SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
 Table of Contents
Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical
Events in Science, Technology, and Society
Lesson 1: Intellectual Revolutions That Defined
Society
Lesson 2: Science, Technology, and Nation-
building
Lesson 3: Science Education in the Philippines
Lesson 4: Indigenous Science and Technology in
the Philippines
 Chapter I
General Concepts and Historical
Events in Science, Technology,
and Society
 LESSON 1:
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should
be able to:
• Discuss how the ideas postulated by
Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed
to the spark of scientific revolution; and
• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in
various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
Scientific Revolution

How can science be defined?

1. Science as an idea
2. Science as an intellectual activity
3. Science as a body of knowledge
4. Science as a personal and social
activity
Scientific Revolution why started in
Europe?
Scientific revolution
- It is the period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.
- The ideas generated during this period enabled
the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine
their beliefs and their way of life;
- It led to the creation of new research fields in
science and prompted the establishment of a
strong foundation for modern science.
 CREATIVITY

SCIENTISTS
SCIENCE IDEAS

PASSION TO
SCIENCE
CURIOSITY KNOW
DISCOVERIES

PASSION TO
TECHNOLOGY
DISCOVER

CRITICAL THINKING
NOTABLE SCIENTISTS
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
• Nicolaus Copernicus
- His idea and model of the universe placed the Sun to
be the centerpiece of the universe.
- He outlined two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the
orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of
the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the orbits
of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s
orbit, thus, farther from the Sun. From this model, he
would work on the length of time it will take for each
planet to orbit once around the Sun.
• Charles Darwin
- Famous for his theory of evolution
- He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589.
His book presented evidence on how species evolved
over time and presented traits and adaptation that
differentiate species.
- In his book The Descent of Man, he introduced the
idea of all organic life, including human beings, under
the realm of evolutionary thinking.
- His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more
value to evidence-based science. It is a science
marked by observation and experiment.
• It was considered to be one of the most controversial
intellectual revolutions of its time.
• He introduced the Theory of Evolution.
• Populations pass through a process of natural
selection in which only the fittest would survive.
• He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to
their environment and would gradually change into
something that would be more competitive to
survive.
• This theory became very controversial as people
perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s
teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator.
• Sigmund Freud
- Famous figure in the field of psychology
- Made a significant contribution through the
development of an important observational
method known as the method of psychoanalysis.
- His method was unorthodox—focusing on human
sexuality and the evil nature of man.
- According to Weiner (2016), his method of
psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in
understanding some neurological conditions that
were not understood by medicine at that time.
• Psychology was considered more of an art rather
than a science.
• He was able to change people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary theory of
psychoanalysis.
• Many believed that Freud’s Theory had no scientific
basis as no empirical or experimental data could
support to it.
• He still continued to work on refining his theory in
fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a
clinical method in treating some mental disorders.
 ACTIVITY TIME
• GROUP TASK
• Consist of 7 groups
• Prepare your materials
Group 1 - Maya Civilization
Group 2 - Inca Civilization
Group 3 - Aztec Civilization
Group 4 - India
Group 5 - China
Group 6 - Middle East Countries
Group 7 - Africa
• Present your output in class. Conclude your output by discussing how
these inventions impacted the people and society during the time
period when they were made.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Cradles of Early Science
Development of Science in Mesoamerica:
• The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that
lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
- They incorporated their advanced understanding of
astronomy into their temples and other religious
structures.
- They are known for their knowledge of predicting eclipse
and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
- They are also known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar systems.
- They developed the technology for growing different crops
and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries
and tools.
- They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow
of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.
- They are also believed to be one of the first people to
produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear
received its patent in 1844.
- They are one of the world’s first civilizations to use a
writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics;
- They were also skilled in mathematics and created a
number system based on the numeral 20.
- They independently developed the concept of zero and
positional value, even before the Romans did.
• The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The
following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed
to help them in everyday life:
- roads paved with stones;
- stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
disasters;
- irrigation system and technique for storing water for their
crops to grow in all types of land;
- calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals
and prepare them for planting season;
- the first suspension bridge; quipu, a system of knotted
ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and
- Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized
artistic achievements.
• The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions
to science and technology and to the society as a whole. Some
of their contributions are the following:
- Mandatory education. Their children are mandated to get
education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It
is an early form of universal or inclusive education.
- Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate
during their time. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly
and made them as part of their tribute to their gods.
- Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of
antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle
spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
- Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural
farming in which the land was divided into rectangular
areas and surrounded by canals.
- Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities,
rituals, and planting season.
- Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for
traveling in water systems.
Development of Science in Asia
• India. The Indians creatively developed various ideas
and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
- Their iron steel is considered to be the best and
held with high regard in the whole of Roman
Empire.
- Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still
practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
- They discovered some medicinal properties of
plants that led them to develop medicines to cure
various illnesses.
- The Susruta Samhita describes different surgical
and other medical procedures famous in Ancient
India.
- They developed theories on the configuration of
the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth,
and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each.
- The people of this civilization, according to Bisht
(1982), tried to standardize measurement of length
to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler,
the Mohenjodaro ruler.
- Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata
(476–550), in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a
number of trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
- Another Indian, Brahmagupta, also suggested that
gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly
explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and
a decimal digit.
- Another Indian named Madhava of Sangamagrama
is also considered as the founder of mathematical
analysis (Joseph, 1991).
• China. It is one of the ancient civilizations with
substantial contributions in many areas of life like
medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts,
philosophy, and music, among others.
- Known for traditional medicines, a product of
centuries of experiences and discovery of the
Chinese people
- Discovered various medical properties and uses of
different plants and animals to cure human illness;
an example is the practice of acupuncture.
- Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the
Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking,
gunpowder, and printing tools.
- They also invented other tools like iron plough,
wheelbarrow, and propeller, among others.
- They developed a design of different models of bridges
(Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983), invented the first
seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility
(Needham et al., 1971).
- Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar
eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded
and preserved to understand better the heavenly
bodies and their effects to our world (Mayall, 1939)
- They observed the heavenly bodies to understand
weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily
activities. They used lunar calendars.
• The Middle East Countries. With the spread of Islam
in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim
scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam
lasted until the 13th century.
- Muslim scientists placed greater value on science
experiments rather than plain-thought
experiments.
- A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also
regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his
empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
- Mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
gave his name to the concept of the algorithm
while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr.
- Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements
to the number system, such as the introduction of
decimal point notation.
- Some scholars considered Jābir ibn Hayyān to be the
“Father of Chemistry” (Derewenda, 2007; Warren,
2005).
- Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental
medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical
trials (Jacquart, 2008).
- Ibn Sina two most notable works in medicine, the Book
of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as
standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and
in Europe during the 17th century.
Development of Science in Africa
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources.
Science also emerged in this part of the planet long
before the Europeans colonized it.
Astronomy was also famous in the African region.
Documents show that Africans used three types of
calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of
the three.
North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron
technology from the Near East region that enabled
them to benefit from the developments during the
Bronze Age until the Iron Age.
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the
life of early people in the African continent.
The Lebombo Bone, which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division, and simple mathematical
calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is
considered to be the oldest known mathematical
artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.
The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval
period was also benefiting from mathematical
learning, which is considered advanced during those
times, such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed
immensely and made significant advances in the fields of
astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For example:
- They are good in the four fundamental mathematical
operations and other mathematical skills. They have
knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and
geometry.
- The rules of geometry were developed and used to
build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel
architecture of Egypt.
- The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the
early dams built to divert water from the Nile River are
some proofs of their advanced civilization.
- Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is
known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
- They tried to study human anatomy and
pharmacology, and applied important components
such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and
prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
DISCUSSION POINTS
1. How did society shape science and
how did science shape society?
2. How do social and human issues
influence science?
• Science shaped the society through
technological advancement and growth as it
goes along with the development of
the society, while on the other hand, Society
shaped science according to the demands of
the society. ... Science influences the people
through its knowledge and how they would
view things around them.
• Science influences society through its
knowledge and world view. ... Societal
challenges often inspire questions
for scientific research, and social priorities
often influence research priorities through the
availability of funding for research.
Technology influences society through its
products and processes.
• Social and human issues influence science in
the sense that they may
prompt scientific studies aimed at solving
them. ... Science can also become a social
issue in itself, especially when different
factions of society come into conflict over how
and whether to use science to solve societal
problems.
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
1. Form a small group.
2. Review the history of science and
make a timeline highlighting the
major discoveries and
developments in science.
In a nutshell…………………
1. Science is as old as the world itself; it is always
interwoven with the society. Human beings have
embarked on scientific activities in order to
know and understand everything around them.
It enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and
reexamine their beliefs and their way of life.
2. Social and human issues led to the idea of
Scientific revolution, when the developments in
the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transformed the views of
society about nature.
History of Science Timeline:
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
- The Lebombo Bone is considered to be the oldest
known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.
- The ancient Egyptian civilization contributed
immensely and made significant advances in the
fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
- The Maya civilization was known for their works in
astronomy.
- The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering
their limitations as an old civilization.
- Ancient India, notable in the field of medicine,
mathematics, and astronomy, developed various
ideas and technologies.
- Chinese civilizations had contributions in many areas
of life like medicine, astronomy, science,
mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among
others.
- In the Middle East countries, many Muslim scholars
made significant contributions in the field of science,
mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and even in
the field of social sciences.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
- Copernicus’s idea and model of the universe was
essentially complete in 1510.
- Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in
1589
- Freud ‘s method of psychoanalysis
LESSON SUMMARY
• Scientific revolution is a golden age in the history of
science. It marked the birth of science as a discipline
and as a field of inquiry and gave birth to the
development of the scientific method.
• It was a time in the history of science where many
scientific ideas and discoveries, which were
considered innovative and useful, were developed.
• Some of these ideas were also controversial in the
scientific community and in the political arena.
• There were many intellectuals who made essential contributions in
science during the period of scientific revolution.
- Nicolaus Copernicus developed a model of the universe ; he
placed the Sun in the center of the universe and all the planets
were surrounding or orbiting it.
- Charles Darwin made significant contribution in the field of
evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. His theory of
evolution by natural selection is very useful in many fields until
now.
- Sigmund Freud developed the idea of psychoanalysis that
helped in understanding human behavior especially neurological
conditions.
• Science also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia,
Europe, Mesoamerica, and Africa.
• Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive
and understand the natural and physical world.
 LESSON 2:
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
NATION-BUILDING
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be
able to:
• Discuss the role of science and technology in
Philippine nation-building;
• Evaluate government policies pertaining to
science and technology in terms of their
contributions to nation building; and
• Identify actual science and technology policies
of the government and appraise their impact on
the development of the Filipino nation.
Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology
in the Philippines
• Pre-Spanish Philippines:
- The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own
belief system and indigenous knowledge system.
- Science was observed in the way they interpreted the
movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and
climates, and in organizing days into months and years.
- Scientific knowledge was observed in the way they
planted their crops, in taking care of animals, and for
food production.
- They used science in preparing the soil for agricultural
purposes and like any other ancient cultures. They also
discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
- They developed tools for planting, hunting,
cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies
during war or tribal conflicts.
- They also developed technologies in creating
musical instruments.
- The Metal Age had a significant influence on the
lives of early Filipinos.
- Sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry,
ceramics, and metal tools proved that their
technological ideas helped in the development of
different tools.
• Spanish Era:
- The Spaniards brought with them their own culture
and practices.
- They established schools for boys and girls and
introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines.
- It was the beginning of formal science and
technology in the country, known now as school of
science and technology.
- The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the
technology brought by the Spaniards using
indigenous materials.
- Medicine and advanced science were introduced
in formal colleges and universities established by
the Catholic orders.
- The galleon trade had brought additional
technology and development in the Philippines.
- Filipino students who were able to study in Europe
also contributed to the advancement of medicine,
engineering, arts, music, and literature in the
country.
• American Era:
- The Americans established the public education
system, and improved the engineering works and
the health conditions of the people.
- They reorganized the learning of science and
introduced it in public and private schools.
- They established a modern research university,
the University of the Philippines.
- They created more public hospitals than the
former colonial master.
- The mineral resources of the country were also
explored and exploited during the American time.
- Transportation and communication systems were
improved, though not accessible throughout the
country.
- The Protestant church missions in different places in the
country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung
areas.
- However, World War II had destabilized the
development of the country in many ways. Institutions
and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses
were burned, and many lives were destroyed.
- Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole
nation had been focusing on using its limited resources
in improving its science and technological capability.
 Government Policies on Science and
Technology
The Philippine government introduced and
implemented several programs, projects, and
policies to boost the area of science and
technology.

The goal is to prepare the whole country and its

people to meet the demands of a
technologically driven world and capacitate the
people to live in a world driven by science.
The National Research Council of the Philippines
(NRCP) clustered these policies into four,
namely:
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
International Policies and Governance
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research,
Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
There are also other existing programs supported
by the Philippine government through the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
Some of these projects are the following:
• Providing funds for basic research and patents
related to science and technology
• Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
graduate studies of students in the field of
science and technology
• Establishing more branches of the Philippine
Science High School System
• Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino
scientists abroad to come home and work in the
Philippines
• Developing science and technology parks in
academic campuses to encourage academe and
industry partnerships
• The establishment of the National Science Complex
and National Engineering Complex within the
University of the Philippines campus in Diliman.
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and
Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified several capacity-
building programs such as:
• Establishment of national centers of excellence;
• Manpower and institutional development programs, such
as the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP)
to produce more PhD graduates in science and engineering
• Establishment of regional centers to support specific
industries;
• Establishment of science and technology business centers
to assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship ventures;
and
• Strengthen science education at an early stage through the
Philippine Science High School system.
The current K to 12 education program includes
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM)
The Commission on Higher Education has launched
its Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes
(PICARI) Project to strengthen the STEM
competitiveness of the country.
The Philippine Congress has also created various
laws related to science and technology. These laws
vary according to different themes such as:
conservation, health-related, technology-building,
and supporting basic research, among others.
Some laws and policies are in line with international
treaties such as:
• The United Nations (UN);
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
 Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – for his outstanding research
on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his works on observing
the characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite
images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – known internationally in the field
of electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the
famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research on
sea snail venom
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal
medicine
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on tilapia
culture
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for invention of the
meconium drugs testing
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant
biotechnology
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – for being an outstanding
educator and graph theorist
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – for his research in the field
of communications technology
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are
recognized here and abroad for their outstanding
contributions in science:
• Caesar A. Saloma – an internationally renowned
physicist
• Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine
science
• William Padolina – chemistry and president of
National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)–Philippines
• Angel Alcala – marine science
DISCUSSION POINTS
1.What are the significant contributions of the
Spaniards and Americans to the
development of science and technology in
the Philippines?
2.How does school science shape science and
technology in the country?
3.What can you say about the implementation
of some science and technology policies and
projects in the country?
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
1. Identify several Filipino scientists.
2. Research on their contributions in the
field of science
3. Present the result of your work in class.
In a nutshell…………….
1. The Spaniards brought with them their own culture and
practices. They established schools for boys and girls and
introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. Medicine
and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and
universities established by the Catholic orders. The galleon trade
brought additional technology.
The Americans established the public education system,
improved the engineering works and the health conditions of
the people. They reorganized the learning of science and
introduced it in public and private schools. They established a
modern research university. They created more public hospitals
than the former colonial master. Mineral resources of the
country were explored and exploited. Transportation and
communication systems were improved.
2. During the Spanish time, learning of science in school
focused on understanding different concepts related to
the human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies.
Technology focused on using and developing house
tools used in everyday life.
The Americans reorganized the learning of science. In
basic education, science education focused on nature
studies and science and sanitation. Higher education
had also greatly improved and modernized. Researches
were done to control malaria, cholera, tuberculosis,
and other tropical diseases.
3. Science and technology policies ensure that the
whole country and all people will experience the
progress that science can bring. Policies are guides to
direct all efforts to a goal of developing a scientifically
advanced country.
 1 & 2.
• Ramon Cabanos Barba – for his outstanding research on tissue
culture in Philippine mangoes
• Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his works on observing the
characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images
• Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – known internationally in the field of
electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
• Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research on sea snail
venom
• Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal medicine
• Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on tilapia culture
• Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for inventing the meconium drugs
testing
• Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant
biotechnology
• Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – for being an outstanding educator
and graph theorist
• Gregory Ligot Tangonan – for his research in the field of
communications technology
• Caesar A. Saloma – an internationally renowned physicist
Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science
• William Padolina – chemistry and president of National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)–Philippines
Angel Alcala – marine science
LESSON SUMMARY
• Even before the time of Spanish colonization in the
Philippines, various people and communities already practiced
science.
• The growth of science and its development as a field in the
country is a hybrid of indigenous and foreign ideas.
• Spain and the United States, being the former colonial masters
of the country, played an important role in building the
foundation of science in the Philippines.
• To further strengthen the science program in the Philippines,
the government establishes various science programs, policies,
and projects.
• Many Filipinos were able to establish themselves as scientists
and science educators in various scientific areas and fields.
 LESSON 3:
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should
be able to:
• Discuss the concept of science education;
and
• Identify science schools established to
promote science education in the
Philippines.
 The Concept of Science Education
• Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and
understanding science.
- Teaching science involves exploring pedagogical theories
and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts
and processes effectively.
- Learning science includes both pedagogy and the most
interesting aspect, which is helping students understand
and love science.
- Understanding science implies developing and applying
science-process skills and using science literacy in
understanding the natural world and activities in
everyday life.
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education
- In basic education, science education helps students
learn important concepts and facts that are related to
everyday life including important skills such as process
skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills.
- In tertiary education, science education deals with
developing students’ understanding and appreciation
of science ideas and scientific works. It also focuses on
the preparation of science teachers, scientists,
engineers, and other professionals in various science-
related fields.
 Science Schools in the Philippines
• Philippine Science High School System
(PSHSS)
- A government program for gifted students
in the Philippines
- A service institute of the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST)
- Offers free scholarship basis for secondary
course with special emphasis on subjects
pertaining to the sciences
• Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES)
Project
- This project started in June 2007 with 57 (or 60 since
its inception) identified elementary schools that
participated or were identified as science
elementary schools in the country.
- The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children
equipped with scientific and technological
knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to:
o provide a learning environment to science-inclined
children through a special curriculum that recognizes the
multiple intelligences of the learners;
o promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and
o foster the holistic development of the learners.
• Quezon City Regional Science High School
- The school envisions to serve as a venue in
providing maximum opportunities for
science-gifted students to develop spirit of
inquiry and creativity.
- The focus of its curriculum is on science and
technology.
- It is well-supported by the local government
unit and by the Parents and Teachers
Association (PTA).
• Manila Science High School
- It is the first science high school in the Philippines.
- It aims to produce scientists with souls.
- The organization and curriculum of the school puts
more emphasis on science and mathematics.
- The school administers an entrance exam, the
Manila Science High School Admission Test (MSAT),
for students who wish to enroll.
- MSAT has five parts: aptitude in science, aptitude
test in mathematics, problem-solving test in
science, problem solving test in mathematics, and
proficiency in English.
• Central Visayan Institute Foundation
- It is the home and pioneer of the prominent
school-based innovation known as the Dynamic
Learning Program (DLP).
- DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern
pedagogical theories adapted to foster the
highest level of learning, creativity, and
productivity.
- The school takes pride in its Research Center for
Theoretical Physics (RCTP).
DISCUSSION POINTS
1. What other government projects and
programs are available for science
education in the Philippines?
2. Are there private schools with
outstanding science education
programs? Identify and compare their
science education programs with public
science schools.
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
1. Discuss science-related issues and
problems in the country.
2. Identify science and technology
policies that could be adapted or
implemented in the Philippines.
LESSON SUMMARY
• Science education deals with the teaching and learning of
science and in helping the public develop science literacy.
• Science education deals with the development of people
in science, which is the heart of science, technology, and
society.
• To promote science education, science schools were
established to develop gifted students in science and
mathematics.
• Science programs and projects were organized and
developed to nurture innovation in science in the country,
and to encourage individuals to pursue careers and
research in science and technology.
 LESSON 4:
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students
should be able to:
• Discuss the concept of indigenous
science; and
• Discuss the contribution of indigenous
science in the development of science
and technology in the Philippines.
 Indigenous Knowledge System
Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught
and practiced by the indigenous people are:
• predicting weather conditions and seasons using
knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and
celestial bodies;
• using herbal medicine;
• preserving foods;
• classifying plants and animals into families and groups
based on cultural properties;
• preserving and selecting good seeds for planting;
• using indigenous technology in daily lives;
• building local irrigation systems;
• classifying different types of soil for planting based
on cultural properties;
• producing wines and juices from tropical fruits;
and
• keeping the custom of growing plants and
vegetables in the yard.
 Indigenous Science
Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge
system practiced by different groups of people and early
civilizations.
It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise,
practices, and representations that guide human societies
in their enumerable interactions with the natural milieu:
agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural
phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing
environments.
Indigenous science helps the people in understanding the
natural environment and in coping with everyday life.
1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such
as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring,
problem solving, inferring, communicating, and
predicting.
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and
community values such as the following:
• The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift
from the creator;
• The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” It is the
origin of their identity as people;
 • All living and nonliving things are interconnected
and interdependent with each other;
• Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land
and other natural resources. They have a
responsibility to preserve it; and
• Nature is a friend to human beings—it needs
respect and proper care.
3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional
knowledge practiced and valued by people and
communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-
medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk
astronomy.
DISCUSSION POINTS
1. What is your understanding of
indigenous science?
2. How do society and culture influence
the development of science and
technology?
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
1. Identify Filipino indigenous knowledge.
2. Research on the connection of
indigenous knowledge to science and
technology.
3. Present the result of your work to the
class.
In a nutshell……………..
1.Indigenous science is part of the indigenous
knowledge system practiced by different
groups of people and early civilizations; It
includes complex arrays of knowledge,
expertise, practices, and representations
that guide human societies.
2.Science is a part of culture, and how
science is done largely depends on the
cultural practices of the people.
1. Filipino indigenous knowledge:
• Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in
observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies
• Using herbal medicine
• Preserving foods
• Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on
cultural properties
• Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting
• Using indigenous technology in daily lives
• Building local irrigation systems
• Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural
properties
• Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits
• Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard
LESSON SUMMARY
• The communities in the Philippines have maintained
vast amounts of indigenous knowledge, cultural
practices, traditions, and beliefs.
• The indigenous knowledge system of the people served
as the foundation for the development of indigenous
science.
• In the Philippines, various people and communities
already practiced science. They invented tools and built
structures, studied the medicinal uses of plants,
observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons and
weather, and used indigenous science in agriculture.