Personality

Disorders

By Group 5
 1. Brief Recap

Cluster A Cluster B

● Paranoid Personality disorder

● Borderline Personality Disorder
● Schizotypal Personality disorder
● Antisocial Personality Disorder
● Schizoid Personality disorder
 02. Context
01 02 03

Collectivist Society Multicultural Multiethnic

04 05

Religious Lack of Awareness

03. Disorders: Avoidant Personality Disorder
People with avoidant personality disorder have chronic feelings of inadequacy and are highly
sensitive to being negatively judged by others.Persons with AVPD show a marked avoidance
of social interactions, perceiving themselves as unwanted and isolated from others.
(Weinbrecht et al., 2016)

Symptoms Include:

● Anhedonia (lack of pleasure in activities).

● People pleasing.
● Social anxiety
● Avoid conflict
● Extremely self conscious
● Sensitivity to criticism
● Trouble setting boundaries
Etiology
01 02 03
Mental
Family History Childhood
Conditions
Having other mental Of depression, anxiety or Abuse, trauma, neglect.
conditions like depression personality disorders.
anxiety.

04 05
Trauma Genetic
Suffering an extreme Trauma or Physical illness
incident of ridicule or that makes appearance
rejection in childhood beyond societal norms
 Treatment
Cognitive Behaviour
Schema Therapy:
Theory:
Treatments included exposure exercises (graduated in It focuses on working with schema modes,
vivo exposure) or systematic desensitization, defined as momentary mind states consisting of
behavioral rehearsal in role plays, self-image work cognitions, emotions, and behaviors, which
evolved as the result of unsatisfied basic needs
including video feedback, and social skills training.
and corresponding developed coping styles.

Medication: Education:
Learning more about your condition
Medications that treat those disorders may help treat can help you be more aware of your
symptoms of avoidant personality disorder too. potential triggers and learn new coping
strategies.
 Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
A specific form of anxious personality disorder is dependent personality disorder
(DPD). People with DPD frequently experience helplessness, submission, or an inability
to care for oneself.

Symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder:

● Difficulty making everyday decisions
● Difficulty expressing disagreement with others
● Difficulty initiating projects or doing things independently
● Excessive lengths taken to obtain nurturance and support from
others
● Uncomfortable or helpless when alone ,seeks other relationships
Etiology of Dependent Personality Disorder in the Pakistani culture:

● Cultural Norms: cultural values may contribute to the development

of dependent traits
● Familial Influence: Children may be raised in an environment where
they are overly protected and discouraged from developing
independent decision-making skills.
● Gender Roles: societal expectations about gender roles may
contribute to the development of dependent traits
● Socioeconomic Factors: individuals may feel compelled to depend on
others for survival and security.
● Cultural Stigma: seeking professional help for psychological
problems may be viewed negatively.
 Treatment:

● Psychotherapy: enables people with DPD to examine their dependency patterns,

gain self-assurance and autonomy, and discover more effective coping
mechanisms. (The Recovery Village, March 23,2022)
● Group therapy: Social skill development, self-esteem enhancement, and support
and encouragement in a secure setting
● Medication: antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication.people with DPD have a
higher risk to use medication so it is recommended to prescribe less addictive
drugs such as benzodiazepines. (Juby, Bethany. December 28, 2022)
● Skill Training:These initiatives centers on growing self-confidence,
independence, and independence from others.
● Self-help and support groups
 Histrionic Personality Disorder

● This is a Cluster-B personality disorder, which is characterized by a constant pattern of excessive emotional
expression and attention seeking. It begins in early adulthood. (DSM-V-TR, 2022)

● There are 8 symptoms of it, according to the DSM-V-TR, and the appearance of any 5 of these are enough for a
diagnosis:

1. The individual being uncomfortable when they’re not the centre of attention.
2. A rapid shift in, and a shallow expression of emotions.
3. Over-dramatization of self, and an exaggeration of emotional expression, such that it causes embarrassment to
those around them.
4. Prone to the influence of others.
5. Unrealistic view on relationships where they think that said relationships are more intimate than they really are.
 Etiology

Parenting Style Childhood Trauma

Parents being too overly involved and not Childhood trauma is also one reason,
giving their child’s life and acting in usually resultant of abuse. This is
sexually inappropriate ways in front of them especially true for Pakistani society,
may cause it. Reinforcement of both types which emphasizes respect and
also plays a role.. submission to elders.
Irregular Attention Genetics
Parents giving their children attention in
This disorder also tends to run in
irregular ways also plays a role.
families.
(Cleveland Clinic, 2018)
 Treatments
Supportive CBT ( Cognitive
Psychotherapy Behavioral Therapy)
Supportive Psychotherapy is an A way of unlearning negative
encouraging approach that boosts behaviors by making the patient
self-esteem. It is heavily look at their thoughts and
dependent on listening. replacing these thoughts with
alternatives.
Psychodynamic
Psychotherapy Mood Stabilizers
Mood stabilizers like
This looks at any milestones
carbamazepine and
in the development of a
topiramate are often used to
person that they have
limit impulsivity and allows
missed. Conflict resolution
the patient to control their
is a vital aspect.
inner feelings.m
OCPD Individuals with OCPD often have
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
● Difficulty delegating tasks to others, as they believe that
Disorder (OCPD) is a psychological
disorder characterized by a pervasive others will not meet their high standards.
pattern of preoccupation with ● They may exhibit an inflexible and stubborn demeanor and
orderliness, perfectionism, and control. It have difficulty adapting to changes or new situations.
s important to note that OCPD is distinct ● Furthermore, they may be overly cautious and reluctant to
from obsessive-compulsive disorder make decisions without an excessive amount of
(OCD), although they share some information or reassurance.
similarities
 Etiology
Cultural values Childhood Trauma Social Pressure Cultural Scripts:
In collectivist societies, Family plays a crucial role in In collectivist societies,
Cultural scripts refer to the
there is often a strong shaping an individual's individuals may face
significant pressure to shared beliefs and expectations
emphasis on conformity, personality and behaviors. In
conform to societal within a particular culture. In
social norms, and collectivist cultures, there may
norms and expectations. collectivist societies, cultural
hierarchy. Individuals may be a greater emphasis on
The fear of social scripts may reinforce the need
internalize these cultural family obligations, duty, and disapproval or rejection for conformity, order, and self-
values and strive to meet the maintenance of family can drive individuals to
control. Individuals who
high societal expectations, reputation. Overbearing excessively focus on
rules, orderliness, and internalize these scripts may
which can manifest as parental expectations, strict
perfectionism as a means develop OCPD traits as they
perfectionism, rigid discipline, and high standards
to gain acceptance and strive to meet these cultural
adherence to rules, and a may contribute to the
maintain social harmony. demands.
need for control. development of OCPD traits in
individuals who internalize
these demands.
 Treatments
Cognitive (behavioural) therapy is the best validated treatment of OCPD
(Diedrich & Voderholzer, 2015) . Psychotherapy can also be used for
its treatment. Both of these measures aim to help individuals
challenge and modify their maladaptive thoughts and
behaviors. Additionally, medication may be prescribed to
address associated symptoms, such as anxiety or depression,
although there is no specific medication approved for the
treatment of OCPD itself.
 Narcissistic Personality
Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive
pattern of grandiosity, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. People with
NPD often have an exaggerated sense of self-importance and believe they are unique,
exceptional, or superior to others. They constantly seek attention, praise, and admiration, while
disregarding the feelings and needs of those around them. We think that narcissistic
personality disorder should be distinguished on the one … personality disorders and, on the
other, from developmentally "higher" forms of personality disorders. (SALMAN AKHTAR, M. D.,
& Thomson Jr, J. A. 1982)

Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder:

● Grandiosity
● Need for excessive admiration
● Lack of empathy
● Preoccupation with fantasies of success and power
● Sense of entitlement
● Exploitative behavior
● Interpersonal difficulties
Etiology of Narcissistic Personality Disorder in the Pakistani culture:

● Cultural tension between collectivism and individualism

● Societal expectations for men to exhibit dominant and assertive
behavior
● Hierarchical social structure and emphasis on social status
● Influence of extended family and community
● Childhood experiences and trauma abuse
● Influence of media and societal pressures
● Selective adoption of religious teachings to reinforce narcissistic
tendencies
● Excessive seeking of attention, validation, and admiration in social
gatherings.
● Social norms and practices that reinforce male dominance and
entitlement
Treatment
01 02 03
Cognitive-
Psychotherapy behavioral therapy Medication
Explore unconscious
(CBT)
Identify and challenge
Not a primary treatment for
NPD, but may be prescribed
conflicts and early life maladaptive thoughts and for co-occurring conditions.
experiences. behaviors. Antidepressants or anti-anxiety
medications may be used

04 05 06
Resistance to
Family therapy Group therapy
Provide a supportive seeking treatment
Address relational dynamics environment for individuals Individuals with NPD may
and improve communication with NPD to interact and resist seeking help due to their
within the family system develop healthier inflated sense of self-
relationships. importance and difficulties
acknowledging flaws.
04. References
Weinbrecht, A., Schulze, L., Boettcher, J. et al. Avoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18,
29 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6

Avoidant Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes & Treatment. (n.d.). Sheppard Pratt.
https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/avoidant-personality-disorder/

Avoidant Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments. Cleveland Clinic.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9761-avoidant-personality-disorder

Weinbrecht, A., Schulze, L., Boettcher, J. et al. Avoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18, 29
(2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6

Medications and Therapy For Treating Dependent Personality Disorder. (n.d.). The Recovery Village Drug and Alcohol
Rehab. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/dependent-personality-disorder/treatment/

Treatment for dependant personality disorder. (n.d.). Treatment for Dependant Personality Disorder.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dependent-personality-disorder-treatment

Mitra, P. (2023, March 13). Narcissistic personality disorder - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. National Library of Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556001/
Qadir, A. (2015, March 25). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6 19-28. prevalence of ... Advances in Social
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professional, C. C. medical. (2020). Narcissistic personality disorder: Traits, tests, treatment. Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder

Kerr, M. (2022, July 25). What you need to know about Narcissistic personality disorder (npd). Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/narcissistic-personality-disorder

Editorial Contributors, W. (2022). Narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnosis, causes, treatments. WebMD.
https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/narcissistic-personality-disorder

SALMAN AKHTAR, M. D., & Thomson Jr, J. A. (1982). Overview: Narcissistic personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 139(1).

Husain, W. (2018). Prevalent tendencies for mental disorders in Pakistan. Clínica y Salud, 29(1), 34–38.
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professional, C. C. medical. (2022). Histrionic personality disorder: Causes, symptoms & treatment.
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S;, F. J. (2022, September 26). Histrionic personality disorder. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
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WebMD. (2022). Histrionic personality disorder symptoms, causes, treatments. WebMD.

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/histrionic-personality-disorder

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Zimmerman, M. (2023, May 25). Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) - psychiatric disorders. MSD Manual Professional
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Diedrich, A., Voderholzer, U. Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder: a Current Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 17, 2
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