area taken up cannot be utilized as a part of the roadway and may be only
partly used for the sidewalk. Thus as area of the deck surface is made non-
effective and has to be compensated for by increasing overall width of
the deck.

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 Construction

• It is a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by a number of cables

running directly to one or more towers . These bridges are very economical for long
spans (over 100 meters), especially when access to the construction site is
restricted.
1. Initial Geotechnical Investigation
Bore holes along the length to obtain the soil profile.
2. Water work and coffer dam
Water work includes construction of foundation that is
constructing piles and pile cap at the position where pylon of
tower is to be constructed. For this, focus is made on installation
of piles for temporary work bridge and also on getting sheet
piles for forming coffer dams and scour protection around
them

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3. Foundation construction
After the construction of coffer dam, drilling is done to 150` to 170` and
temporary casing or drilled shafts of 10` diameter are installed with help of oscillator
placed over temporary platform. Now, in these casing cage made of rebar (about 60
tones of steel) is inserted with the help of two big cranes. Rebar stands for reinforcing
bars of steel which acts as back bone of concrete and makes structure sound. Finally
concrete is poured into the casing with the help of pipe and pump trucks to have piles.
Over the piles so constructed pile cap is formed above which tower/pylon can be
constructed.

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4. Pile cap and pylon/tower construction
After the foundation is constructed, the piles are connected by pile cap in which
large amount of concrete is required. Above this pile cap, pylons or towers are
constructed with the help of prefabricated steel bars as shown below. These are green
because of the oxy coating over them which protect them from corrosion. These towers
are constructed to about 80ft and over these pylons deck is than constructed.
5. Pier table and Deck construction
After the construction of pylon up to deck level, pier table is constructed. A pier
table is the first portion of deck, through which cast units are placed and span is
constructed. It is a launching zone for the rest of bridge.
After the construction of pier table, remaining portion of the deck is constructed
with the help of segments either precast or cast in place.

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6. Installation of permanent cable and its components
A cable consists of six strands twisted together with resin in between them and
coated with black plastic. A group of these cables holds the deck. This group of cable is
covered by HDME pipe.

Now installation process is carried out, in which HDME pipes are held in air and
with the help of machine cable is forced through HDME pipe to reach saddle of pylon.
There are 30 to 110 strands in each saddle from one to other side of tower. After the
cables reached the other side they individually are stressed with the help of hydraulic
jack and computers on both sides of tower.
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1 3

4
2

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 Maintenance

• Once a bridge is completed, it starts to be exposed under the impaction of both

traffic and the environment. Bridge management has to be a systematic
consideration of all the problems to ensure best value on the money spent. The first
requirement is information to be built in a bridge inventory. Since the information
about bridges are of various items, the aim of a bridge inventory should be to plan
all the information which is required for use and store only that could be useful in
the future. The next requirement is to know the state of the bridges at any time and
this can only be achieved by bridge inspection.
Currently, most countries have adapted a strategy of inspection based on a
hierarchy as follows:
1. Visual inspection without special equipment should be conducted in a interval
not more than two years.
2. Detailed inspections that are a detailed examination of all exposed parts of the
structure not more than six-year intervals.
3. Special inspections are close inspections of special parts of the structure that
are recommended by the findings of other inspections or after special events such
as passage of abnormal loads, floods, or heavy wind.
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 Maintenance management systems
• There are several routine maintenance operations, such as cleaning of drainage
channels, washing down bearing seats, etc., should be carried out in all bridges. For
other maintenance work such as repair of deteriorating concrete, cost analysis has
to be carried out to determine the best treatment.
• In order to compare the merits of different maintenance options, it is necessary to
know the maintenance profile and the whole life cost for each option. The whole
life cost should be costs of maintenance plus the cost of delays and additional
operating costs plus the costs of traffic delays and possible accidents, all discounted
to present values. Also, the benefits should be taken as the disbenefits that would
happen if the particular item of maintenance was not done, again in the present
values.

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 Safety measures

• Insulation of catenary wire to be carried out.

• Power block of overhead traction system arranged for all lifts and all
activities to be performed near the high voltage conductor.
• Earthing of all steel girders to be carried out.
• Proper safety net to be provided beneath the girders.
• Safety platform to be provided for bolting connection at connection
location of main and cross girders.
• Temporary hand rails are to be provided on top of the steel girder.
• All opening area to be covered with proper platform and safety net.

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 Failure

• Deck Vibration
Due to the low stiffness, light weight, and long spans of cable bridges, the lateral and
torsional stiffness of these bridges are low in comparison with regular non-cable
bridges .
Usually, cable bridges are built in vast areas such as rivers, coasts, and valleys.
Therefore, they are exposed to wind loads. The speed of the wind through a bridges
varies frequently; in some moments it decreases and in some moments it increases.
If the wind speed variations follows a regular pattern, then the time distance between
tow adjacent peeks of wind speed graph can be called as period of the wind loads.
Usually wind loads have long periods. Because of high stiffness and short natural
vibration period of the regular bridges (non-cable bridges), wind resonance usually
cannot happen on them.
But, cable bridges have long periods in both lateral and torsional vibration

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• Tendon System Problems

Like each relatively new material, a tendon has its unknown problems. In addition,
long tendons have different behavior in comparison with short tendons. Fortunately,
due to use of multiple-tendon cables, and high redundancy cable systems, failure of
tendons often only results in temporary performance issues with the bridge. Therefore,
by regular control and maintenance of the cables, we can prevent failures, when
without a frequent maintenance procedure we can expect the collapse of the bridge.
Another type of failure in the cable systems is cable anchorage failure. Transfer and
distribution of concentrated load in the cables are two main duties of cable anchorages.
Due to the changes in the magnitude of the cable load, fatigue can easily happens in
anchorages. Therefore, a regular inspection is necessary to avoid fracture in in the
anchorages.

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Fracture in anchorage of Sabo Bridge
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• Failure During Construction

Due to the different job site conditions, varying construction procedures, and heavy
construction loads, the construction of cable bridges is very complicated. Many failures
occur during the construction phase and the design group must maintain constant
communication with contractors during in this period. The reasons of the failures
during construction can be categorize in the following three major groups:
a) Mistake in evaluation of load of construction:
Due to very complex load path and presence of very concentrated loads in different
part of the structure, construction methods of this type of bridges are very complicated
and should be studied by the design group. Some times, design group makes mistake
on evaluation of the construction loads or select a risky method for construction, and
these can lead to collapse of the whole structure.

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b) Mistake in selection of suitable construction machinery and mistake of workers:
Generally, due to special construction situations such as high elevation job site, heavy
weight of bridge parts, and using gigantic machinery like cranes, workers feel high
pressure on themselves and are stressful during construction of cable bridges, In these
situations, workmen mistakes are more likely to happen. This type of mistake can
cause small failures or total collapse of structures.
c) Natural disasters during construction:
Construction period of the cable bridges are long in comparison with regular bridges.
Before installation of all parts of the bridge, the bridge has not too much redundancy
and most of the times decks are hanged like cantilever beams; therefore, if a sever load
such as high wind pressure or earthquake load, which is not considered in the design of
the stages of construction, is induced on the bridge, the structure may have not enough
reserved resistance for the additional load and in this situation the bridge is very
susceptible to collapse.

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 Conclusion

• Cable-stayed bridges are usually thought of as signature bridges and not generally
considered as serious option for most regular short-to-medium span bridges. This
stems mainly from the belief that such bridges are expensive and too elaborate for
the function required. However, in many circumstances, cable-stayed bridges can
provide benefits at a relatively moderate increase in cost. Some of the benefits
include the following:
 long spans with minimal deck thickness
 the elimination of piers
 increased traffic safety
 the minimization of environmental impacts and construction schedule limitations
for river crossings
 enhanced appearance
• In addition, greater use of this form of construction would allow our contactors to
perfect methods of construction that would drive down the cost for future cable-
stayed bridges.

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 References

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans

2) https://www.slideshare.net/jigars7/cable-stayed-ppt-acp?qid=da69c352-63
6a-4c74-a026-b558fcf82b10&v=&b=&
from_search=12

3) https://failures.wikispaces.com/Cable+Bridge+Failures+Overview

4) http://www.bridgesofdublin.ie/bridge-building/types/cable-stayed

5) https://
s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/cablen-140328072240-phpapp01.pdf?r
esponse-content-disposition=attachment&Signature=re98rzdUuZ4B%2B6
YytC0%2F3PU1t1s%3D&Expires=1488544787&AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ
6D6SEMXSASXHDAQ

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