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    Tutorial 8

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    Anon Poet
    This document discusses various problems related to communication systems. It includes tutorials on calculating Nyquist sampling rates for signals of different bandlimits and operations. It also covers problems on pulse code modulation (PCM) for voice transmission, quantization of audio signals, and modulation bandwidth calculations. Sample solutions are provided for frequency modulation problems involving calculations of maximum frequency deviation and modulated signal bandwidth.

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    Tutorial 8

    Uploaded by

    Anon Poet
    10 views14 pages
    This document discusses various problems related to communication systems. It includes tutorials on calculating Nyquist sampling rates for signals of different bandlimits and operations. It also covers problems on pulse code modulation (PCM) for voice transmission, quantization of audio signals, and modulation bandwidth calculations. Sample solutions are provided for frequency modulation problems involving calculations of maximum frequency deviation and modulated signal bandwidth.

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    Tutorial 8 (1)

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    This document discusses various problems related to communication systems. It includes tutorials on calculating Nyquist sampling rates for signals of different bandlimits and operations. It also covers problems on pulse code modulation (PCM) for voice transmission, quantization of audio signals, and modulation bandwidth calculations. Sample solutions are provided for frequency modulation problems involving calculations of maximum frequency deviation and modulated signal bandwidth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    10 views14 pages

    Tutorial 8

    Uploaded by

    Anon Poet
    This document discusses various problems related to communication systems. It includes tutorials on calculating Nyquist sampling rates for signals of different bandlimits and operations. It also covers problems on pulse code modulation (PCM) for voice transmission, quantization of audio signals, and modulation bandwidth calculations. Sample solutions are provided for frequency modulation problems involving calculations of maximum frequency deviation and modulated signal bandwidth.

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    EEE/ECE F311

    Communication Systems
    Tutorial-8

    Date : 15/11/2022
    Tutorial-8

    Problem 1
    A signal x1(t) is bandlimited to 2 kHz while x2(t) is bandlimited to 3 kHz. Find the
    Nyquist sampling rate for:
    (a) x1(2t)
    (b) x2(t-3)
    (c) x1(t) + x2(t)
    (d) x1(t)x2(t)

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Solution 1
    (a) The signal is time compressed by a factor of 2 compared to x1(t). Hence frequency
    will be increased by a factor 2, resulting the signal to be bandlimited to 4 kHz.

    Hence the Nyquist sampling rate = (2 × 4) kHz = 8 kHz.

    (b) The signal is only time-shifted compared to x2(t). Recall that, time shift only changes
    phase of the signal. Hence the signal will remain bandlimited to 3 kHz only.

    Hence the Nyquist sampling rate = (2 × 3) kHz = 6 kHz.

    (c) The sum signal will have both components of 2 kHz and 3 kHz. Hence the highest
    band limitation is 3 kHz.

    Hence the Nyquist sampling rate = (2 × 3) kHz = 6 kHz.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Solution 1
    (d) The product signal will have both sum and difference frequencies. Hence the
    sum frequency will be 5 kHz, while the difference frequency will be 1 kHz.

    Hence the Nyquist sampling rate = (2 × 5) kHz = 10 kHz.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Problem 2
    Given the signal m(t) = 10 cos (2000πt) cos (8000πt).
    (a) What is the minimum sampling rate based in the low pass uniform sampling
    theorem?
    (b) Repeat the problem based on bandpass sampling theorem.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Solution 2
    Baseband or Low Pass Sampling Theorem

    A bandlimited signal with no frequency component higher than fM (Hz) can be


    entirely recovered from a set of samples taken at the rate of fs ≥ 2fM samples per
    second.

    m(t) = 10 cos (2000πt) cos (8000πt)


    = 5 cos (6000πt) + 5cos(10000πt)

    Therefore, fM = 5 kHz.

    Nyquist sampling rate considering baseband or LP sampling theorem is


    fS = 2fM = 10 kHz.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Solution 2

    Bandpass Sampling Theorem

    Consider a bandpass signal m(t) with bandwidth ωB (= 2πfB) and an upper-


    frequency limit of ωU (= 2πfU). m(t) can be recovered from ms(t) by bandpass
    filtering if fS = 2fU/k where k is the largest integer not exceeding fU/fB. All higher
    sampling rates are not necessarily usable unless they exceed 2fU.

    For the given message, fU = fM = 5 kHz.


    Therefore, fB = (5-3) kHz = 2 kHz

    Again, fB / fU = (5/2) = 2.5 → k = 2

    Sampling rate considering bandpass sampling theorem is


    fS = (2fU/k) = 5 kHz.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Problem 3

    A binary channel with a bit rate of 36000 bps is available for PCM voice
    transmission. Find the appropriate values of the sampling rate,
    quantization level, and number of bits level assuming fM = 3.2 kHz

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Solution 3

    Recall that, fS ≥ 2fM = 6.4 kHz


    For PCM, nfS ≤ Rb

    n ≤ (Rb/fS)
    ≤ (36000/6400) ≤ 5.6

    Therefore, n = 5 (5 bits are required to represent the quantization levels)

    No. of quantization levels L = 2n = 25 = 32.

    Proper Sampling rate to achieve this quantization level


    fS ≤ (Rb / n)
    ≤ (36000 / 5) = 7.2 kHz.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Problem 4

    An audio signal s(t) = 3 cos(2π×500t) is quantized using 10-bit PCM.


    Determine the signal-to-quantization noise ratio.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Solution 4

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Problem 5

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Solution 5

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION


    Tutorial-8

    Test Problem
    A carrier is frequency-modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2 kHz, resulting in a
    maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz.

    (a) Find the bandwidth of the modulated signal.


    (b) The amplitude of the modulating sinusoid is increased by a factor of 3 and its
    frequency is lowered to 1 kHz. Find the maximum frequency deviation and the
    bandwidth of the new modulated signal.

    Instructions

    1. Use a blank A4 sheet. 


    2. Write your name and roll number.
    3. Write the solution and highlight the result.
    4. Don’t write the question.

    ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

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