0.

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

The purpose of this chapter is to develop some additional

techniques of integration and also to systematize the procedure
of integration

Background

You should already known how to integrate:

 Constant functions
 Power functions
dx x
 Exponential functions  a2  x2
 sin 1
a
C

 Trigonometric functions dx 1 1 x
 2
a  x 2

a
tan
a
C
 Hyperbolic functions
dx 1 x
 Algebraic functions (a>0)  x x2  a2

a
sec 1
a
C

Method you’ve learned : u-substitutions

 Examples

Evaluate the integrals by making appropriate u-substitution


2 2
1. x sec ( x )dx

Solution
1
Let u  x 2
du  2 xdx xdx  du
2
1 1 1

2 2
x sec ( x )dx 2
2
So  sec udu  tan u  c  tan x 2  c
2 2
sin 3 x
2.  dx
2  cos 3 x
Solution
1
Let u  2  cos 3x du  3 sin 3 xdx sin 3 xdx   du
3
So sin 3 x 1 1 1
 2  cos 3x dx   3u
 du   ln u  c   ln 2  cos 3 x   c
3 3
 dx This needs a
3.  2
x  2x  5 little algebra

Need to complete the square in the denominator

dx dx
 x2  2x  5   
x2  2x  1  4

dx
So this is   (x  1)2  22
equal to
Now let
u  x 1 du  dx, du
  u 2  22
1 u
 tan 1    C
2 2

1  x 1
 tan 1  C
2  2 
 1.0 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

We shall develop a technique that will help us to evaluate a wide variety

of integrals that do not fit any of the basics integration formulas

Derivation of the formula

It is essentially the anti-derivative formulation of the formula for

differentiating a product of two functions.
d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g( x)  g ( x) f ( x)
Integrate dx
both side d
 dx  f ( x) g ( x)   f ( x) g ( x)dx   g ( x) f ( x)dx
Rearrang f ( x) g ( x)  C   f ( x) g ( x)dx   g ( x) f ( x)dx
e
 f ( x) g( x)dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f ( x)dx
Let u  f (x) du  f ( x)dx
v  g (x) dv  g ( x ) dx

So from
here have  u dv  uv   v du
 Examples
Evaluate:

 dx
x
1. xe
Solution
Want to put the integral in this form  u dv
So let ux and dv  e x dx
x
Hence we have du  dx and v   e dx  e x
 dx  xe x   e x dx  xe x  e x  C
x
So xe
u u v du
dv v

Let’s see what happen if we change the choice of u and dv

u  ex and dv  xdx
x2 This integral is
du  e dx x
and v   xdx  more complicated
2 than the one we
1 x 2 1 2 x

x
So xe dx  e x   x e dx started with
2 2
Clearly the proper selection of u and dv is important!!!
2.
 x sin 2 x dx
Solution
Let u  x, dv  sin 2 x dx
cos 2 x
du  dx, v
2
1 1
So
 x sin 2 x dx  
2
x cos 2 x   
2
cos 2 xdx

1 1
  x cos 2 x  sin 2 x  C
2 4
 e dx
2 x
3. x
2 x
Let ux , dv  e dx This integration is
du  2 xdx, v  e  x less complicated
that what we
started with. We

2 x
x e dx 2 x
  x e  
So x
 2 xe dx can integrate it.

Need to integrate using by parts again!!

 So evaluate
 dx
x
2 xe
Let ux dv  e  x dx
x
So du  dx v   e dx  e  x
x x
 

2[  xe  e  c]
x x x
Hence 2 xe dx  2[  xe  e dx ]

So

 e dx
2 x
x x x
  x 2e x  2[ xe  e  c]
  x 2e  x  2 xe  x  2e  x  2c
  x 2 e  x  2 xe  x  2e  x  C
  cos xdx
x
4. e
x
Let ue dv  cos x dx This will give us the
original integral.
Hence du  e x dx v  sin x Can we proceed?
Let’s try!!

  e sin x   sin xdx

x x
So e cos xdx x e
Let u  ex dv  sin x dx
du  e x dx v   cos x
  e cos x  
x x
So e sin xdx x  e cos xdx
Put all together


x
x e cos xdx
x
  e sin x  e cos x 
x
e cos xdx
x x
2 e cos xdx
x
 e sin x  e cos x
e x sin x  e x cos x

x
Hence e cos xdx  +C
2
 
5 3
4. x cos( x )dx
Solution
5 3
Let ux dv  cos( x )dx
Dead End!!
du  5x 4
v  ???
Let u  cos( x 3 ) dv  x 5 dx
6
2 3 x This integration is
du  3x sin( x )dx v  more complicated
6 that what we
6
So x 1 8 started with
 2
3 3
 cos( x )   x sin( x )dx

5 3
x cos( x )dx 6
Still dead
end!!
We need a clever choice of u and dv

3 2 3
Let ux dv  x cos( x )dx
du  3 x 2 dx v Use
substitution
 1
3
u  x du  3x dx 2 x 2 dx du
3
1 1 1

v  x 2 cos( x 3 )dx   cos u du  sin u  sin( x 3 )
3 3 3
By u-
1 3 substitution

5 3
So x cos( x )dx  x sin( x 3 )   x 2 sin( x 3 )dx again
3
1 3 1
 x sin( x )  cos( x 3 )  C
3

3 3
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b b

 u dv  uv   v du
b
a
a a

Example
Evaluate
1
1.

0
xe 5 x dx
1
Let ux dv  e 5 x dx du  dx v   e 5 x
1 1 1
5
1 5 x  1 5 x
 xe 5 x
dx   xe 
5 0
 
0

5
e dx
0 1
1 5  1 5 x 
  e   e 
5  25 0
1 5 1 5 1 1 6 5
 e  e    e
5 25 25 25 25
 Reduction Formulas

Can be derived using the integration by parts

 
n n 1
cos x dx  cos x  cos x dx

u  cos n 1 x dv  cos x dx
du  (n  1) cos n  2 x( sin x)dx v  sin x

 x dx  cos n 1 x sin x   (n  1) sin 2 x cos n 2 x dx

n
cos

 cos n 1 x sin x  (n  1)  (1  cos 2 x) cos n  2 x dx

 cos n 1 x sin x  (n  1)  (cos n  2 x - cos n x) dx
 cos n 1 x sin x  (n  1)  cos n  2 x dx  (n  1)  cos n x dx
n  cos n x dx  cos n 1 x sin x  (n  1)  cos n  2 x dx
1 n 1
 
n n 1 n2
cos x dx  cos x sin x  cos x dx
n n
 1 n 1
 
n
cos x dx  cos n 1 x sin x  cos n2
x dx
n n

With similar method have:

1 n 1 n2
 sin x dx   n sin x cos x  n  sin x dx
n n 1

Example
1 3
 
4 3 2
cos x dx  cos x sin x  cos x dx
4 4
1 31 1 
 cos x sin x   cos x sin x   dx 
3

4 42 2 
1 3 3
 cos 3 x sin x  cos x sin x  x  C
4 8 8