The document discusses the classification of transducers based on various factors. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a physical quantity to be measured into an equivalent electrical signal. Transducers are then classified as:
1) Active vs passive based on whether they generate their own output signal or require external power. Examples of active transducers include thermocouples and photovoltaic cells.
2) Primary vs secondary based on whether they directly sense the measured quantity or detect changes produced by a primary transducer.
3) Analog vs digital based on whether their output is a continuous or discrete signal.
The document discusses the classification of transducers based on various factors. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a physical quantity to be measured into an equivalent electrical signal. Transducers are then classified as:
1) Active vs passive based on whether they generate their own output signal or require external power. Examples of active transducers include thermocouples and photovoltaic cells.
2) Primary vs secondary based on whether they directly sense the measured quantity or detect changes produced by a primary transducer.
3) Analog vs digital based on whether their output is a continuous or discrete signal.
The document discusses the classification of transducers based on various factors. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a physical quantity to be measured into an equivalent electrical signal. Transducers are then classified as:
1) Active vs passive based on whether they generate their own output signal or require external power. Examples of active transducers include thermocouples and photovoltaic cells.
2) Primary vs secondary based on whether they directly sense the measured quantity or detect changes produced by a primary transducer.
3) Analog vs digital based on whether their output is a continuous or discrete signal.
The document discusses the classification of transducers based on various factors. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a physical quantity to be measured into an equivalent electrical signal. Transducers are then classified as:
1) Active vs passive based on whether they generate their own output signal or require external power. Examples of active transducers include thermocouples and photovoltaic cells.
2) Primary vs secondary based on whether they directly sense the measured quantity or detect changes produced by a primary transducer.
3) Analog vs digital based on whether their output is a continuous or discrete signal.
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SUBJECT: MT-353
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
LECTURE # 02 TRANSDUCER & ITS CLASSIFICATION
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INTRODUCTION • TRANSDUCER: The transducer is a device that is used to converts a physical identity to be measured into an equivalent electrical signal (voltage or current). The part which give response to the The part which convert output of physical • According to another definition of transducer can be given as a device, sensationwhen and its depends byupon sensing which actuated element to electrical the signal. physical phenomenon energy in one form, supplies energy either in the same form or in another form to a second transmission system. • A transducer is also called as a pick-up element. It contains two parts that are closely related to each other i.e. the sensing or detecting element and the transduction elements.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY ABBOTTABAD
EXAMPLES • A mechanical force or displacement being converted into an electrical signal. • A thermistor reacts to temperature variations. • A photo cell changes in light intensity. • Measurement of electrical noise. • Telemetering system—when input and output are in electrical form. • BIMETALLIC STRIP: A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. • MANOMETER: A manometer is a scientific instrument used to measure gas pressures. • GYROSCOPE: A gyroscope is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity.
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CHARACTERISTICS • Sensitivity: It can be defined as the ratio of the incremental output and the incremental input.
• While defining the sensitivity, we assume that the input-output characteristic of
the instrument is approximately linear in that range.
• Range: The range of the sensor is the maximum and minimum values of applied parameters that can be measured.
• Precision: The concept of precision refers to the degree of reproducibility of
a measurement.
• In other words, if exactly the same value were measured a number of times, an ideal sensor would output exactly the same value every time. But real sensors output a range of values distributed in some manner relative to the actual correct value.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY ABBOTTABAD
CHARACTERISTICS • Accuracy: The accuracy of the sensor is the maximum difference that will exist between the actual value and the indicated value at the output of the sensor.
• The accuracy can be expressed either as a percentage of full scale or in absolute terms.
• Linearity: The linearity of the transducer is an expression of the extent to which the actual measured curve of a sensor departs from the ideal curve.
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CLASSIFICATION
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENERGY SOURCE REQUIREMENT
• Active transducers are the transducers which do not use any external power for the measurement of process variable.
• These transducers are self generating devices which operate under the energy conversion principle.
• In other words, active transducer produces its own equivalent electrical output in response to the physical quantity to be measured.”
Some examples of active transducers are given as
follows- •Thermocouples •Thermopiles, •Photo voltaic cell CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENERGY SOURCE REQUIREMENT
• A thermocouple is said active transducer which is used for temperature
measurement.
• A thermocouple sensor consists of two dissimilar metal wires jointed at both
the end. Here one end joint (known as hot junction) is kept at the temperature to be measured and another end joint (known as cold junction) at ambient temperature is kept at ambient temperature. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENERGY SOURCE REQUIREMENT
• Thermopiles are said active transducers used to measure temperature
difference.
• It convert thermal energy into electrical energy. It uses several thermocouples
connected in series or parallel.
• Thermopiles are used for contact-less temperature sensing.
• The function of a thermopile is to transfer the heat radiation emitted from the object to a electrical voltage output. The output is in the range of tens or hundreds of milli-volts. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENERGY SOURCE REQUIREMENT
• Photo Voltaic transducer or Photo voltaic cell (sometimes known as solar cell) is also an active transducer which generates electric voltage or current when exposed to sun light.
• In simple words, we can say it converts solar energy into electricity. This phenomenon is known as photo voltaic effect.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENERGY SOURCE REQUIREMENT
• “Passive Transducers are the transducers which require external power for the measurement of process variable or processing of output from primary sensing element (Sensor).
• These are also known as externally powered transducers. However these
transducers and circuitry may absorb some energy during measurement and detection of change in process variable.” CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENERGY SOURCE REQUIREMENT
RTD (Resistance – detects change in temperature and convert into change in resistance Temperature Detector)
Thermistor – detects change in temperature and convert into change in resistance
LVDT (Linear Variable
– converts displacement into change in inductance Differential T/F) Strain Gauge – convert force, pressure into change in resistance
Potentiometer – converts displacement into change in resistance
Load Cells – convert force, weight, pressure into change in resistance
Photo Resistor or LDR – detect light intensity and results as change in resistance
Diaphragm capsule – detects pressure, differential pressure and convert into change in capacitance CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PHYSICAL PHENOMENON
• Primary transducers also called as primary sensing elements, are the first and foremost requirement for the measurement and control.
• The primary transducer is the first element which is directly exposed to the process variable to be measured that senses physical changes or any change in its surrounding and produces an equivalent functional output which is detected by next stage or a second stage.
• Bimetallic thermometer, liquid filled thermometer, manometer etc. are some examples of primary transducers.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PHYSICAL PHENOMENON
• Secondary transducer is basically a second stage in a measurement system which
detects the mechanical or physical change produced by primary sensing element and converts or manipulates into electrical signal mostly.
• The magnitude of the output signal depends on the input mechanical signal. Some examples of Secondary Transducers are LVDT, Piezo electric crystal, pinion gear arrangement etc.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ITS OUTPUT
• Analog transducer is the transducer which provides output signal in analog form (of voltage or current) i.e. a continuous function of time in response of input quantity to be measured. Potentiometer, LVDT, thermistor, RTD, thermocouple etc. are some examples of analog transducers.
• Digital transducer is the transducer which provides output electrical signal in digital form i.e. discrete signal in response of input quantity to be measured. Here Output is in the form of square pulses and having two states (high and low); hence it is called a digital transducer.
• Examples- Shaft encoder, limit switch, pressure switch, digital tachometer, digital resolver etc.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TRANSDUCTION PHENOMENON • When considering transduction phenomenon, transducers are the devices which convert non-electrical physical process variable being measured into electrical signal.
• These are also called as electrical transducers. Potentiometer, LVDT, thermistor, RTD, thermocouple etc. are some examples of electrical transducers.
• Inverse Transducer is defined as a device which is used to convert an electric quantity
such as voltage or current into a non- electrical quantity such as displacement, force, pressure, temperature etc.
• In other words, Inverse transducer is called as output transducer because they convert an electrical signal into non-electrical output. For Analog Ammeter, The oscilloscope etc. are some inverse transducers.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CONSTRUCTION • Mechanical transducers are a set of primary sensing elements that respond for the change in a physical quantity with a mechanical output such as displacement, force (or torque), pressure and strain. Diaphragm, bellows, manometer, bimetallic strip, flow orifice, pilot tubes etc. are some mechanical transducers.
• Electrical Transducer is specified as the sensing device which is used to detect or sense a non electrical physical quantity or magnitude and convert into electrical output signal such as voltage or current proportional to the input being measured. Potentiometer, LVDT, RTD, Thermocouple, Strain Gauge, Piezo- electric crystal etc. are some examples of Electrical Transducer.
• Optical transducers are based on optical transduction of light signals and rays and utilize optical properties for measurement and analysis. Mostly optical transducers convert light and rays into electrical quantity. So these are also called as opto-electric transducers or photo-electric transducers. Optical transducer uses the property of light such as heat, absorption, adsorption, reflection, emission, radiation and so on.
