Computer Network

 A computer network is a group of interconnected computers.
 It allows computers to communicate with each other and to

share resources and information.
 A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links.
 A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable
of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on
the network.
 A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium which
can transport a signal carrying information.
 Sharing of resources such as printers
 Sharing of expensive software's and database
 Communication from one computer to another computer
 Exchange of data and information among users via network
 Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.
 A Communication model is used to exchange data between
two parties. For example: communication between a
computer, server and telephone (through modem).
 A node can be a device which is capable of sending or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network like a
computer, printer etc.
Source Transmitter Transmission
Receiver
System
Designation
 Source
◦ generates data to be transmitted. example: telephones,
personal computers etc.
 Transmitter
◦ Converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System
◦ Carries data
 Receiver
◦ Converts received signal into data
 Destination
◦ Takes incoming data
 Performance(Transmit & Response time)
◦ Depends on Network Elements
◦ Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability (Accuracy of Delivery)
◦ Failure rate of network components
◦ Measured in terms of availability.
 Security (Error Free)
◦ Data protection against corruption/loss of data
 Errors
 Malicious users
 The exchange of data between two devices through a
transmission medium is called Data Communication.
 The data is exchanged in the form of 0's and 1's.
 Data Communication has two types
 Local
 Remote
Local
 Local communication takes place when the communicating
devices are in the same geographical area, same building, or

face-to-face etc.
Remote
 Remote communication takes place over a distance i.e. the
devices are farther. The effectiveness of a data communication

can be measured through the following features :
 Delivery: Delivery should be done to the correct destination.
 Timeliness: Delivery should be on time.
 Accuracy: Data delivered should be accurate.

 Message: It is the information to be delivered.
 Sender: Sender is the person who is sending the message.
 Receiver: Receiver is the person to whom the message is
being sent to.
 Medium: It is the medium through which the message is sent.
For example: A Modem.
 Protocol: These are some set of rules which govern data
communication.
 A Network is nothing but a connection made through
connection links between two or more devices.
 Devices can be a computer, printer or any other device
that is capable to send and receive data.

 There are two ways to connect the devices :
Point-to-Point connection
Multipoint connection
 It is a protocol which is used as a communication link between
two devices.
 We can connect the two devices by means of a pair of wires or

using a microwave or satellite link.
 The most common example for Point-to-Point connection (PP)

is a computer connected by telephone line.
 Point-to-Point connection between remote control and

Television for changing the channels.
 It is also called Multidrop configuration. In this
connection two or more devices share a single link.
 There are two kinds of Multipoint Connections
 If the links are used simultaneously between many

devices, then it is spatially shared line configuration.
 If user takes turns while using the link, then it is time

shared (temporal) line configuration.
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
◦ Short distances
◦ Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

◦ Long distances
◦ Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

◦ Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
LAN (Local Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
CAN(Campus Area Network)
PAN (Personnel Area Network)

 LAN (Local Area Network) - Can go up to 1 KM radius.
A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and
associated devices that share a common communications line
or wireless link to a server.
 Typically, a LAN encompasses computers and peripherals

connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as
an office or a commercial establishment.
 Two or more LANs connected
 Over a large geographic area
 Typically use public or leased lines
◦ Phone lines
◦ Satellite
 The Internet is a WAN
 Large network that connects different organizations
 Shares regional resources
 A network provider sells time
 Data transmission occurs between a transmitter & receiver via
some medium.
 Guided medium
◦ eg. twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber
 unguided / wireless medium
◦ eg. air, water, vacuum
 Data transmission occurs over some transmission medium.
 Transmission media may be guided or unguided.
 A direct link between two devices is a point-to-point link.
 More than two devices communicate over a multipoint link.
 Transmission may be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.

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 A computer network is a group of interconnected computers.

 It allows computers to communicate with each other and to

devices are in the same geographical area, same building, or

devices are farther. The effectiveness of a data communication

 Timeliness: Delivery should be on time.

 Accuracy: Data delivered should be accurate.

that is capable to send and receive data.

 We can connect the two devices by means of a pair of wires or

 The most common example for Point-to-Point connection (PP)

 Point-to-Point connection between remote control and

 There are two kinds of Multipoint Connections

 If the links are used simultaneously between many

 If user takes turns while using the link, then it is time

 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

CAN(Campus Area Network)

PAN (Personnel Area Network)

 Typically, a LAN encompasses computers and peripherals

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