Chapter4

Bandpass Signalling
 Definitions
 Complex Envelope Representation
 Representation of Modulated Signals
 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals
 Power of Bandpass Signals
 Examples

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng 360 1
 Bandpass Signals
 Energy spectrum of a bandpass signal is
concentrated around the carrier frequency fc.

Bandpass Signal Spectrum

 A time portion of a bandpass signal. Notice the carrier and the baseband envelope.

Time Waveform of
Bandpass Signal

Eeng 360 2
 DEFINITIONS
The Bandpass communication signal is obtained by modulating a baseband analog
or digital signal onto a carrier.
Definitions:
 A baseband waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in
the vicinity of the origin ( f=0) and negligible elsewhere.
 A bandpass waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in
some band concentrated about a frequency f   f c where fc>>0. fc-Carrier frequency
 Modulation is process of imparting the source information onto a bandpass signal
with a carrier frequency fc by the introduction of amplitude or phase perturbations or
both.
 This bandpass signal is called the modulated signal s(t), and the baseband source
signal is called the modulating signal m(t).

Information Transmission g~ (t )
input Signal g (t ) Carrier s (t ) r (t ) Carrier Signal ~
m
medium
m processing circuits circuits processing
(channel)

Communication System Eeng 360 3

 Complex Envelope Representation
The waveforms g(t) , x(t), R(t), and  t  are all baseband waveforms. Additionally all of
them except g(t) are real and g(t) is the Complex Envelope.

j g ( t ) j t 
g (t )  x(t )  jy (t )  g (t ) e  R(t )e

• g(t) is the Complex Envelope of v(t)

• x(t) is said to be the In-phase modulation associated with v(t)
• y(t) is said to be the Quadrature modulation associated with v(t)
• R(t) is said to be the Amplitude modulation (AM) on v(t)
• (t) is said to be the Phase modulation (PM) on v(t)
In communications, frequencies in the baseband signal g(t) are said to be heterodyned up to fc
 THEOREM: Any physical bandpass waveform v(t) can be represented as below
where fc is the CARRIER frequency and c=2 fc

 
v t   Re g t  e jct  R t  cos ct   t 
=x t  cos c t  y t  sin ct Eeng 360 4
Generalized transmitter using the AM–PM generation
technique.

Eeng 360 5
Generalized transmitter using the quadrature
generation technique.

Eeng 360 6
 Complex Envelope Representation
 THEOREM: Any physical bandpass waveform v(t) can be represented by 
v t   Re g t  e jct 
where fc is the CARRIER frequency and c=2 fc
PROOF: Any physical waveform may be represented by the Complex Fourier Series
n 
v (t )  
n 
cn e jn0t 0  2 / T0
* 1 1 *
The physical waveform is real, c n  cn and using Re 
    , Thus we have:
  
2 2

 
v t   Re c0  2 cn e jn0t 
 n 1 
cn - negligible magnitudes for n in the vicinity of 0 and, in particular, c0=0
Introducing an arbitrary parameter fc , we get

 n  j  n0 c t  jct 

v t   Re g (t )e 
jc t
 Re  2  cn e e   g (t )  2 cn e j ( n0 c ) t
 n 1   n 1

v(t) – bandpass waveform with non-zero spectrum concentrated near f=fc

=> cn – non-zero for ‘n’ in the range  nf 0  f c
=> g(t) – has a spectrum concentrated near f=0 (i.e., g(t) - baseband waveform)

Eeng 360 7
 Complex Envelope Representation
 Equivalent representations of the Bandpass signals:

 
v t   Re g t  e jct  R t  cos  ct   t  Envelope and Phase form

v t   x t  cos ct  y t  sin ct Inphase and Quadrature (IQ) form

g t   x t   jy t   g (t ) e jg (t )  R(t )e j (t ) Complex Envelope of v (t )

 Converting from one form to the other form

x t   Re g t   R (t ) cos  (t )
Inphase and Quadrature (IQ) Components.
y t   Im g t   R (t ) sin  (t )

R t   g (t )  x 2 (t )  y 2 (t )
Envelope and Phase Components
y (t )
 (t )  g (t )  tan 1 ( )
x(t )
Eeng 360 8
 Complex Envelope Representation

 The complex envelope resulting from x(t) being a computer generated voice signal and
y(t) being a sinusoid. The spectrum of the bandpass signal generated from above signal.

Eeng 360 9
 Representation of Modulated Signals
 Modulation is the process of encoding the source information m(t) into a bandpass
signal s(t). Modulated signal is just a special application of the bandpass
representation. The modulated signal is given by:


s t   Re g (t )e jct   c  2 f c
•The complex envelope g(t) is a function of the modulating signal m(t) and is given
by: g(t)=g[m(t)] where g[• ] performs a mapping operation on m(t).

•The g[m] functions that are easy to implement and that will give desirable spectral
properties for different modulations are given by the TABLE 4.1

•At receiver the inverse function m[g] will be implemented to recover the message.
Mapping should suppress as much noise as possible during the recovery.

Eeng 360 10
 Bandpass Signal Conversion
 On off Keying (Amplitude Modulation) of a unipolar line coded
signal for bandpass conversion.
Xn 1 0 1 0 1
2

g (t )
0

Ac 2

s (t )
 Ac 2

s (t )

Xn Unipolar g(t) Ac
X
Line Coder

cos(ct)

Eeng 360 11
 Bandpass Signal Conversion
 Binary Phase Shift keying (Phase Modulation) of a polar line
code for bandpass conversion.

Xn 1 0 1 0 1
2

g (t )
 2

Ac 2
s (t )

 Ac 2

s (t )

Xn Polar g(t) Ac
X
Line Coder

cos(ct)

Eeng 360 12
Eeng 360 13
Mapping Functions for Various Modulations

Eeng 360 14
 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals
Theorem: If bandpass waveform is represented by 
v t   Re g (t )e jct 
1
Spectrum of Bandpass Signal V ( f )  G  f  f c   G *   f  f c 
2
1
PSD of Bandpass Signal Pv ( f )   Pg  f  fc   Pg   f  fc 
4

Where G  f   F g t  Pg  f  is PSD of g(t)

1 1
Proof:  
v t   Re g t  e jc t 
2
g (t )e jct  g * (t )e  j ct
2
Thus,
V ( f )  F v t  
1
2
  1

F g t e jc t  F g * t e  jct
2

 
F g * t   G *  f 

1
We get, V( f ) 
2

G  f - f c   G * -  f  f c  
Eeng 360 15
 PSD of Bandpass Signals
 PSD is obtained by first evaluating the autocorrelation for v(t):


Rv    v t  v t     Re g t  e jct Re g t    e   jc t  

Using the identity Re  c2  Re  c1   1 Re c2*c1   1 Re c2 c1 
2 2
where c2  g (t )e jc t and c1  g t    e jc t  

1 1
We get Rv   
2

Re g *  t  g t    e  jct e c  
j t 
 
2

Re g t  g t    e jc t e c  
j t 

,  - Linear operators
1 1
2
 2
c
 
=>Rv    Re g * t  g t    e j   Re g t  g t    e j 2 t e j  c c

or fc  frequencies in g(t)
1 1
2
 c
 2

Rv    Re g * t  g t    e j   Re g t  g t    e j 2 t e j  c c

but g * t  g t     Rg  
1
AC reduces to Rv    Re Rg   e j   c

2
1
PSD => Pv ( f )  F  Rv     Pg  f  f c   Pg*   f  f c  Pg*  Pg  f 
4
Eeng 360 16
 Evaluation of Power
Theorem: Total average normalized power of a bandpass waveform v(t) is

1 2
Pv  v t  
2
 Pv  f  df  Rv  0   g t 

2
Proof: 
Pv  v t  
2
 P  f  df
v


But 
Rv    F  Pv  f  
1
 P  f e
v
j 2 f 
df


So, 
Rv  0    P  f  df
v


1 1  1 
Rv  0  
2 2

Re Rg  0   Re g *  t  g  t  0    
Since  Rv    Re Rg   e jc 
 2 

or Rv  0  
1
2
Re  g t 
2

But g  t  is always real
1 2
So, Rv  0   g t 
2

Eeng 360 17
Eeng 360 18
 Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Complex envelope of an AM signal: g t   Ac 1  m t 

Spectrum of the complex envelope: G  f   Ac  f   Ac M  f 

 
AM signal waveform: s t   Re g (t )e jc t  Ac 1  m t  cos  ct
 

AM spectrum: 1
Sf  Ac   f  f c   M  f  f c     f  f c   M  f  f c 
2 
1
S( f ) 
2
G  f - f c   G *  -  f  f c  
M *  f   M   f  Because m(t ) is real and   f      f 
G  f  f c  and G *   f  f c  do not overlap

1   1  
A 
 2 c 
 f  f  A M  f  f  , f 0
c  2 c 
c 
Magnitude spectrum: Sf   
1   1  
 A   f  f   A M   f  f  , f 0
2 c  c 2 c  c
Eeng 360 19
Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Spectrum of AM signal. Eeng 360 20

 Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal
Total average normalized power:

1 2 1 2 2
Ps  g t   Ac 1  m t 
2 2
1 2
 Ac 1  2m t   m2 t 
2
1 2
 Ac 1  2 m t   m 2  t  
2
1 2
 Ac 1  m 2  t   If DC value of m(t ) is zero
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
 Ac 1  Pm   Ac  Ac Pm  Pc  PSideband
2 2 2
 Carrier Power  Sideband Power Where Pm  m 2 t 

Eeng 360 21
 Study Examples
SA4-1.Voltage spectrum of an AM signal

Properties of the AM signal are:

g(t)=Ac[1+m(t)]; Ac=500 V; m(t)=0.8sin(21000t); fc=1150 kHz;

0.8 j 2 1000 t
m t   0.8 sin  2 1000t    e  e  j 2 1000t 
j2

Fourier transform of m(t): M  f    j 0.4  f  1000   j 0.4  f  1000 

Spectrum of AM signal: S  f   1 Ac   f  fc   M  f  fc     f  fc   M  f  fc 

2

Substituting the values of Ac and M(f), we have

S  f   250  f  f c   j100  f  f c  1000   j100  f  f c  1000 

250  f  f c   j100  f  f c  1000   j100  f  f c  1000 

EEE 360 22
 Study Examples
SA4-2. PSD for an AM signal

Autocorrelation for a sinusoidal signal (A sin w0t )

A2 A 2 j0
Rm    cos 0    e  e  j0  A=0.8 and  o  2 1000
2 2
A2 A2
Pm  f     f  f 0     f  f 0     f  1000     f  1000 
4 4 

Autocorrelation for the complex envelope of the AM signal is

Rg    g * t  g t     Ac2 1  m t  1  m t    

Ac2  1  m t   m t     m t  m t    

But 1  1, m t   m t     0, m t  m t     Rm   , Rg    Ac2 1  Rm  

Thus Rg    Ac2 1  Rm   Pg  f   Ac2  f   Ac2 Pm  f 

Using Pv ( f )  1  Pg  f  f c   Pg   f  f c 
4

PSD for an AM signal:

Ps  f   62500  f  f c   10000  f  fc  1000   10000  f  fc  1000 
62500  f  f c   10000  f  f c  1000   10000  f  fc  1000 
EEE 360 23
 Study Examples
SA4-3. Average power for an AM signal
Normalized average power

1 2 1   0.8  2 
 Ps norm  Vs rms  Ac 1  Vm rms    500 1  
2 2 2
     165 kW
2 2   2  
Alternate method: area under PDF for s(t)

 Ps norm  Vs rms   Ps  f df
2
 165 kW

Actual average power dissipated in the 50 ohm load:

Vs rms
2
1.65  10 5
 Ps norm    3.3 kW
RL 50

SA4-4. PEP for an AM signal

1 2 1 2 1
Normalized PEP: PPEP norm   max g t    Ac 1  max m t    500 1  0.8   405 kW
2 2 2

2 2 2

Actual PEP for this AM voltage signal with a 50 ohm load:

 PPEP rms
2
4.05  105
 PPEP actual    8.1 kW
RL 50
EEE 360 24