Bal Anti Dium

SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
BALANTIDIASIS
BY
JOEL MERCY SEFUNMI
PRESENTED TO
MEDICAL LABORATORY DEPARTMENT
{SUPERVISOR: MLSct, ALABI MICHAEL}
INTRODUCTION
• Balantidiasis is a parasitic disease caused by a ciliate
alveolates parasite species called Balantidium coli.
Balantidium coli are the only member of the ciliate
phylum known to be pathogenic to humans.
• Balantidiasis also known as bollantidiosis is define as
large intestinal infection with Balantidium coli, which
is a ciliated protozoa (and the largest protozoan that
infect humans). Balantidium coli is known to parasitize
the colon, and pigs may be its primary reservoir.
• Balantidium coli occurs worldwide because pigs are
the primary reservoir, human infections occurs more
frequently in areas where pigs are raised and
sanitation is inadequate.
ROLES IN DISEASE
Balantidium coli lives in the cecum and colon of
humans, pigs, rats, and other mammals. It is not
readily transmissible from one species of host to
another because it requires a period of time to
adjust to the symbiotic flora of the new host.
Once it has adapted to host mortality. The
protozoan can become a serious pathogen,
especially in humans. Mortality multiply and
encyst due to the dehydration of faces. Roberts
(2009).
Infection occurs when the cyst are ingested usually
through contaminated food or water B. coli infection
in immonocompetents individual is not inhead of but
it rarely causes serious disease the gastro intestinal
tract. it can thrive in the gastro intestinal tract as long
as there is a balance between the protozoa and the
host without causing dysenteries symptoms infections
mostly likely occurs in people with malnutrition due to
the low stomach acidity or people with compromised
immune system. in acute disease, exploisive diarrhea
may occur as often as every twenty minutes.
persoration of the coloin may occur in acute infection.
CAUSES
Balantidiasis is cause through the fecal oral route
human can become infected by eating and drinking
contaminated food and water that has come into
contact with infective animals or human fecal matter
Infection can occur in several ways including the
following examples;
• Eating meat, fruit and vegetable that have been
contaminated by an infected person or
contaminated by fecal matter from an infected
animal
• Drinking of contaminated water
• Having poor hygiene habits
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Most people infected with balantidium coli
experiences no symptoms, balantidium coli
infects the large intestine in human and
produce infective microscope cysts that are
passed in the feces. using asymptomatic in
immuno-competent individual, but the
symtoms of balantidiasis include;
• Intermittent diarrhea
• Constipation
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Anorexia
• Weight loss
• Headache
• Eolites
• Marked fluid loss
MORPHOLOGY
Balantidium coli exist in either of two developmental
stage. Trophozoites and cyst in the trophozoite form
they can be obtaining or spherical, and are typically
30-50 um in length and 25 to 120um on with it size
at it stage that allows balatidium coli to be
characterized as the largest protozoan parasites of
human, trophozoites possess both macronucleus
and micronucleous and both are usually visible the
macronuclous is large and sensage shaped while the
micronucleous is less prominent.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Balantidium in humans is common in the
philipines but it can be found anywhere in the
world, especially among those that are in close
contact with swure.
• The disease is considered to be rare and occurs
in less than 1% of the human population the
disease poses a problem mostly in developing
countries, where water sources may be
contaminated with swine or human faces.
PATHOGENICITY
• Excystation occur in the small intestine and
trophozites migrate to the colon invasion into
the intestinal wall occur where they multiply
cyst formation occurs.
TRANSMISSION
• Balantidium is the only ciliated protozoan
known to infect human balantidiasis is a
zoonotic disease and as acquired by human
Via the fecal oral route from the normal host
the domestic contaminated water is the most
common mechanism of transmission.
LIFE CYCLE
Infection occurs when a host ingests a cyst, which
usually happens during the consumption of
contaminated water or food. Once the cyst is
ingested, it passes through the host’s digestive
system.
While the cyst receives some protection from
degradation by the acidic environment of the
stomach through the use of its outer wall, it is likely
to be destroyed at a pH lower than 5, allowing it to
survive easier in the stomach of malnourished
individuals who have less stomach acid.
Once the cyst reaches the small intestine, trophozoites
are produced. The trophozoites then colonize the large
intestine, where they live in the lumen and feed on the
intestinal flora. Some trophozoites invade the wall of
the colon using proteolytic enzymes and multiply, and
some of them return to the lumen.
In the lumen trophozoites may. Disintegrate or undergo
encystations. Encystation is triggered by dehydration of
the intestinal contents and usually occurs in the distal
large intestine, but may also occur outside of the host in
feces. Now in its mature cyst form. Cysts are released
into the environment where they can go on to infect a
new host.
DIAGRAM
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BALANTIDIASIS
Stool sample can be examine by a laboratory

microscopic examination to detect balatidium coli in
the stoll.
• Method: Normal Saline and Iodine
• Sample collection: a fresh stool specimen is
required. and not mixed on with contaminated
urine, collect into universal container, suitable size.
• Material: Normal Saline, Cover Slip, Glass Slide,
Applicator Stick, Microscope, Lugol Iodine.
• Procedure:
– Place a drop of fresh physiological saline on one
end of a slide and a drop of iodine on the other
end.
– Using a wire loop or piece of stick, mix a small
amount of specimen, about 2 mg, with the normal
saline same to the logus iodine
– Cover each with cover slip
– Examine systematically the entire saline
preparation for cysts, and Use the 10× objective
to focus 40 x objective to read.
TREATMENT
• Balantidiasis can be treated with:
– Tetracycline
– Iodoquinol
– Metronidazole
PREVENTION
• Preventative measures require effective
personal and community hygiene. Some
specific safe guards include the following.
• Purification of drinking water
• Proper handling of food
• Careful disposal of human faces
• Monitoring the contact of balantidiasis patient
CONCLUSION
Balantidiasis is a parasite species or disease of a
ciliate alveolates that causes disease
balontidiasis is a large intestinal infection with
the largest protozoan.
RECOMMENDATION
• Purification of drinking water
• Proper handling of food
• Careful disposal of human feces
REFERENCES
Ferry (2014). “severe peritonitis due to Balantidium coli acquired in France", journal of
veterinary medical science microbial infection, 01(11): 61-60.
Manson (2009). “A case of Balantidium coli dysentery”. Journal of parasitology. 20(198): 49-55.
Mc Carey (2012). “Balantidiasis in south Persia” Br med J. 1(4759): 321-456.
Nakauch (2001). “The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species”
journal of veterinary medical science, 61(19): 63-65.
Ramachandian (2012). “Epidemiology of balantidiasis”. The parasite: Balantidium coli the
disease: BMJ Balantidiasis. 10(7): 111-122.
Ramachandian (2002). “Morphology” The parasite. Balantidium coli the disease: BMJ
balantidiasis 12(12): 107-123.
Roberts (2009). “Causes of Balantidium coli dysentery” schnidt & larys Roberts foundations of
parasitology. 7(1O): 10-18.
Schister, (2008). “Current world status of blantidium coli” journal of America, 6(4): 23-34.
Schuste (2008). "current world statutes of balantidium coli” clin. Microbial. Rev. 2(21): 11-20.
Unicef (2011). “Parasites and health: Balantidiasis Balantidium coli”. DPDX- Balantidiasis. 68(14):
53-87.
Walzer PD, Judson FN, Murphy KB, Healy GR, English DK (2013). “Balantidiasis outbreak intruk”.
American journal 60(21): 31-43
WHO (2009). “Balantidiasis: Treatment & Medication” e-medicine infections Diseases. 33(89)
56-66.

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SEMINAR PRESENTATION

Stool sample can be examine by a laboratory

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